Sonderkommando: Perbedaan antara revisi

*Sonderkommando*
Sonderkommando
	Korban selamat dari Sonderkommando 1005, berpose di sebelah mesin penghancur tulang di lokasi kamp konsentrasi Janowska. Foto diambil setelah pembebasan kamp.
Lokasi	Pendudukan Jerman di Eropa
Tanggal	1942–1945
Jenis insiden	Penghapusan bukti Holokaus
Pelaku	Schutzstaffel (SS)
Peserta	Arbeitsjuden
Camp	Kamp pemusnahan termasuk di antaranya Auschwitz, Belzec, Chełmno, Madjnek, Sobibór dan Treblinka
Penyintas	Zalman Gradowski, Filip Müller, Henryk Tauber, Leib Langfus, Morris Venezia, Henryk Mandelbaum, Dario Gabbai, Antonio Boldrin

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Revisi per 29 Juli 2024 03.30

Sonderkommando (Jerman: [ˈzɔndɐkɔˌmando], berarti Unit (komando) khusus) adalah unit kerja paksa yang terdiri dari para tahanan kamp pemusnahan ciptaan Jerman Nazi. Para tahanan itu biasanya orang Yahudi, yang dipaksa dengan ancaman kematian mereka sendiri, untuk membantu "pembuangan" korban kamar gas selama Holokaus.^[1]^[2]

Kamp kematian Sonderkommandos, yang selalu diisi oleh para narapidana, tidak terkait dengan SS-Sonderkommandos yang merupakan unit ad hoc yang dibentuk dari berbagai kantor Schutzstaffel (disingkat SS) antara tahun 1938 dan 1945.

Istilah dalam bahasa Jerman sendiri adalah bagian dari bahasa yang samar-samar dan eufemistik, yang digunakan oleh Nazi untuk merujuk pada aspek-aspek Solusi Akhir (misalnya, Einsatzkommando "unit penyebaran").

Kremasi tulang belulang di Sonderkommando, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Agustus 1944.
Sonderkommando, in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Agustus 1944.

Catatan

Referensi

^ Friedländer (2009). Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945, pp. 355–356.
^ Shirer (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, p. 970.

Daftar pustaka

Chare, Nicholas; Williams, Dominic, ed. (19 September 2013). Representing Auschwitz: At the Margins of Testimony. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-137-29769-3.
Friedländer, Saul (2009). Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945. New York: Harper Perennial.
Michael, Robert; Doerr, Karin (2002). Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi-German: An English Lexicon of the Language of the Third Reich. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32106-1. .
Shirer, William L. (1990) [1961]. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: MJF Books. .
Sofsky, Wolfgang (2013) [1996]. The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp (Google Books, preview). Princeton, NJ, Amerika Serika: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2218-8.
Caplan, Jane; Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2010). Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-42650-3. .
Kopówka, Edward; Rytel-Andrianik, Paweł (2011). Dam im imię na wieki (Księga Izajasza 56,5) [I will give them an everlasting name (Isaiah 56:5)] (PDF). Warszawa-Rembertów: Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 10 Oktober 2014.
Smith, Mark S. (2010). Treblinka Survivor: The Life and Death of Hershl Sperling. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5618-8.
Weinfeld, Roman (Mei–Juni 2013), Jedno tylko życie – Berek Lajcher [One only life – Berek Lajcher] (dalam bahasa Polski), 173 (3), Warsaw: Midrasz (bi-monthly), Maj/Czerwiec 2013, hlm. 36–43, diakses tanggal 3 Oktober 2013, Issue 3/173 of Midrasz available with purchase.
Catatan-catatan tentang kesaksian dari para anggota Sonderkommando. Publikasi:

Pressac, Jean-Claude (1989). "The deposition made on 24th May 1945 by Henryk Tauber, former member of the Sonderkommando of Krematorien I, II, IV and V.". Auschwitz : technique and operation of the gas chambers. Diterjemahkan oleh Moss, Peter. New York: The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation. hlm. 481–502. OCLC 947814539. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 Juni 2007.
Müller, Filip (1999) [1979]. Eyewitness Auschwitz : three years in the gas chambers. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 1-56663-271-4. OCLC 41431677.
Greif, Gideon (2005). We Wept Without Tears: Testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommando from Auschwitz. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-13198-4.
Fromer, Rebecca (1993). The Holocaust odyssey of Daniel Bennahmias, Sonderkommando. Tuscaloosa, Ala: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-5041-1. OCLC 45730004.
Nyiszli, Miklós (1993). Auschwitz : a doctor's eyewitness account. Diterjemahkan oleh Kramer, Tibere; Seaver, Richard. New York Boston: Arcade Pub. Distributed by Little, Brown, and Co. ISBN 1-55970-202-8. OCLC 28257456. . A play and subsequent film about the Sonderkommandos, The Grey Zone (2001) directed by Tim Blake Nelson, was based on this book.
Dario Gabbai (Interview Code 142, conducted in English) video testimony, interview conducted in November 1996, Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, USC Shoah Foundation Institute, University of Southern California.
Venezia, Shlomo (2007). Sonderkommando Auschwitz. La verità sulle camere a gas. Una testimonianza unica (dalam bahasa Italia). Milano: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-88-17-01778-7. OCLC 799776574.
Południak, Jan (2008). Sonder : an interview with Sonderkommando member Henryk Mandelbaum. Oświęcim: Poligrafia Salezjańska. ISBN 978-83-921567-3-4. OCLC 769819192.
Boldrin, Antonio (April 2013). "testimone". Memoro (dalam bahasa Italia).

[1] Friedländer (2009). Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945, pp. 355–356.

[2] Shirer (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, p. 970.

[1]

[2]

@@ Baris 29: / Baris 29: @@
 |File:Auschwitz Resistance 280 cropped.jpg|Sonderkommando, in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Agustus 1944.
 }}
+== Catatan ==
+{{notelist}}
 == Referensi ==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{reflist}}
+== Daftar pustaka ==
+* {{cite book|editor1-last=Chare|editor1-first=Nicholas |editor2-last=Williams|editor2-first=Dominic|title=Representing Auschwitz: At the Margins of Testimony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVohAQAAQBAJ|date=19 September 2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-1-137-29769-3}}
+* {{cite book|last=Friedländer|first=Saul|date=2009|title=Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945|location=New York|publisher=Harper Perennial}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Michael|first1=Robert|last2=Doerr|first2=Karin|title=Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi-German: An English Lexicon of the Language of the Third Reich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HqgRf2UH4QC|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT, USA|isbn=978-0-313-32106-1|ref={{sfnref|Michael|Doerr|2002}}}}.
+* {{cite book|last=Shirer|first=William L.|year=1990|orig-year=1961|title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich|location=New York|publisher=MJF Books}}.
+* {{cite book|first=Wolfgang|last=Sofsky|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClmQ8PPjF44C|title=The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ, Amerika Serika|format=Google Books, preview| year=2013|orig-year=1996|isbn=978-1-4008-2218-8|ref={{sfnref|Sofsky|2013}}}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Caplan|first1=Jane|last2=Wachsmann|first2=Nikolaus|title=Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ3MoFQqxbIC|year=2010|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-42650-3|ref={{sfnref|Caplan|Wachsmann|2010}}}}.
+* {{cite book|first1=Edward|last1=Kopówka|first2=Paweł|last2=Rytel-Andrianik|title=Dam im imię na wieki (Księga Izajasza 56,5)|trans-title=I will give them an everlasting name (Isaiah 56:5)|year=2011|publisher=Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek|location=Warszawa-Rembertów|url=http://echomatkibozejniepokalaniepoczetej.com/embnp/pages/assets/files/2011-09/dam_ime_na_wieki.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010231757/http://echomatkibozejniepokalaniepoczetej.com/embnp/pages/assets/files/2011-09/dam_ime_na_wieki.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktober 2014|ref={{sfnref|Kopówka|Rytel-Andrianik|2011}}}}
+* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Mark S.|title=Treblinka Survivor: The Life and Death of Hershl Sperling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQcyygAACAAJ|publisher=The History Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7524-5618-8|ref={{sfnref|Smith|2010}}}}
+* {{Citation |last=Weinfeld |first=Roman |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/172115010/Jedno-tylko-%C5%BCycie-%E2%80%93-Berek-Lajcher-by-Roman-Weinfeld |title=Jedno tylko życie – Berek Lajcher |publisher=Midrasz (bi-monthly), Maj/Czerwiec 2013 |date=Mei–Juni 2013 |access-date=3 Oktober 2013 |pages=36–43 |language=pl |trans-title=One only life – Berek Lajcher |issue=3 |volume=173 |location=Warsaw |quote=[https://archive.today/20130922224842/http://katalog.czasopism.pl/index.php?title=Midrasz_3/2013 Issue 3/173 of ''Midrasz''] available with purchase.}}
+* Catatan-catatan tentang kesaksian dari para anggota ''Sonderkommando''. Publikasi:
+# {{cite book|last=Pressac|first=Jean-Claude|author-link=Jean-Claude Pressac | translator-last=Moss | translator-first=Peter | title=Auschwitz : technique and operation of the gas chambers | url=http://www.mazal.org/pressac/Pressac0481.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629221635/http://www.mazal.org/pressac/Pressac0481.htm|archive-date=29 Juni 2007|url-status=unfit|chapter=The deposition made on 24th May 1945 by Henryk Tauber, former member of the Sonderkommando of Krematorien I, II, IV and V.|location=New York|publisher=The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation|year=1989|oclc=947814539|pages=481–502}}
+# {{cite book|last=Müller|first=Filip|title=Eyewitness Auschwitz : three years in the gas chambers| url=https://archive.org/details/eyewitnessauschw00fili|url-access=registration|publisher=Ivan R. Dee|location=Chicago|year=1999|orig-year=1979|isbn=1-56663-271-4|oclc=41431677}}
+# {{cite book|last=Greif|first=Gideon|title=We Wept Without Tears: Testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommando from Auschwitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpGzGE6UK7wC|year=2005|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-13198-4|location=New Haven, CT|ref={{sfnref|Greif|2005}}}}
+# {{cite book|last=Fromer|first=Rebecca|title=The Holocaust odyssey of Daniel Bennahmias, Sonderkommando|url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustodyssey0000from|url-access=registration|publisher=University of Alabama Press|location=Tuscaloosa, Ala|year=1993|isbn=0-8173-5041-1|oclc=45730004}}
+# {{cite book|last=Nyiszli|first=Miklós|translator1-first=Tibere |translator1-last=Kramer|translator2-first=Richard|translator2-last=Seaver|title=Auschwitz : a doctor's eyewitness account|publisher=Arcade Pub. Distributed by Little, Brown, and Co|location=New York Boston|year=1993|isbn=1-55970-202-8|oclc=28257456}}. A play and subsequent film about the ''Sonderkommandos'', ''The Grey Zone'' (2001) directed by [[Tim Blake Nelson]], was based on this book.
+# ''Dario Gabbai (Interview Code 142, conducted in English)'' video testimony, interview conducted in November 1996, Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, [https://web.archive.org/web/20061104020508/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/vhi/ USC Shoah Foundation Institute], [[University of Southern California]].
+# {{cite book|last=Venezia|first=Shlomo|title=Sonderkommando Auschwitz. La verità sulle camere a gas. Una testimonianza unica|publisher=Rizzoli|location=Milano|year=2007|isbn=978-88-17-01778-7|oclc=799776574|language=it}}
+# {{cite book|last=Południak|first=Jan|title=Sonder : an interview with Sonderkommando member Henryk Mandelbaum|publisher=Poligrafia Salezjańska|location=Oświęcim|year=2008|isbn=978-83-921567-3-4|oclc=769819192}}
+#{{cite web|first=Antonio|last=Boldrin|title=testimone|website=Memoro|url=http://www.memoro.org/it/testimone.php?ID=3406|language=it|date=April 2013}}
 [[Kategori:Holokaus]]