Kuk Norman: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[File:Geschichte des Kostüms (1905) (14781238671).jpg|thumb|[[Orang Norman]] (atas) dan [[Anglo-Saxon|orang Angli-Saksen]] (bawah), ilustrasi buku ''Geschichte des Kostüms'' (terbit tahun 1905) yang ditulis [[Adolf Rosenberg]] dan [[Eduard Heyck]]]] |
[[File:Geschichte des Kostüms (1905) (14781238671).jpg|thumb|[[Orang Norman]] (atas) dan [[Anglo-Saxon|orang Angli-Saksen]] (bawah), ilustrasi buku ''Geschichte des Kostüms'' (terbit tahun 1905) yang ditulis [[Adolf Rosenberg]] dan [[Eduard Heyck]]]] |
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'''Kuk Norman''' adalah istilah yang mengacu kepada |
'''Kuk Norman''' adalah istilah yang mengacu kepada aspek-aspek zalim dari [[feodalisme]] di Inggris, yang erat dikait-kaitkan dengan kewajiban-kewajiban yang dibebankan [[William sang Penakluk|William Penakluk]], [[daftar penguasa Inggris|Raja Inggris]] pertama dari [[Wangsa Normandia|bangsa Norman]], dan anak buahnya, maupun anak-cucu mereka. Istilah ini digunakan di dalam wacana-wacana [[nasionalisme Inggris|nasionalisme]] dan [[demokrasi]] di Inggris sejak pertengahan abad ke-17.<!-- |
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== Sejarah == |
== Sejarah == |
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Petawarikh Abad Pertengahan [[ |
Petawarikh Abad Pertengahan, [[Orderikus Vitalis]], menulis di dalam risalahnya, ''Sejarah Gerejawi'', bahwa [[orang Norman]] memikulkan [[kuk]] ke atas pundak orang Inggris: "Maka orang Inggris menjerit lantaran hilang kemerdekaannya dan tak jemu-jemu mencari daya upaya untuk menghempaskan kuk yang sedemikian tak tertanggungkan lagi asing bagi mereka."<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/after_01.shtml (BBC) Mike Ibeji, "The Conquest and its Aftermath"]</ref> His later work, written in light of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]]'s reign and fifty years after the Conquest, took a more positive view of the situation of England, writing, "Raja Henry memerintah negeri ... dengan adil dan bijaksana melalui untung maupun malang. ... He treated the magnates with honour and generosity. He helped his humbler subjects by giving just laws, and protecting them from unjust extortions and robbers."<ref>Marjorie Chibnall, ed., ''The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis'', Oxford, 1969–1980, vol. 5, pp. 294–297.</ref> The culturally freighted term of a "Norman yoke" first appears in an apocryphal work published in 1642 during the [[English Civil War]], under the title ''[[The Mirror of Justices]]''; the book was a translation of {{lang|xno|Mireur a justices}}, a collection of 13th century political, legal, and moral fables, written in [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman French]], thought to have been compiled and edited in the early 14th century by renowned legal scholar [[Andrew Horn]].<ref>"... that apocryphal work ''The Mirror of Justices,'' which, mainly through the influence of Coke, was long regarded as a serious authority on law" ([http://www.bartleby.com/218/1308.html ''Cambridge History of English and American Literature''], vol. VIII, section xiii.8). |
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The ''Mirror of Justices'' was republished by the Selden Society, vol. 7, 1893, edited by W. J. Whittaker; it is one of the sources for Anglo-Norman Law French that was used to compile [http://www.anglo-norman.net/lot.shtml#M ''The Anglo-Norman Dictionary''], using a [http://www.anglo-norman.net/cgi-bin/deaf?siglum=MirJustW manuscript of the first third of the fourteenth century] at [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]]. The {{lang|xno|Mireur a justices}} introduced the anecdote of [[Alfred the Great#The cake legend|King Alfred absent-mindedly burning the cakes]].</ref> Even though it would have been obvious to anyone living in the fourteenth century that the book was a work of fiction, at the time of its publication in 1642, ''The Mirror of Justices'' was presented and accepted as historical fact. |
The ''Mirror of Justices'' was republished by the Selden Society, vol. 7, 1893, edited by W. J. Whittaker; it is one of the sources for Anglo-Norman Law French that was used to compile [http://www.anglo-norman.net/lot.shtml#M ''The Anglo-Norman Dictionary''], using a [http://www.anglo-norman.net/cgi-bin/deaf?siglum=MirJustW manuscript of the first third of the fourteenth century] at [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]]. The {{lang|xno|Mireur a justices}} introduced the anecdote of [[Alfred the Great#The cake legend|King Alfred absent-mindedly burning the cakes]].</ref> Even though it would have been obvious to anyone living in the fourteenth century that the book was a work of fiction, at the time of its publication in 1642, ''The Mirror of Justices'' was presented and accepted as historical fact. |
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Revisi per 24 Juli 2024 01.42
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Kuk Norman adalah istilah yang mengacu kepada aspek-aspek zalim dari feodalisme di Inggris, yang erat dikait-kaitkan dengan kewajiban-kewajiban yang dibebankan William Penakluk, Raja Inggris pertama dari bangsa Norman, dan anak buahnya, maupun anak-cucu mereka. Istilah ini digunakan di dalam wacana-wacana nasionalisme dan demokrasi di Inggris sejak pertengahan abad ke-17.
Baca juga
Kutipan
Rujukan
- Christopher Hill, Puritanism and Revolution, 1958
- Marjorie Chibnall, The Debate on the Norman Conquest (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999) ISBN 0-7190-4913-X The "Norman yoke" in the context of the broader historiography of the Conquest.
- HN Brailsford, 'The Levellers and the English Revolution' 'Edited and prepared for publication' by Christopher Hill (Cresset Books, 1961; Spokesman Books, 2nd Edition, 1983).
- Michael Wood, The Norman Yoke: Symbol or Reality?, BBC History website, July 2001
- BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time - Episode on the Norman Yoke