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'''Operasi Burung Kondor''' ([[bahasa Spanyol]]:''Operación Cóndor'')
'''Operasi Burung Kondor''' ([[bahasa Spanyol]]:''Operación Cóndor'')
adalah kampanye [[pembunuhan politik]] dan pengumpulan intelijen yang dinamai [[kontra-terorisme]], yang dilakukan bersama oleh badan intelijen dan keamanan [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Chili]], [[Paraguay]], dan [[Uruguay]] pada pertengahan 1970-an. Negara-negara lain yang ikut bekerja sama, dalam tingkat yang lebih besar atau kecil di antaranya [[Kolombia]], [[Peru]] dan [[Venezuela]] yang memberikan informasi intelijen, menanggapi permintaan dari badan-badan keamanan negara-negara [[Southern Cone]]. [[Amerika Serikat]] memberikan bantuan dengan "instalasi komunikasi di Zona [[Terusan Panama]] yang diakui melalui sebuah kawat yang dikeluarkan pada [[2000]] di bawah [[proyek deklasifikasi Chili]]. [[Kenneth Maxwell]] yang membahas buku [[Peter Kornbluh]] ''The Pinochet Berkas: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability'', dalam jurnal ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' November/Desember 2003, menunjukkan pengaruh [[Henry Kissinger]] dalam Operasi Burung Kondor. Hampir sepuluh negara di benua Amerika ikut serta dalam kampanye brutal ini.
adalah kampanye [[pembunuhan politik]] dan pengumpulan intelijen yang dinamai [[kontra-terorisme]], yang dilakukan bersama oleh badan intelijen dan keamanan [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brasil]], [[Chili]], [[Paraguay]], dan [[Uruguay]] pada pertengahan 1970-an. Negara-negara lain yang ikut bekerja sama, dalam tingkat yang lebih besar atau kecil di antaranya [[Kolombia]], [[Peru]] dan [[Venezuela]] yang memberikan informasi intelijen, menanggapi permintaan dari badan-badan keamanan negara-negara [[Southern Cone]]. [[Amerika Serikat]] memberikan bantuan dengan "instalasi komunikasi di Zona [[Terusan Panama]] yang diakui melalui sebuah kawat yang dikeluarkan pada [[2000]] di bawah [[proyek deklasifikasi Chili]]. [[Kenneth Maxwell]] yang membahas buku [[Peter Kornbluh]] ''The Pinochet Berkas: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability'', dalam jurnal ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' November/Desember 2003, menunjukkan pengaruh [[Henry Kissinger]] dalam Operasi Burung Kondor. Hampir sepuluh negara di benua Amerika ikut serta dalam kampanye brutal ini.


Menurut "[[arsip-arsip teror]]", yang ditemukan pada [[Desember 1992]] di [[Paraguay]], sekurang-kurangnya '''50.000 orang dibunuh, 30.000 "menghilang"''' (dikenal pula sebagai "''[[desaparecidos]]''") '''dan 400.000 dipenjarakan'''. "Arsip-arsip teror" ini juga memberikan bukti tentang kerja sama intelijen [[Kolombia]], [[Peru]] dan [[Venezuela]] ketika bantuan itu diminta oleh para peserta utama dalam Operasi Burung Kondor.
Menurut "[[arsip-arsip teror]]", yang ditemukan pada [[Desember 1992]] di [[Paraguay]], sekurang-kurangnya '''50.000 orang dibunuh, 30.000 "menghilang"''' (dikenal pula sebagai "''[[desaparecidos]]''") '''dan 400.000 dipenjarakan'''. "Arsip-arsip teror" ini juga memberikan bukti tentang kerja sama intelijen [[Kolombia]], [[Peru]] dan [[Venezuela]] ketika bantuan itu diminta oleh para peserta utama dalam Operasi Burung Kondor.
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==Countries involved==
==Countries involved==
In [[November 1975]], leaders of the secret police of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay met together, with [[Manuel Contreras]], chief of the [[DINA]], in Santiago de Chile, creating the plan Condor. Uruguay was represented by colonel José Fons, and major José Nino Gavazzo according to reporter [[John Dinges]]. A "U.S. communications installation in the Panama Canal Zone which covers all of Latin America", "employed to co-ordinate intelligence information among the southern cone countries", was acknowledged by a cable released in [[2000]] under Chile declassification project. Brazil did not sign the agreement until [[June 1976]], refusing to engage in actions out of Latin America.
In [[November 1975]], leaders of the secret police of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay met together, with [[Manuel Contreras]], chief of the [[DINA]], in Santiago de Chile, creating the plan Condor. Uruguay was represented by colonel José Fons, and major José Nino Gavazzo according to reporter [[John Dinges]]. A "U.S. communications installation in the Panama Canal Zone which covers all of Latin America", "employed to co-ordinate intelligence information among the southern cone countries", was acknowledged by a cable released in [[2000]] under Chile declassification project. Brasil did not sign the agreement until [[June 1976]], refusing to engage in actions out of Latin America.


In [[June 1980]], Peru is known to have been collaborating with Argentinian agents of [[Batallón de Inteligencia 601|601 Intelligence Battalion]] in the kidnapping, torture and disappearance of a group of [[Montoneros]] living in exile in [[Lima]] [http://www.johndinges.com/condor/documents/Peru%20and%20Condor.htm].
In [[June 1980]], Peru is known to have been collaborating with Argentinian agents of [[Batallón de Inteligencia 601|601 Intelligence Battalion]] in the kidnapping, torture and disappearance of a group of [[Montoneros]] living in exile in [[Lima]] [http://www.johndinges.com/condor/documents/Peru%20and%20Condor.htm].
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The "[[terror archives]]" found in [[1992]] also revealed Colombia's, Peru's and Venezuela's greater or lesser degree of cooperation ([[Luis Posada Carriles]] was probably at the meeting that decided [[Orlando Letelier]]'s car bombing), even though they weren't at the secret [[November 1975]] meeting in [[Santiago]] de Chile.
The "[[terror archives]]" found in [[1992]] also revealed Colombia's, Peru's and Venezuela's greater or lesser degree of cooperation ([[Luis Posada Carriles]] was probably at the meeting that decided [[Orlando Letelier]]'s car bombing), even though they weren't at the secret [[November 1975]] meeting in [[Santiago]] de Chile.


In Brazil, president [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] ordered in [[2000]] the release of some military files concerning operation Condor [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/753436.stm].
In Brasil, president [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] ordered in [[2000]] the release of some military files concerning operation Condor [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/753436.stm].


==Activities==
==Activities==
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==The terror archives==
==The terror archives==
On [[December 22]], [[1992]], a significant amount of information about Operation Condor came to light when [[José Fernandez]], a Paraguayan judge, visited a police station in the [[Lambaré]] suburb of [[Asunción]] to look for files on a former political prisoner. Instead he found what became known as the "[[terror archives]]", detailing the fates of thousands of Latin Americans secretly kidnapped, tortured and killed by the security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. Some of these countries have since used portions of this archive to prosecute former military officers. The archives counted '''50,000 persons murdered, 30,000 "''desaparecidos''" and 400,000 incarcerated people'''. They also revealed the existence of a degree of intelligence cooperation from Colombia, Peru and Venezuela, even though personnel from these countries were not present at the secret November 1975 meeting in Santiago de Chile ([http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/doc/condor/calloni.html] [http://risal.collectifs.net/article.php3?id_article=1244]). The Venezuelan secret police (the [[DISIP]]) and in particular anti-Castro terrorist [[Luis Posada Carriles]] were indicated as participating in Operation Condor. ([http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F14FC3C550C728CDDA00894DD404482 NYTimes] [http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?query=posada%20carriles&date_select=full&srchst=nyt ibid]). Luis Posada Carriles recently applied to become a U.S. citizen in order to avoid extradition to Venezuela, who wants him for his role on the [[Cubana Flight 455]] bombing. -->
On [[December 22]], [[1992]], a significant amount of information about Operation Condor came to light when [[José Fernandez]], a Paraguayan judge, visited a police station in the [[Lambaré]] suburb of [[Asunción]] to look for files on a former political prisoner. Instead he found what became known as the "[[terror archives]]", detailing the fates of thousands of Latin Americans secretly kidnapped, tortured and killed by the security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. Some of these countries have since used portions of this archive to prosecute former military officers. The archives counted '''50,000 persons murdered, 30,000 "''desaparecidos''" and 400,000 incarcerated people'''. They also revealed the existence of a degree of intelligence cooperation from Colombia, Peru and Venezuela, even though personnel from these countries were not present at the secret November 1975 meeting in Santiago de Chile ([http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/doc/condor/calloni.html] [http://risal.collectifs.net/article.php3?id_article=1244]). The Venezuelan secret police (the [[DISIP]]) and in particular anti-Castro terrorist [[Luis Posada Carriles]] were indicated as participating in Operation Condor. ([http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F14FC3C550C728CDDA00894DD404482 NYTimes] [http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?query=posada%20carriles&date_select=full&srchst=nyt ibid]). Luis Posada Carriles recently applied to become a U.S. citizen in order to avoid extradition to Venezuela, who wants him for his role on the [[Cubana Flight 455]] bombing. -->


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==

Revisi per 27 Desember 2011 17.29

Operasi Burung Kondor (bahasa Spanyol:Operación Cóndor) adalah kampanye pembunuhan politik dan pengumpulan intelijen yang dinamai kontra-terorisme, yang dilakukan bersama oleh badan intelijen dan keamanan Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chili, Paraguay, dan Uruguay pada pertengahan 1970-an. Negara-negara lain yang ikut bekerja sama, dalam tingkat yang lebih besar atau kecil di antaranya Kolombia, Peru dan Venezuela yang memberikan informasi intelijen, menanggapi permintaan dari badan-badan keamanan negara-negara Southern Cone. Amerika Serikat memberikan bantuan dengan "instalasi komunikasi di Zona Terusan Panama yang diakui melalui sebuah kawat yang dikeluarkan pada 2000 di bawah proyek deklasifikasi Chili. Kenneth Maxwell yang membahas buku Peter Kornbluh The Pinochet Berkas: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability, dalam jurnal Foreign Affairs November/Desember 2003, menunjukkan pengaruh Henry Kissinger dalam Operasi Burung Kondor. Hampir sepuluh negara di benua Amerika ikut serta dalam kampanye brutal ini.

Menurut "arsip-arsip teror", yang ditemukan pada Desember 1992 di Paraguay, sekurang-kurangnya 50.000 orang dibunuh, 30.000 "menghilang" (dikenal pula sebagai "desaparecidos") dan 400.000 dipenjarakan. "Arsip-arsip teror" ini juga memberikan bukti tentang kerja sama intelijen Kolombia, Peru dan Venezuela ketika bantuan itu diminta oleh para peserta utama dalam Operasi Burung Kondor.

Lihat pula

Badan-badan intelijen Amerika Selatan

Badan-badan intelijen dan teroris yang terlibat dalam Operasi Burung Kondor

Para korban terkenal dari Operasi Burung Kondor

Arsip dan laporan

Pusat-pusat penahanan dan penyisaan

Operasi-operasi dan strategi lain yang terkait dengan Kondor

Bibliografi

  • John Dinges, "The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents" (The New Press, 2004)
  • Peter Kornbluh, The Pinochet Berkas: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountablity (New Press).

Pranala luar

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