Masjid Umayyah Damaskus: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
| Baris 35: | Baris 35: | ||
== Sejarah == |
== Sejarah == |
||
[[Image:StJohnInUmmayad.jpg|thumb|left|Makam suci [[Yohanes Pembaptis]] ([[Yahya]]) di dalam masjid]] |
[[Image:StJohnInUmmayad.jpg|thumb|left|Makam suci [[Yohanes Pembaptis]] ([[Yahya]]) di dalam masjid]] |
||
Lokasi dimana masjid sekarang berdiri sebelumnya adalah kuil tuhan [[Hadad]] di era [[Aramaean]] dari akhir [[Zaman Perunggu]] dan [[Zaman Besi]]. Kehadiran Aramaean terbukti dengan ditemukannya [[basal]] [[ortostat]] berbentuk [[sphinx]] yang digali di sudut timur laut masjid. Lokasi itu kemudian pernah menjadi [[Kuil Yupiter, Damaskus|Kuil Yupiter]] di zaman Romawi, kemudian sebuah [[gereja]] [[Kristen]] yang diperuntukkan kepada [[Yohanes Pembaptis]] di zaman [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
The spot where the mosque now stands was a temple of the god [[Hadad]] in the [[Aramaean]] era of the [[Late Bronze Age]] and [[Iron Age]]. The Aramaean presence was attested by the discovery of a [[basalt]] [[orthostat]] depicting a [[sphinx]] excavated in the north-east corner of mosque.{{citation needed|deate=February 2011|date=February 2011}} The site was later used for a [[Temple of Jupiter, Damascus|Temple of Jupiter]] in the Roman era, then a [[Christian]] [[church (building)|church]] dedicated to [[John the Baptist]] in the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] era. |
|||
=== |
=== Kekhalifahan Arab === |
||
| ⚫ | |||
[[Damascus]] was [[Siege of Damascus (634)|captured and besieged]] by [[Rashidun army|Muslim Arab forces]] led by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] in 634. Decades later, the [[Islamic Caliphate]] came under the rule of the [[Umayyad dynasty]] which chose Damascus to be the administrative capital of the [[Muslim world]]. The sixth Umayyad [[caliph]], [[al-Walid I]], then commissioned the construction of a [[mosque]] on the site of the Byzantine cathedral in 706.<ref>Grafman and Rosen-Ayalon, 1999, p.7.</ref> Prior to this, the cathedral was still in use by the local Christians, but a prayer room (''musalla'') for [[Muslim]]s had been constructed on the southeastern part of the building. Al-Walid, who personally supervised the project, had most of the cathedral including the ''musalla'' demolished. The construction of the mosque completely altered the layout of the building. The new house of worship was meant to serve as a large congregational mosque for the citizens of Damascus and as a tribute to the city. Because of Christian protest at the move, al-Walid ordered the all other confiscated churches in the city to be returned to the Christians as compensation. The mosque was completed in 715 by the caliph, [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]], shortly after the death of al-Walid that same year.<ref name="Flood2"/><ref>Rudolff, 2006, p.177.</ref> |
[[Damascus]] was [[Siege of Damascus (634)|captured and besieged]] by [[Rashidun army|Muslim Arab forces]] led by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] in 634. Decades later, the [[Islamic Caliphate]] came under the rule of the [[Umayyad dynasty]] which chose Damascus to be the administrative capital of the [[Muslim world]]. The sixth Umayyad [[caliph]], [[al-Walid I]], then commissioned the construction of a [[mosque]] on the site of the Byzantine cathedral in 706.<ref>Grafman and Rosen-Ayalon, 1999, p.7.</ref> Prior to this, the cathedral was still in use by the local Christians, but a prayer room (''musalla'') for [[Muslim]]s had been constructed on the southeastern part of the building. Al-Walid, who personally supervised the project, had most of the cathedral including the ''musalla'' demolished. The construction of the mosque completely altered the layout of the building. The new house of worship was meant to serve as a large congregational mosque for the citizens of Damascus and as a tribute to the city. Because of Christian protest at the move, al-Walid ordered the all other confiscated churches in the city to be returned to the Christians as compensation. The mosque was completed in 715 by the caliph, [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]], shortly after the death of al-Walid that same year.<ref name="Flood2"/><ref>Rudolff, 2006, p.177.</ref> |
||
| Baris 117: | Baris 117: | ||
The Western Minaret (''Madhanat al-Gharbiye'') was built by Mamluk sultan Qaitbay in 1488 and is named after him.<ref name="Darke92"/> The Western Minaret displays strong Egyptian architectural influence typical of the Mamluk period.<ref name="Mannheim91">Mannheim, 2001, p.91.</ref> The minaret is octagonal in shape and is built in receding section with three galleries.<ref name="AAA"/> It is generally believed that both the Minaret of Jesus and the Western Minaret were built on the foundation of [[Ancient Roman]] towers (''temenos''), but some scholars find this to be questionable because of the absence of corner towers in other former Roman temples.<ref name="Mannheim91"/> |
The Western Minaret (''Madhanat al-Gharbiye'') was built by Mamluk sultan Qaitbay in 1488 and is named after him.<ref name="Darke92"/> The Western Minaret displays strong Egyptian architectural influence typical of the Mamluk period.<ref name="Mannheim91">Mannheim, 2001, p.91.</ref> The minaret is octagonal in shape and is built in receding section with three galleries.<ref name="AAA"/> It is generally believed that both the Minaret of Jesus and the Western Minaret were built on the foundation of [[Ancient Roman]] towers (''temenos''), but some scholars find this to be questionable because of the absence of corner towers in other former Roman temples.<ref name="Mannheim91"/> |
||
--> |
--> |
||
== Makna penting keagamaan == |
== Makna penting keagamaan == |
||
<!-- |
<!-- |
||
Revisi per 7 Mei 2011 17.19
| Masjid Agung Umayyah جامع بني أمية الكبير | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Agama | |
| Afiliasi | Islam |
| Wilayah | Levant |
| Status | Active |
| Lokasi | |
| Lokasi |  Damaskus, Suriah |
| Arsitektur | |
| Tipe | Masjid |
| Gaya arsitektur | Umayyah |
| Rampung | 715 |
| Spesifikasi | |
| Kapasitas | 3.000 |
| Menara | 3 |
| Bahan bangunan | Batu, marmer, tegel, mosaik |
Masjid Agung Umayyah (bahasa Arab: جامع بني أمية الكبير) (bahasa Inggris: Great Mosque of Damascus), berlokasi di kota lama Damaskus, Suriah adalah masjid yang terbesar dan tertua di dunia. Dan dianggap sebagai tempat suci ke empat dalam Islam.[1]
Setelah penaklukan Arab atas Damaskus tahun 634, masjid dibangun di tempat yang sebelumnya adalah basilika Kristen yang dipersembahkan untuk Yohanes Pembaptis (atau Yahya) sejak zaman kekaisaran Romawi Konstantinus I. Masjid ini memiliki makam peninggalan suci yang diyakini sampai saat ini masih berisi kepala Yohanes Pembaptis (Yahya), yang dihormati sebagai nabi baik oleh Kristen maupun Islam. Juga terdapat berbagai penanda lokasi penting lainnya di dalam masjid dari Syi'ah, diantaranya tempat dimana kepala Husain bin Ali (cucu dari Muhammad) yang disimpan oleh Yazid bin Muawiyah. Makam Saladin berdiri di taman kecil di dinding utara masjid.
Sejarah
Lokasi dimana masjid sekarang berdiri sebelumnya adalah kuil tuhan Hadad di era Aramaean dari akhir Zaman Perunggu dan Zaman Besi. Kehadiran Aramaean terbukti dengan ditemukannya basal ortostat berbentuk sphinx yang digali di sudut timur laut masjid. Lokasi itu kemudian pernah menjadi Kuil Yupiter di zaman Romawi, kemudian sebuah gereja Kristen yang diperuntukkan kepada Yohanes Pembaptis di zaman Kekaisaran Romawi Timur
Kekhalifahan Arab
Makna penting keagamaan
Beberapa struktur yang ditemukan di dalam Masjid mengandung arti penting:
Sisi Barat:
- Gerbang masuk (dikenal sebagai "Bāb as-Sā‘at") - Penanda pintu lokasi dimana tahanan Karbalā disuruh berdiri 72 jam sebelum dibawa masuk.[2] Ketika itu, Yazid bin Muawiyah meminta kota dan istana dihias untuk kedatangannya.[2]
Galeri
- Masjid Agung Umayyah
-
![Tampak luar dari gerbang dimana tahann Karbalā disuruh berdiri 72 jam - "Bāb as-Sā‘at".[2]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/UmayyadMosque04BaabSa-atExternal.jpg/120px-UmayyadMosque04BaabSa-atExternal.jpg)
-
Mihrab -
Tempat dimana jasad kepala korban perang Karbala disimpan dalam masjid. -
Mimbar putih penanda tempat dimana Husain bin Ali diadili Yazid bin Muawiyah dan lantai tinggi didepannya untuk menandai dimana tahanan Karbalā berdiri saat itu. -
Lokasi Husain bin Ali sholat selama ditahan. -
-
-
-
-
-
![Tampak luar dari gerbang dimana tahann Karbalā disuruh berdiri 72 jam - "Bāb as-Sā‘at".[2]](/wiki/Berkas:UmayyadMosque04BaabSa-atExternal.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
Referensi
Bibliografi
- American architect and architecture, J. R. Osgood & Co, 1894.
- Burns, Ross (2005), Damascus: A History, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415271053.
- Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576079198.
- Charette, François (2003), Mathematical instrumentation in fourteenth-century Egypt and Syria: the illustrated treatise of Najm al-Dīn al-Mīṣrī, BRILL, ISBN 9789004130159
- Finkel, Caroline (2005), Osman's dream: the story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923, Basic Books, ISBN 0465023967.
- Flood, Finbarr Barry (2001). The Great Mosque of Damascus: studies on the makings of an Umayyad visual culture. Boston: BRILL. ISBN 9004116389.
- Flood, Finbarr Barry (1997). "Umayyad Survivals and Mamluk Revivals: Qalawunid Architecture and the Great Mosque of Damascus". Muqarnas. Boston: BRILL. 14: 57–79. doi:10.2307/1523236.
- Grafman, Rafi; Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam (1999). "The Two Great Syrian Umayyad Mosques: Jerusalem and Damascus". Muqarnas. Boston: BRILL. 16: 1–15. doi:10.2307/1523262.
- Hitti, Phillip K. (October 2002). History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 9781931956604.
- le Strange, Guy (1890), Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500, Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund (Ibn Jubayr: p.240 ff)
- Ibn Ṣaṣrā, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad (1963). William M. Brinner, ed. A chronicle of Damascus, 1389-1397. University of California Press.
- Ibn Khaldūn; Fischel, Walter Joseph (1952). Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: their historic meeting in Damascus, 1401 a.d. (803 a. h.) A study based on Arabic manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography". University of California Press.
- Kafescioǧlu, Çiǧdem (1999). ""In The Image of Rūm": Ottoman Architectural Patronage in Sixteenth-Century Aleppo and Damascus". Muqarnas. BRILL. 16: 70–96. doi:10.2307/1523266.
- Kamal al-Din, Nuha; Ibn Kathir (2002). The Islamic view of Jesus. Islamic Books. ISBN 977600508X.
- Palestine Exploration Fund (1897), Quarterly statement, Published at the Fund's Office .
- Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Schellinger, Paul E. (1994), International Dictionary of Historic Places, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 1884964036
- Rivoira, Giovanni Teresio (1918), Moslem architecture: its origins and development, Oxford University Press.
- Selin, Helaine (1997), Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures, Springer, ISBN 9780792340669.
- Walker, Bethany J. (Mar., 2004). "Commemorating the Sacred Spaces of the Past: The Mamluks and the Umayyad Mosque at Damascus". Near Eastern Archaeology. The American Schools of Oriental Research. 67 (1): 26–39. doi:10.2307/4149989.
- Winter, Michael; Levanoni, Amalia (2004). The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian politics and society. BRILL. ISBN 9004132864.
- Van Leeuwen, Richard (1999), Waqfs and urban structures: the case of Ottoman Damascus, BRILL, ISBN 9004112995
- Wolff, Richard (2007), The Popular Encyclopedia of World Religions: A User-Friendly Guide to Their Beliefs, History, and Impact on Our World Today, Harvest House Publishers, ISBN 0736920072
- Zaimeche, Salah; Ball, Lamaan (2005), Damascus, Manchester: Foundation for Science Technology and Culture
Pranala luar
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Umayyad Mosque.