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Insiden Mitla menghambat karir militer Sharon selama beberapa tahun. Sementara itu, ia menduduki posisi seorang komandan [[brigade]] [[infanteri]] dan menerima gelar [[sarjana hukum]] dari [[Universitas Tel Aviv]]. Namun, ketika [[Yitzhak Rabin]] menjadi [[Ramatkal|Kepala Staf]] pada tahun 1964, karir Sharon mulai lagi meningkat pesat, menduduki posisi Komandan Sekolah Infanteri Angkatan Darat dan Kepala Cabang Pelatihan, akhirnya mencapai pangkat [[Aluf]] ([[Mayor Jenderal]]). Dalam [[Perang Enam Hari]] tahun 1967, Sharon memerintahkan [[divisi lapis baja]] yang paling kuat di [[Front (militer)|bagian]] depan [[Sinai]] yang membuat terobosan dalam bidang Kusseima-Abu-Ageila diperkaya (lihat [[Pertempuran Abu-Ageila (1967)|Pertempuran Abu-Ageila]]). Pada tahun 1969, ia diangkat sebagai Kepala IDF [[Komando Selatan (Israel)|Komando Selatan]]. Dia tidak memiliki promosi lebih lanjut sebelum pensiun pada bulan Agustus 1973. Segera setelah itu, ia bergabung dengan [[partai politik]] [[Likud]] ("Persatuan").<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/storyville/ariel-sharon.shtml|title=Israel's generals: Ariel Sharon|date=17 June 2004|accessdate=15 April 2006|publisher=[[BBC Four]] }}</ref>
Insiden Mitla menghambat karir militer Sharon selama beberapa tahun. Sementara itu, ia menduduki posisi seorang komandan [[brigade]] [[infanteri]] dan menerima gelar [[sarjana hukum]] dari [[Universitas Tel Aviv]]. Namun, ketika [[Yitzhak Rabin]] menjadi [[Ramatkal|Kepala Staf]] pada tahun 1964, karir Sharon mulai lagi meningkat pesat, menduduki posisi Komandan Sekolah Infanteri Angkatan Darat dan Kepala Cabang Pelatihan, akhirnya mencapai pangkat [[Aluf]] ([[Mayor Jenderal]]). Dalam [[Perang Enam Hari]] tahun 1967, Sharon memerintahkan [[divisi lapis baja]] yang paling kuat di [[Front (militer)|bagian]] depan [[Sinai]] yang membuat terobosan dalam bidang Kusseima-Abu-Ageila diperkaya (lihat [[Pertempuran Abu-Ageila (1967)|Pertempuran Abu-Ageila]]). Pada tahun 1969, ia diangkat sebagai Kepala IDF [[Komando Selatan (Israel)|Komando Selatan]]. Dia tidak memiliki promosi lebih lanjut sebelum pensiun pada bulan Agustus 1973. Segera setelah itu, ia bergabung dengan [[partai politik]] [[Likud]] ("Persatuan").<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/storyville/ariel-sharon.shtml|title=Israel's generals: Ariel Sharon|date=17 June 2004|accessdate=15 April 2006|publisher=[[BBC Four]] }}</ref>


Pada awal [[Perang Yom Kippur]] pada tanggal [[6 Oktober]] [[1973]], Sharon dipanggil kembali ke tugas aktif bersama dengan pembagian cadangan ditugaskan lapis baja-nya. Pasukannya tidak terlibat dengan [[Angkatan Darat Mesir]], walaupun itu adalah permintaannya. Di bawah lindungan pasukan kegelapan Sharon pindah ke satu titik di [[Terusan Suez]] yang telah disiapkan sebelum perang. Bridging peralatan terlempar di kanal pada tanggal 17 Oktober. [[Jembatan]] itu antara dua tentara Mesir. Dia kemudian menuju ke arah utara Ismailia, bermaksud memotong jalur pasokan tentara kedua Mesir, tapi divisinya dihentikan selatan [[Air Tawar Canal]]. <ref>Dr. George W. Gawrych [http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/gawrych/gawrych_pt6.pdf The Alabatross of Decisive Victory: The 1973 Arab-Israeli War] p.72</ref>
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At the start of the [[Yom Kippur War]] on 6 October 1973, Sharon was called back to active duty along with his assigned reserve [[armored division]]. His forces did not engage the [[Egyptian Army]] immediately, despite his requests. Under cover of darkness Sharon's forces moved to a point on the [[Suez Canal]] that had been prepared before the war. Bridging equipment was thrown across the canal on 17 October. The [[bridgehead]] was between two Egyptian Armies. He then headed north towards Ismailia, intent on cutting the Egyptian second army's supply lines, but his division was halted south of the [[Fresh Water Canal]].<ref>Dr. George W. Gawrych [http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/gawrych/gawrych_pt6.pdf The Alabatross of Decisive Victory: The 1973 Arab-Israeli War] p.72</ref>


[[Abraham Adan|Abraham (Bren) Adan's]] division passed over the bridgehead into [[Africa]] advancing to within 101 kilometers of [[Cairo]]. His division managed to encircle [[Suez]], cutting off and [[Encirclement|encircling]] the Third Army, but did not force its surrender before the [[ceasefire]]. Tensions between the two generals followed Sharon's decision, but a [[military tribunal]] later found his action was militarily effective. This move was regarded by many Israelis as the turning point of the war in the Sinai front. Thus, Sharon is widely viewed as a war hero who saved Israel from defeat in Sinai. A photo of Sharon wearing a head bandage on the Suez Canal became a famous symbol of Israeli military prowess.
[[Abraham Adan|Abraham (Bren) Adan]] melewati jembatan ke [[Afrika]] untuk maju ke dalam 101 kilometer dari [[Kairo]]. Divisi-Nya berhasil mengepung [[Suez]], memotong dan [[melingkari]] Ketiga Angkatan Darat, tetapi tidak memaksa menyerah sebelum [[gencatan senjata]]. Ketegangan antara dua jenderal mengikuti keputusan Sharon, tapi [[pengadilan militer]] kemudian ditemukan tindakannya secara militer efektif. Langkah ini dianggap oleh banyak orang Israel sebagai titik balik dari perang di depan Sinai. Dengan demikian, Sharon secara luas dipandang sebagai pahlawan perang yang menyelamatkan Israel dari kekalahan di Sinai. Sebuah foto Sharon mengenakan perban kepala di Terusan Suez menjadi simbol terkenal dari kecakapan militer Israel.


Sharon's political positions were controversial and he was relieved of duty in February 1974.
Sharon posisi politik kontroversial dan ia dibebaskan dari tugas pada bulan Februari 1974.


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==Early political career==
==Early political career==
===Beginnings of political career===
===Beginnings of political career===

Revisi per 8 Juni 2011 10.24

Ariel Sharon
אריאל שרון
Perdana Menteri Israel ke-11
Masa jabatan
7 Maret 2001 – 14 April 2006
(Ehud Olmert menjabat sebagai Penjabat Perdana Menteri sejak 4 Januari 2006)
PresidenMoshe Katsav
WakilEhud Olmert
Sebelum
Pendahulu
Ehud Barak
Pengganti
Ehud Olmert
Sebelum
Menteri Luar Negeri Israel
Masa jabatan
13 October 1998 – 6 Juni 1999
Perdana MenteriBenjamin Netanyahu
Sebelum
Pendahulu
David Levy
Pengganti
David Levy
Sebelum
Menteri Infrastruktur Nasional Israel
Masa jabatan
8 Juli 1996 – 6 Juli 1999
Perdana MenteriBenjamin Netanyahu
Sebelum
Pendahulu
Yitzhak Levy
Pengganti
Eli Suissa
Sebelum
Menteri Perumahan dan Konstruksi Israel
Masa jabatan
11 Juni 1990 – 13 Juli 1992
Perdana MenteriYitzhak Shamir
Sebelum
Pendahulu
David Levy
Sebelum
Perindustrian, Perdagangan dan Menteri Perburuhan Israel
Masa jabatan
13 September 1984 – 20 Februari 1990
Perdana MenteriShimon Peres (1984-1986)
Yitzhak Shamir (1986-1990)
Sebelum
Pendahulu
Gideon Patt
Pengganti
Moshe Nissim
Sebelum
Menteri Pertahanan Israel
Masa jabatan
5 Agustus 1981 – 14 Februari 1983
Perdana MenteriMenachem Begin
Sebelum
Sebelum
Informasi pribadi
Lahir26 Februari 1928 (umur 96)
Kfar Malal, Mandat Britania atas Palestina
Partai politikKadima (dahulu Likud dan Shlomtzion)
Suami/istriMargalit Sharon (meninggal 1962);
Lily Sharon (meninggal 2000)
Tanda tangan
Karier militer
PihakIsrael Israel
PangkatAluf (Mayor Jenderal)
IMDB: nm0788956 Find a Grave: 123124947 Modifica els identificadors a Wikidata
Sunting kotak info
Sunting kotak info • L • B
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Ariel Sharon (

, juga dikenal dengan Arik kecil, אַריק, lahir Ariel Scheinermann, אריאל שיינרמן pada 26 Februari 1928) adalah seorang negarawan Israel dan pensiunan jenderal, yang menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri Israel ke-11. Ia telah dalam keadaan vegetatif permanen sejak mengalami stroke pada 4 Januari 2006.

Sharon adalah seorang komandan di Angkatan Darat Israel sejak didirikan pada tahun 1948. Sebagai seorang perwira tentara, ia ikut dalam Perang Kemerdekaan 1948, pembantaian Qibya tahun 1953, Perang Suez tahun 1967, Perang Enam Hari tahun 1967, dan Perang Yom Kippur tahun 1973. Setelah pensiun dari tentara, Sharon bergabung dengan Partai Likud sayap kanan, dan bertugas di sejumlah pos menteri dalam pemerintah yang dipimpin Likud pada 1977-1992 dan 1996-1999. Ia menjadi pemimpin Likud pada tahun 2000, dan menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri Israel 2001-2006.

Selama karirnya yang panjang militer dan politik, Sharon dianggap sebagai tokoh kontroversial dan polarisasi. Pada tahun 1983 sebuah komisi yang dibentuk oleh Pemerintah Israel menemukan bahwa sebagai Menteri Pertahanan selama Perang Lebanon tahun 1982, Sharon melahirkan tanggung jawab pribadi, tetapi tidak langsung, untuk pembantaian oleh milisi Lebanon warga sipil Palestina di kamp-kamp pengungsi Sabra dan Shatila. Pada tahun 1970, 1980 dan 1990-an, Sharon memperjuangkan pembangunan permukiman Israel di Tepi Barat dan Jalur Gaza. Namun, sebagai Perdana Menteri, pada tahun 2004-2005, Sharon mengatur pelepasan sepihak oleh Israel dari Jalur Gaza. Menghadapi oposisi kaku untuk kebijakan ini dalam Likud, pada bulan November 2005, ia meninggalkan Likud untuk membentuk partai Kadima yang baru. Pada bulan Januari 2006, Sharon mengalami stroke berat yang membuatnya dalam keadaan vegetatif permanen. Pada bulan Maret 2006, pemilihan umum, Kadima, yang dipimpin oleh Ehud Olmert setelah stroke Sharon, kemudian memenangkan pluralitas kursi Knesset, menjadi mitra koalisi senior dalam pemerintahan Israel 31.

Kehidupan awal

Sharon lahir di Kfar Malal, kemudian di Mandat Britania atas Palestina, sebuah keluarga Yahudi Lithuania - Shmuel Sheinerman, Brest-Litovsk (sekarang Brest, Belarus) dan Dvora (dahulu Vera), dari Mogilev. Ayahnya pernah belajar agronomi di Universitas Tbilisi, SSR Georgia) dan ibunya baru saja mulai tahun keempatnya penelitian medis ketika pasangan menikah. Mereka berimigrasi ke Mandat Inggris di Palestina dari Rusia, melarikan diri dari pogrom awal terkait dengan Revolusi Bolshevik. Selain dari bahasa Ibrani, ayah Sharon berbicara bahasa Yiddish dan ibunya berbicara [Bahasa Rusia|Rusia]];. putra mereka juga belajar untuk berbicara Rusia sebagai seorang anak muda.[butuh rujukan]

Keluarga tiba di Aliyah Kedua dan menetap di sebuah komunitas, sosialis sekuler dimana, meskipun pendukung Mapai, mereka dikenal sebagai contrarians terhadap konsensus komunitas yang berlaku:

Scheinermans 'akhirnya pengucilan ... diikuti pembunuhan 1933 Arlozorov ketika Dvora dan Shmuel menolak untuk mendukung gerakan fitnah Buruh anti-revisionis dan berpartisipasi dalam aksi unjuk rasa Bolshevic gaya cercaan publik, maka urutan hari. Retribusi dengan cepat datang. Mereka diusir dari klinik kesehatan dana lokal dan desa sinagoga. Truk koperasi tidak akan melakukan pengiriman ke peternakan mereka atau mengumpulkan menghasilkan.[1]

Empat tahun setelah kedatangan mereka di Kfar Malal, yang Sheinermans memiliki seorang putri, Yehudit (Dita), dan dua tahun setelah itu, mereka memiliki seorang putra, Ariel. Pada usia 10 tahun, Sharon memasuki gerakan pemuda Hassadeh Zionis. Pada tahun 1942, pada usia 14 tahun, Sharon bergabung dengan Gadna, sebuah batalyon pemuda paramiliter, dan kemudian Haganah, kekuatan paramiliter bawah tanah dan pendahulu militer Yahudi kepada Angkatan Pertahanan Israel (IDF).

Karier Militer

Krisis Perang Suez dari 1948

Berkas:Sharon22.jpg
Sharon sebagai seorang prajurit muda

Pada penciptaan Israel (dan transformasi Haganah ke dalam Angkatan Pertahanan Israel), Sharon menjadi komandan peleton di Brigade Alexandroni. Dia terluka parah di pangkal paha oleh Legiun Arab Yordania dalam Pertempuran Latrun pertama, upaya gagal untuk meringankan komunitas Yahudi yang terkepung di Yerusalem. Pada bulan September 1949, Sharon dipromosikan menjadi komandan kompi (unit pengintai Brigade Golani) dan tahun 1950 kepada petugas intelijen untuk Komando Sentral. Dia kemudian mengambil cuti untuk memulai [[studi dalam sejarah dan budaya Timur Tengah di Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem. Satu setengah tahun kemudian, ia diminta untuk kembali aktif ke layanan dalam peringkat utama dan sebagai pemimpin dari unit Unit 101 yang baru, pertama pasukan khusus Israel.

101 unit melakukan serangkaian serangan militer terhadap Palestina dan negara Arab tetangga yang membantu meningkatkan moral Israel dan memperkuat citra jera-nya. Unit dikenal karena serangan terhadap warga sipil Arab dan militer, [2] terutama dalam pembantaian Qibya yang mengutuk secara luas pada musim gugur tahun 1953, dimana 69 warga sipil Palestina, beberapa dari mereka anak-anak, tewas oleh tentara Sharon dalam serangan pembalasan terhadap mereka Desa Tepi Barat. Dalam Israel dokumenter dan Arab: 50 Tahun Perang, Sharon mengingat apa yang terjadi setelah serangan, yang sangat dikutuk oleh banyak negara Barat, termasuk Amerika Serikat:

Aku dipanggil untuk melihat Ben-Gurion. Ini adalah pertama kalinya saya bertemu dia, dan dari awal Ben-Gurion berkata kepada saya: "Ijinkan saya memberitahu Anda satu hal: tidak peduli apa kata dunia tentang Israel, tidak peduli apa yang mereka katakan tentang kami dari tempat lain. Satu-satunya hal yang penting adalah bahwa kita bisa ada di sini, di tanah nenek moyang kita. Kita dapat menunjukkan kepada orang-orang Arab bahwa ada harga yang harus dibayar untuk membunuh orang Yahudi., kita tidak akan bertahan.""

Beberapa bulan setelah pendiriannya, Unit 101 digabungkan dengan pasukan Batalyon 890 untuk membuat pasukan payung pasukan Brigade (Sharon akhirnya menjadi komandan yang terakhir). Serangan militer terus gencar, memuncak dengan serangan terhadap kantor polisi Qalqilyah di musim gugur tahun 1956. [3][4]

Pada 1952-1953, Sharon menghadiri Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem, mengambil Sejarah dan studi Oriental.

Sharon menduda sebanyak dua kali. Tak lama setelah menjadi instruktur militer, ia menikah Margalit, dengan siapa ia memiliki anak bernama Gur. Margalit meninggal dalam kecelakaan mobil pada Mei 1962. Anak mereka, Gur meninggal pada Oktober 1967 setelah seorang teman sengaja menembak dia ketika mereka sedang bermain dengan senapan. [5][6][7] Setelah kematian Margalit, Sharon menikah dengan adiknya, Lily. Mereka memiliki dua putra, Omri dan Gil'ad. Lily Sharon meninggal karena kanker pada tahun 2000.

Dari 1958 ke 1962, Sharon menjabat sebagai komandan brigade infanteri dan hukum belajar di Universitas Tel Aviv

Insiden Mitla

Pada Perang Suez tahun 1956 (British "Operasi Musketeer"), Sharon memerintahkan Unit 202 (Brigade pasukan payung), dan bertanggung jawab untuk mengambil tanah timur Sinai Mitla Pass dan akhirnya mengambil lulus itu sendiri. Setelah berhasil melakukan bagian pertama dari misi-Nya (bergabung dengan sebuah batalion diterjunkan dekat Mitla dengan sisa brigade bergerak di tanah), unit Sharon ditempatkan dekat lulus. Baik pesawat pengintai maupun pengintai melaporkan pasukan musuh dalam Mitla Pass. Pasukan Sharon awalnya mengarah ke timur, jauh dari lulus, melaporkan kepada atasannya bahwa ia semakin khawatir dengan kemungkinan suatu dorongan musuh melalui lulus, yang bisa menyerang brigade dari sayap atau belakang.

Sharon meminta izin untuk menyerang melewati beberapa kali, namun permintaan itu ditolak, meskipun dia diizinkan untuk memeriksa status sehingga jika melewati itu kosong, ia bisa menerima izin untuk mengambilnya nanti. Sharon mengirim pasukan pramuka kecil, yang bertemu dengan api berat dan menjadi macet karena kerusakan kendaraan di tengah lulus. Sharon memerintahkan sisa pasukannya untuk menyerang dalam rangka untuk membantu rekan-rekan mereka. [butuh rujukan] Dalam pertempuran yang sukses berikutnya untuk menangkap lulus, 38 tentara Israel tewas. Sharon dikritik oleh atasan dan dia rusak oleh tuduhan beberapa tahun kemudian dibuat oleh beberapa mantan bawahannya, yang menyatakan bahwa Sharon mencoba untuk memprovokasi orang Mesir dan dikirim keluar pengintai dengan itikad buruk, memastikan bahwa pertempuran akan terjadi. [butuh rujukan]

Perang Enam Hari dan Perang Yom Kippur

Artikel utama: Perang Enam Hari dan Perang Yom Kippur

Insiden Mitla menghambat karir militer Sharon selama beberapa tahun. Sementara itu, ia menduduki posisi seorang komandan brigade infanteri dan menerima gelar sarjana hukum dari Universitas Tel Aviv. Namun, ketika Yitzhak Rabin menjadi Kepala Staf pada tahun 1964, karir Sharon mulai lagi meningkat pesat, menduduki posisi Komandan Sekolah Infanteri Angkatan Darat dan Kepala Cabang Pelatihan, akhirnya mencapai pangkat Aluf (Mayor Jenderal). Dalam Perang Enam Hari tahun 1967, Sharon memerintahkan divisi lapis baja yang paling kuat di bagian depan Sinai yang membuat terobosan dalam bidang Kusseima-Abu-Ageila diperkaya (lihat Pertempuran Abu-Ageila). Pada tahun 1969, ia diangkat sebagai Kepala IDF Komando Selatan. Dia tidak memiliki promosi lebih lanjut sebelum pensiun pada bulan Agustus 1973. Segera setelah itu, ia bergabung dengan partai politik Likud ("Persatuan").[8]

Pada awal Perang Yom Kippur pada tanggal 6 Oktober 1973, Sharon dipanggil kembali ke tugas aktif bersama dengan pembagian cadangan ditugaskan lapis baja-nya. Pasukannya tidak terlibat dengan Angkatan Darat Mesir, walaupun itu adalah permintaannya. Di bawah lindungan pasukan kegelapan Sharon pindah ke satu titik di Terusan Suez yang telah disiapkan sebelum perang. Bridging peralatan terlempar di kanal pada tanggal 17 Oktober. Jembatan itu antara dua tentara Mesir. Dia kemudian menuju ke arah utara Ismailia, bermaksud memotong jalur pasokan tentara kedua Mesir, tapi divisinya dihentikan selatan Air Tawar Canal. [9]

Abraham (Bren) Adan melewati jembatan ke Afrika untuk maju ke dalam 101 kilometer dari Kairo. Divisi-Nya berhasil mengepung Suez, memotong dan melingkari Ketiga Angkatan Darat, tetapi tidak memaksa menyerah sebelum gencatan senjata. Ketegangan antara dua jenderal mengikuti keputusan Sharon, tapi pengadilan militer kemudian ditemukan tindakannya secara militer efektif. Langkah ini dianggap oleh banyak orang Israel sebagai titik balik dari perang di depan Sinai. Dengan demikian, Sharon secara luas dipandang sebagai pahlawan perang yang menyelamatkan Israel dari kekalahan di Sinai. Sebuah foto Sharon mengenakan perban kepala di Terusan Suez menjadi simbol terkenal dari kecakapan militer Israel.

Sharon posisi politik kontroversial dan ia dibebaskan dari tugas pada bulan Februari 1974.

]</ref>

In its 21 February 1983 issue, Time published a story implying Sharon was directly responsible for the massacres.[10] Sharon sued Time for libel in American and Israeli courts. Although the jury concluded that the Time story included false allegations, they found that Time had not acted with "actual malice" and so was not guilty of libel.[11]

On 18 June 2001 relatives of the victims of the Sabra massacre began proceedings in Belgium to have Sharon indicted on war crimes charges.[12] Elie Hobeika, the leader of the Phalange militia who carried out the massacres, was assassinated in January 2001, several months before he was scheduled to testify against Sharon for the trial.[13] The Arab Press have widely speculated that Hobeika's assassination was ordered by Israel.[14] In June 2002, a Brussels Appeals Court rejected the lawsuit because the law was subsequently changed to disallow such lawsuits unless a Belgian citizen is involved.[15]


Political downturn and recovery

After his dismissal from the Defense Ministry post, Sharon remained in successive governments as a Minister without Portfolio (1983—1984), Minister for Trade and Industry (1984—1990), and Minister of Housing Construction (1990—1992). In the Knesset, he was member of the Foreign Affairs and Defence committee from (1990–1992) and Chairman of the committee overseeing Jewish immigration from the Soviet Union. During this period he was a rival to then prime minister Yitzhak Shamir, but failed in various bids to replace him as chairman of Likud. Their rivalry reached a head in February 1990, when Sharon grabbed the microphone from Shamir, who was addressing the Likud central committee, and famously exclaimed: "Who's for wiping out terrorism?" The incident was widely viewed as an apparent coup attempt against Shamir's leadership of the party.

In Benjamin Netanyahu's 1996–1999 government, Sharon was Minister of National Infrastructure (1996—1998), and Foreign Minister (1998—1999). Upon the election of the Barak Labor government, Sharon became leader of the Likud party.

Campaign for Prime Minister, 2000-2001

On 28 September 2000, Sharon and an escort of over 1,000 Israeli police officers visited the Temple Mount complex, site of the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque, the holiest place in the world to Jews (observant Jews will not actually walk inside the enclosure but they pray at the outside wall) and the third holiest site in Islam. Sharon declared that the complex would remain under perpetual Israeli control. Palestinian commentators accused Sharon of purposely inflaming emotions with the event to provoke a violent response and obstruct success of delicate ongoing peace talks. On the following day, a large number of Palestinian demonstrators and an Israeli police contingent confronted each other at the site. According to the U.S. State Department, “Palestinians held large demonstrations and threw stones at police in the vicinity of the Western Wall. Police used rubber-coated metal bullets and live ammunition to disperse the demonstrators, killing 4 persons and injuring about 200.” According to the GOI, 14 policemen were injured.

Sharon's visit, a few months before his election as Prime Minister, came after archeologists claimed that extensive building operations at the site were destroying priceless antiquities. Sharon's supporters point out that Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian National Authority planned the intifada months prior to Sharon's visit.[16][17][18] They state that Palestinian security chief Jabril Rajoub provided assurances that if Sharon did not enter the mosques, no problems would arise. They also often quote statements by Palestinian Authority officials, particularly Imad Falouji, the P.A. Communications Minister, who admitted months after Sharon's visit that the violence had been planned in July, far in advance of Sharon's visit, stating the intifada "was carefully planned since the return of (Palestinian President) Yasser Arafat from Camp David negotiations rejecting the U.S. conditions".[19] According to the Mitchell Report,

the government of Israel asserted that the immediate catalyst for the violence was the breakdown of the Camp David negotiations on 25 July 2000 and the “widespread appreciation in the international community of Palestinian responsibility for the impasse.” In this view, Palestinian violence was planned by the PA leadership, and was aimed at “provoking and incurring Palestinian casualties as a means of regaining the diplomatic initiative.”

The Mitchell Report found that

the Sharon visit did not cause the Al-Aqsa Intifada. But it was poorly timed and the provocative effect should have been foreseen; indeed, it was foreseen by those who urged that the visit be prohibited. More significant were the events that followed: The decision of the Israeli police on 29 September to use lethal means against the Palestinian demonstrators.

In addition, the report stated,

Accordingly, we have no basis on which to conclude that there was a deliberate plan by the PA to initiate a campaign of violence at the first opportunity; or to conclude that there was a deliberate plan by the GOI to respond with lethal force.[20]

The Or Commission, an Israeli panel of inquiry appointed to investigate the October 2000 events,

criticised the Israeli police for being unprepared for the riots and possibly using excessive force to disperse the mobs, resulting in the deaths of 12 Arab Israeli, one Jewish and one Palestinian citizens.

Palestinians doubt the existence of popular support for Sharon's actions. Polls published in the media, as well as the 140% call-up of reservists (as opposed to the 60% in regular periods) seem to indicate that the Israeli public is quite supportive of Sharon's policies. A survey conducted by Tel Aviv University's Jaffe Center in May 2004 found that 80% of Jewish Israelis believe that the Israel Defense Forces have succeeded in militarily countering the Al-Aqsa Intifada.[21]

Prime minister

President George W. Bush, center, discusses the Middle East peace process with Prime Minister Ariel Sharon of Israel, left, and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas in Aqaba, Jordan, 4 June 2003.
Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, United States President George W. Bush, and Ariel Sharon, Red Sea Summit, Aqaba, 2003
President Bush and Prime Minister Sharon, White House, 2004
Sharon and Donald Rumsfeld

After the collapse of Barak's government, Sharon was elected Prime Minister in February 2001.

On 20 July 2004, Sharon called on French Jews to emigrate from France to Israel immediately, in light of an increase in French anti-Semitism (94 anti-Semitic assaults reported in the first six months of 2004 compared to 47 in 2003). France has the fourth largest Jewish population (about 600,000 people), after the United States, Israel, and Russia. Sharon observed that an "unfettered anti-Semitism" reigned in France. The French government responded by describing his comments as "unacceptable", as did the French representative Jewish organization CRIF, which denied Sharon's claim of intense anti-Semitism in French society. An Israeli spokesperson later claimed that Sharon had been misunderstood. France then postponed a visit by Sharon. Upon his visit, both Sharon and French President Jacques Chirac were described as showing a willingness to put the issue behind them.

Unilateral disengagement

Artikel utama: Israel's unilateral disengagement plan

In May 2003, Sharon endorsed the Road Map for Peace put forth by the United States, European Union, and Russia, which opened a dialogue with Mahmud Abbas, and announced his commitment to the creation of a Palestinian state in the future.

He has embarked on a course of unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip, while maintaining control of its coastline and airspace. Sharon's plan has been welcomed by both the Palestinian Authority and Israel's left wing as a step towards a final peace settlement.[butuh rujukan] However, it has been greeted with opposition from within his own Likud party and from other right wing Israelis, on national security, military, and religious grounds.[22]

Disengagement from Gaza

On 1 December 2004, Sharon dismissed five ministers from the Shinui party for voting against the government's 2005 budget. In January 2005 Sharon formed a national unity government that included representatives of Likud, Labor, and Meimad and Degel HaTorah as "out-of-government" supporters without any seats in the government (United Torah Judaism parties usually reject having ministerial offices as a policy). Between 16 and 30 August 2005, Sharon controversially expelled 9,480 Jewish settlers from 21 settlements in Gaza and four settlements in the northern West Bank. Once it became clear that the evictions were definitely going ahead a group of conservative Rabbis, led by Rabbi Yosef Dayan, placed an ancient curse on him known as the Pulsa diNura, calling on the Angel of Death to intervene and kill him. After Israeli soldiers bulldozed every settlement structure except for several former synagogues, Israeli soldiers formally left Gaza on 11 September 2005 and closed the border fence at Kissufim. While his decision to withdraw from Gaza sparked bitter protests from members of the Likud party and the settler movement, opinion polls showed that it was a popular move among most of the Israeli electorate with more than 80% of Israelis backing the plans.[23] On 27 September 2005, Sharon narrowly defeated a leadership challenge by a 52-48 percent vote. The move was initiated within the central committee of the governing Likud party by Sharon's main rival, Binyamin Netanyahu, who had left the cabinet to protest Sharon's withdrawal from Gaza. The measure was an attempt by Netanyahu to call an early primary in November 2005 to choose the party's leader.

Founding of Kadima

Artikel utama: Kadima

On 21 November 2005, Sharon resigned as head of Likud, and dissolved parliament to form a new centrist party called Kadima ("Forward"). November polls indicated that Sharon was likely to be returned to the prime ministership. On 20 December 2005, Sharon's longtime rival Benjamin Netanyahu was elected his successor as leader of Likud.[24] Following Sharon's incapacitation, Ehud Olmert replaced Sharon as Kadima's leader, for the nearing general elections. Netanyahu, along with Labor's Amir Peretz, were Kadima's chief rivals in the March 2006 elections.

In the elections, which saw Israel's lowest-ever voter turnout of 64%[25] (the number usually averages on the high 70%), Kadima, headed by Olmert, received the most Knesset seats, followed by Labor. The new governing coalition installed in May 2006 included Kadima, with Olmert as Prime Minister, Labor (including Peretz as Defense Minister), the Gil (Pensioner's) Party, the Shas religious party, and Yisrael Beiteinu.

Financial scandals

During the latter part of his career Sharon was investigated for alleged involvement in a number of financial scandals, in particular, the Greek Island Affair and irregularities of fundraising during 1999 election campaign. In the Greek Island Affair, Sharon was accused of promising (during his term as Foreign Minister) to help an Israeli businessman David Appel in his development project on a Greek island in exchange for large consultancy payments to Sharon's son Gilad. The charges were later dropped due to lack of evidence. In the 1999 election fundraising scandal, Sharon was not charged with any wrongdoing, but his son Omri, a Knesset member at the time, was charged and sentenced in 2006 to nine months in prison.

To avoid a potential conflict of interest in relation to these investigations, Sharon in his role as Prime Minister was not involved in the confirmation of the appointment of a new Attorney General Menahem Mazuz in 2005.

On 10 December 2005 Israeli police raided Martin Schlaff's apartment in Jerusalem. Another suspect in the case was Robert Nowikovsky, an Austrian involved in Russian state-owned company Gazprom's business activities in Europe.[26][27][28][29]

According to Hareetz, "The $3 million that parachuted into Gilad and Omri Sharon's bank account toward the end of 2002 was transferred there in the context of a consultancy contract for development of kolkhozes (collective farms ) in Russia. Gilad Sharon was brought into the campaign to make the wilderness bloom in Russia by Getex, a large Russian-based exporter of seeds (peas, millet, wheat ) from Eastern Europe. Getex also has ties with Israeli firms involved in exporting wheat from Ukraine, for example. The company owns farms in Eastern Europe and is considered large and prominent in its field. It has its Vienna offices in the same building as Jurimex, which was behind the $1-million guarantee to the Yisrael Beiteinu party."[30]

On 17 December police announced that they had found evidence of a 3 million dollar bribe paid to Sharon's sons. Just 24 hours after the announcement, Sharon suffered a stroke, went to coma, and never recovered.[26]

Incapacitation and end of political career

First stroke

On 18 December 2005 Sharon was sent to Hadassah Medical Center after suffering a mild stroke, specifically a relatively unusual type called a paradoxical embolism, in which a clot from the venous circulation crosses over into the arterial circulation through a hole between the right and left atria called an atrial septal defect (or a patent foramen ovale) and goes to the brain, causing a transient speech and motor disturbance.

Sharon often joked about his own weight; in October 2004 when asked why he did not wear a ballistic vest despite frequent death threats, Sharon smiled and replied, "There is none that fits my size".[31]

On his way to the hospital he lost consciousness but regained it shortly thereafter. He reportedly wanted to leave the hospital the evening after his arrival but the hospital wanted him to stay another day. He spent two days in the hospital and was to have had the small hole in his heart repaired by a cardiac catheterization procedure in early January.

Second stroke

On 4 January 2006, in the evening before his catheterization, Sharon suffered a second, different and far more serious stroke at his Sycamore Ranch in the Negev region. A "massive cerebral haemorrhage" led to bleeding in his brain which doctors eventually brought under control the following morning after performing two separate operations. After the first operation, lasting seven hours, Hadassah Director Shlomo Mor-Yosef reported Sharon's bleeding had stopped and his brain was functioning without artificial support.[32] After a second, 14-hour surgery, Sharon was placed on a ventilator and some reports suggested that he was suffering from paralysis in his lower body, while others said he was still fighting for his life. He was placed in an induced coma and his Prime Ministerial duties were handed over to his deputy, Ehud Olmert. On Friday, 6 January, Sharon was brought back into the operating theatre after doctors reviewed the results of a brain scan. Hospital officials declined to comment on these reports.

On the night of Sharon's stroke, in the wake of his serious illness and following consultations between Government Secretary Israel Maimon and Attorney General Menachem Mazuz, Sharon was declared "temporarily incapable of discharging his powers." As a result, Ehud Olmert, the Deputy Prime Minister, was officially confirmed as the Acting Prime Minister of Israel. Olmert and the Cabinet announced that the elections would take place on 28 March as scheduled.

On 9 January, Haaretz reported that while performing tests on Sharon while treating his second stroke, doctors had discovered he was suffering from undiagnosed cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a brain disorder which, in conjunction with anticoagulant medication prescribed after his first stroke, greatly increased his risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Although some have insinuated that this news represents a failure on the part of Hadassah Medical Center to provide adequate care for Sharon, CAA can be very difficult to diagnose accurately, and is often discovered only after an individual suffers a brain hemorrhage. The following day, newspapers reported that Sharon's CAA had actually been diagnosed following his first stroke in December. This was confirmed by hospital director Mor-Yosef who commented "Hadassah physicians were aware of the brain diagnosis, and no new diagnosis has been made during the current hospitalization." Mor-Yosef declined to respond to criticism of the combination of blood thinners and a CAA diagnosis, though Haaretz quoted some doctors as saying the medication led to the second stroke and that it would never have been given if doctors had known about his brain condition.[33]

Sharon underwent subsequent surgeries the following month. On 11 February 2006, doctors performed emergency surgery to remove 50 cm of his large intestine that had become necrotic, probably because of a blood clot.[34] On 22 February, he underwent an additional procedure to drain excess fluid from his stomach, discovered during a CT scan.[35]

Criticism of Treatment

Several commentators have criticised Sharon's care. Most seriously, after his second stroke, Sharon was transported by ground ambulance to the hospital, a trip that took approximately one hour. Helicopter transport was not used.[36] Also, other commentators have said that the dose of blood thinner given to Sharon was potentially problematic for someone who had recently suffered a stroke.[37]

Replacement by Ehud Olmert

According to Israeli law, an Acting Prime Minister can remain in office 100 days after the Prime Minister has become incapacitated. After 100 days, the Israeli President must appoint a new Prime Minister. At the time of his stroke, Sharon enjoyed considerable support from the general public in Israel.[38] The new centrist political party that he founded, Kadima, won the largest number of seats in the Knesset elections held on 28 March 2006. (Since Sharon was unable to sign a nomination form, he was not a candidate and therefore ceased to be a Knesset member.)

On 6 April, President of Israel Moshe Katsav formally asked Ehud Olmert to form a government, making him Prime Minister-Designate. Olmert had an initial period of 28 days to form a governing coalition, with a possible two-week extension.[39] On 11 April 2006, the Israeli Cabinet deemed that Sharon was incapacitated. Although Sharon's replacement was to be named within 100 days of his becoming incapacitated, the replacement deadline was extended due to the Jewish festival of Passover.[40] A provision was made that, should Sharon's condition improve between 11 April and 14 April, the declaration would not take effect. Therefore, the official declaration took effect on 14 April, formally ending Sharon's term as Prime Minister and making Ehud Olmert the country's new Prime Minister.

Subsequent care

On 28 May 2006, Sharon was transferred from the hospital in Jerusalem to a long-term care unit of the Sheba Medical Center in Tel HaShomer, a large civilian and military hospital. Ha'aretz reported that this move was an indication that Sharon's doctors did not expect him to emerge from his coma in the foreseeable future. Dr. Yuli Krieger, a physician not involved in Sharon's case, told Israel Radio that the chances of waking up after such a lengthy coma were small. "Every day that passes after this kind of event with the patient still unconscious the chances that he will gain consciousness get smaller," said Krieger, Deputy Head of Levinstein House, another long-term care facility.[41]

On 23 July 2006, CNN reported that Sharon's condition was deteriorating and his kidney function was worsening.[42] On 26 July 2006, doctors moved him to intensive care and began hemofiltration.[43] On 14 August 2006, doctors reported that Sharon's condition had worsened significantly and that he was suffering from pneumonia in both lungs.[44] On 29 August 2006, doctors reported that he had been successfully treated for his pneumonia and moved out of intensive care back to the long-term care unit.[45]

On 3 November 2006, it was reported that Sharon had been admitted to intensive care after contracting an infection, though doctors insisted that his condition was 'stable'.[46] He was moved out of the intensive care unit on 6 November 2006 after treatment for a heart infection. Doctors stated that "his heart function has improved after being treated for an infection and his overall condition has stabilised".[47]

Sharon has remained in a long-term care centre since 6 November 2006.[48] Medical experts have indicated that Sharon's cognitive abilities were destroyed by the massive stroke, and that he is in a permanent vegetative state with slim chances of regaining consciousness.[49]

On 13 April 2007, it was reported that Sharon's condition had slightly improved and that according to his son, Omri, he was marginally responsive.[50] On 27 October 2009, his doctor reported that he is still comatose but in a stable condition.[51][52]

On 21 October 2010 artist Noam Braslavsky unveiled a life-sized sculpture of Sharon in a hospital bed with an IV drip at the Kishon Gallery in Tel-Aviv. The exhibition has caused some controversy, with Knesset member Yoel Hasson describing the work as "sickening voyeurism" and saying, "I think it's a cheap way for the artist to get attention for his exhibition." [53]

On November 12, 2010 Ariel Sharon was moved to his home in the Sycamore Ranch for a 48 hour period the first of a series of planned "visits" home. The ultimate plan is to return him home permanently, once it is established that he has the appropriate medical facilities and care.[54] -->

Referensi

  1. ^ Honig, Sarah (15 February 2001). "Another tack: Yoni & the Scheinermans". The Jerusalem Post. 
  2. ^ "Ariel Sharon — Biography: 1953 Retribution Acts (Pe'ulot Tagmul)". Ariel-sharon-life-story.com. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2009. 
  3. ^ "Jewish Virtual Library — Israeli Special Forces History". Diakses tanggal 4 September 2009. 
  4. ^ "Unit 101 (history) - Specwar.info". Specwar.info. Diakses tanggal 6 September 2009. 
  5. ^ "Sharon mourns slain son". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 February 2005. Diakses tanggal 15 April 2006. 
  6. ^ Brockes, Emma (7 November 2001). "The Bulldozer". The Guardian. London. Diakses tanggal 15 April 2006. 
  7. ^ "The Quest for Peace: Transcript". CNN.com. 14 June 2003. Diakses tanggal 28 March 2006. 
  8. ^ "Israel's generals: Ariel Sharon". BBC Four. 17 June 2004. Diakses tanggal 15 April 2006. 
  9. ^ Dr. George W. Gawrych The Alabatross of Decisive Victory: The 1973 Arab-Israeli War p.72
  10. ^ Smith, William E. (21 Februari 1983). "The Verdict Is Guilty: An Israeli commission and the Beirut massacre". Time. 121 (8). ISSN 0040-781X. Diakses tanggal 28 September 2010. 
  11. ^ Sharon Loses Libel Suit; Time Cleared of Malice by Brooke W. Kroeger.
  12. ^ "The Complaint Against Ariel Sharon for his involvement in the massacres at Sabra and Shatila". The Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding. Diakses tanggal 15 April 2006. 
  13. ^ Mostyn, Trevor, Guardian.co.uk, Friday January 25 2002
  14. ^ Campagna, Joel World Press Review, April 2002 Issue
  15. ^ (Prancis) "Cour de cassation de Belgique" (PDF). La faculté de Droit de Namur. 12 February 2003. 
  16. ^ Khaled Abu Toameh (19 September 2002). "How the war began". 
  17. ^ Charles Krauthammer (20 May 2001). "Middle East Troubles". Townhall.com. 
  18. ^ Mitchell G. Bard. "Myths & Facts Online: The Palestinian Uprisings". Jewish Virtual Library. 
  19. ^ Stewart Ain (20 December 2000). "PA: Intifada Was Planned". The Jewish Week. 
  20. ^ "The Mitchell Report". Jewish Virtual Library. 4 May 2001. 
  21. ^ (Ibrani) "מדד השלום" (PDF). The Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research. 2004. 
  22. ^ "Ariel Sharon — Biography: 2004 Disengagement Plan". Ariel-sharon-life-story.com. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2009. 
  23. ^ "Sharon party agrees coalition plan — Dec 9, 2004". CNN.com. 10 December 2004. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2009. 
  24. ^ Urquhart, Conal (20 December 2005). "Sharon recovers as chief rival wins control of Likud". The Guardian. London. Diakses tanggal 25 April 2010. 
  25. ^ "Elections for the Local Authority – Who, What, When, Where and How? - The Israel Democracy Institute". Idi.org.il. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2009. 
  26. ^ a b "Austrian tycoon may face Israel charges: report". AFP. 7 September 2010. 
  27. ^ Hillel Fendel."Police Say There´s Evidence Linking Sharon to $3 Million Bribe" Arutz Sheva, 01/03/06
  28. ^ A tale of gazoviki, money and greed. Stern magazine, September 13, 2007
  29. ^ Police have evidence Sharon's family takes bribes: TV Xinhua
  30. ^ "The Schlaff Saga / Money flows into the Sharon family accounts". Haaretz. 22 December 2010. 
  31. ^ "No flak jacket in Sharon's size | AFP | Find Articles at BNET.com". Findarticles.com. 2 June 2009. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2009. 
  32. ^ Simon Jeffery. Sharon's condition critical after surgery, The Guardian , 5 January 2006.
  33. ^ Mark Willacy, Israeli PM Sharon moves left side, ABC News, 10 January 2006.
  34. ^ Judy Siegel-Itzkovich, PM 'stable' after emergency surgery, Jerusalem Post, 11 February 2006.
  35. ^ Comatose Sharon has stomach drained, CNN, 23 February 2006.
  36. ^ "Middle East | Israeli PM suffers serious stroke". BBC News. 5 January 2006. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2009. 
  37. ^ Sabin Russell, Chronicle Medical Writer (5 January 2006). "Sharon felled by medicine side effect / Rare consequence of blood-thinner to prevent new stroke". Sfgate.com. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2009. 
  38. ^ Marcus, Jonathan (5 January 2006). "Can Kadima survive without Sharon?". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 28 March 2006. 
  39. ^ Eldar, Akiva (6 April 2006). "Katsav invites Olmert to form next government". Haaretz. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2006. 
  40. ^ Hasson, Nir (6 April 2006). "Cabinet approves appointment of Ehud Olmert as interim PM". Ha'aretz. 
  41. ^ "Ariel Sharon transferred to long-term treatment in Tel HaShomer". Ha'aretz. 28 May 2006. Diakses tanggal 28 May 2006. 
  42. ^ "Sharon's condition worsens". CNN. 23 July 2006. Diakses tanggal 23 July 2006.  [pranala nonaktif]
  43. ^ "Hospital: Sharon taken to intensive care". CNN. 26 July 2006. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2006. 
  44. ^ Sharon's health deteriorates - UPI.com
  45. ^ "RTÉ News: Sharon is out of intensive care". Rte.ie. 29 August 2006. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2009. 
  46. ^ "Sharon admitted to intensive care". BBC News. 3 November 2006. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2006. 
  47. ^ Sharon leaves intensive care unit, BBC
  48. ^ "Middle East | Sharon leaves intensive care unit". BBC News. 6 November 2006. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2009. 
  49. ^ "Ariel Sharon's sons to disconnect their father from life-support system". Pravda.Ru. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2009. 
  50. ^ Sharon's Condition Is Said to Improve, Reuters
  51. ^ No change in Sharon's vegetative state, says his doctor The Jerusalem Post, 27th October 2009.
  52. ^ "Four years on, Sharon still comatose and without a clear legacy". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 January 2010. Diakses tanggal 2 May 2010. 
  53. ^ Sculpture of Ariel Sharon in coma to go on show in Israel, CNN
  54. ^ Ariel Sharon returns home

Bacaan lebih lanjut

  • Ben Shaul, Moshe, Ed. Jenderal Israel. Tel-Aviv: Hadar Publishing House, Ltd., 1968.
  • Uri Dan, Ariel Sharon: Sebuah Potret Intim, Palgrave Macmillan, October 2006, 320 halaman. ISBN 1-4039-7790-9
  • Ariel Sharon, dengan David Chanoff "Warrior: The Autobiography of Ariel Sharon", Simon & Shuster, 2001, ISBN 0-671-60555-0
  • Nir Hefez, Gadi Bloom, diterjemahkan oleh Mitch Ginsburg, "Ariel Sharon: A Life", Random House, October 2006,512 halaman, ISBN 1-4000-6587-9
  • Freddy Eytan, diterjemahkan oleh Robert Davies, "Ariel Sharon — Hidup di Times of Kekacauan", terjemahan dari "Sharon: le bra de fer", Studio 8 Buku dan Musik, 2006, ISBN 1552070921
  • Abraham Rabinovich, "The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter Yang Berubah Timur Tengah"
  • Ariel Sharon, biografi resmi, Departemen Luar Negeri Israel

Pranala luar

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Didahului oleh:
Ehud Barak 		Perdana Menteri Israel
2001-2006 		Diteruskan oleh:
Ehud Olmert
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Didahului oleh:
Benjamin Netanyahu 		Ketua Likud
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Party founded
 Ketua Kadima
2005-2006 		Diteruskan oleh:
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