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k Mimihitam memindahkan halaman Pemberontakan Tuareg (2012) ke Pemberontakan Tuareg 2012
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Baris 11: Baris 11:
*MNLA dan Ansar Dine menguasai seluruh Mali Utara<ref>[http://www.mnlamov.net/actualites/34-actualites/166-la-fin-des-operations-militaires.html Communiqué N°14-04-04-2012- Fin des Opérations Militaires]</ref>
*MNLA dan Ansar Dine menguasai seluruh Mali Utara<ref>[http://www.mnlamov.net/actualites/34-actualites/166-la-fin-des-operations-militaires.html Communiqué N°14-04-04-2012- Fin des Opérations Militaires]</ref>
*Negara [[Azawad]] dideklarasikan oleh [[Pergerakan Nasional Pembebasan Azawad]] (MNLA)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/04/20124644412359539.html |title=Tuaregs claim 'independence' from Mali |date=6 April 2012 |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref>
*Negara [[Azawad]] dideklarasikan oleh [[Pergerakan Nasional Pembebasan Azawad]] (MNLA)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/04/20124644412359539.html |title=Tuaregs claim 'independence' from Mali |date=6 April 2012 |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref>
|combatant1 = {{flag|Mali}}<br>''Didukung oleh:''<br>{{flag|Amerika Serikat}}<ref name="news24"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htlog/articles/20120308.aspx |title=Logistics: American Robots Sustain The Siege of Tessalit |publisher=Strategypage.com|date=8 March 2012 |accessdate=22 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/apr/07/mali-junta-step-down-rebels?newsfeed=true |title=Mali junta quits as regional troops prepare to target Tuareg rebels |work=The Observer |date=7 April 2012 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref><br>
|combatant1 = {{flag|Mali}}<br>''Didukung oleh:''<br>{{flag|Amerika Serikat}}<ref name="news24">{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Malian-forces-battle-Tuareg-rebels-20120304 |title=Malian forces battle Tuareg rebels |agency=South African Press Association |publisher=News24 |date=4 March 2012 |accessdate=22 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htlog/articles/20120308.aspx |title=Logistics: American Robots Sustain The Siege of Tessalit |publisher=Strategypage.com|date=8 March 2012 |accessdate=22 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/apr/07/mali-junta-step-down-rebels?newsfeed=true |title=Mali junta quits as regional troops prepare to target Tuareg rebels |work=The Observer |date=7 April 2012 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref><br>
|combatant2 = {{flagicon image|MNLA flag.svg}} [[Pergerakan Nasional Pembebasan Azawad|MNLA]]
|combatant2 = {{flagicon image|MNLA flag.svg}} [[Pergerakan Nasional Pembebasan Azawad|MNLA]]
----
----
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Ansar Dine]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Gunfire+breaks+Tuareg+rebels+enter+northern+Mali+city/6391463/story.html|agency=Montreal Gazette|title=Gunfire breaks out as Tuareg rebels enter northern Mali city|date=31 March 2012|accessdate=1 April 2012}}</ref><br>[[Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa|MUJAO]]<ref name="mojwa">{{cite web |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=51578 |title=Tuareg-jihadists alliance: Qaeda conquers more than half of Mali |author=Couamba Sylla |date=4 April 2012 |publisher=middle-east-online.com |accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref><br>[[Boko Haram]]<ref name="bokomali">{{cite news|title=Traore readies to take over in Mali|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Traore-readies-to-take-over-in-Mali-20120411|publisher=[[News24]]|date=12-04-2012|accessdate=12-04-2012}}</ref>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Ansar Dine]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Gunfire+breaks+Tuareg+rebels+enter+northern+Mali+city/6391463/story.html|agency=Montreal Gazette|title=Gunfire breaks out as Tuareg rebels enter northern Mali city|date=31 March 2012|accessdate=1 April 2012}}</ref><br>[[Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa|MUJAO]]<ref name="mojwa">{{cite web |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=51578 |title=Tuareg-jihadists alliance: Qaeda conquers more than half of Mali |author=Couamba Sylla |date=4 April 2012 |publisher=middle-east-online.com |accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref><br>[[Boko Haram]]<ref name="bokomali">{{cite news|title=Traore readies to take over in Mali|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Traore-readies-to-take-over-in-Mali-20120411|publisher=[[News24]]|date=12-04-2012|accessdate=12-04-2012}}</ref>
|combatant3 = [[Front Pembebasan Nasional Azawad|FLNA]]<ref name="FLNA"/><ref>{{Citation |title=New north Mali Arab force seeks to "defend" Timbuktu |first1=Bate |last1=Felix |first2=Adama |last2=Diarra |work=Reuters |date=10 April 2012|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE83901120120410}}</ref>
|combatant3 = [[Front Pembebasan Nasional Azawad|FLNA]]<ref name="FLNA">{{cite web|author=Par Europe1.fr avec AFP |url=http://www.europe1.fr/International/Mali-nouveau-groupe-arme-cree-dans-le-Nord-1027345/ |title=Mali: nouveau groupe armé créé dans le Nord – Europe1.fr – International |publisher=Europe1.fr |accessdate=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=New north Mali Arab force seeks to "defend" Timbuktu |first1=Bate |last1=Felix |first2=Adama |last2=Diarra |work=Reuters |date=10 April 2012|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE83901120120410}}</ref>
|commander1 = {{flagicon|Mali}} [[Amadou Toumani Touré]] <small>(hingga Maret)</small><br>{{flagicon|Mali}} [[Sadio Gassama]] <small> (hingga Maret)</small><br>{{flagicon|Mali}} [[El Haji Ag Gamou]] <small> (uhingga Maret)</small><br>{{flagicon|Mali}} [[Amadou Sanogo]] <small>(semenjak Maret 2012)</small>
|commander1 = {{flagicon|Mali}} [[Amadou Toumani Touré]] <small>(hingga Maret)</small><br>{{flagicon|Mali}} [[Sadio Gassama]] <small> (hingga Maret)</small><br>{{flagicon|Mali}} [[El Haji Ag Gamou]] <small> (uhingga Maret)</small><br>{{flagicon|Mali}} [[Amadou Sanogo]] <small>(semenjak Maret 2012)</small>
|commander2 = {{flagicon|Azawad}} [[Mahmoud Ag Aghaly]]<br>{{flagicon|Azawad}} [[Bilal Ag Acherif]]<br>{{flagicon|Azawad}} [[Moussa Ag Acharatoumane]]<br>{{flagicon|Azawad}} [[Ag Mohamed Najem]]<ref>{{cite web|author=MISNA |url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/20012012-mali-fighting-in-north-the-new-touareg-war/ |title=Mali: Fighting In North; The New Touareg War |publisher=Eurasiareview.com |date=20 January 2012 |accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref>
|commander2 = {{flagicon|Azawad}} [[Mahmoud Ag Aghaly]]<br>{{flagicon|Azawad}} [[Bilal Ag Acherif]]<br>{{flagicon|Azawad}} [[Moussa Ag Acharatoumane]]<br>{{flagicon|Azawad}} [[Ag Mohamed Najem]]<ref>{{cite web|author=MISNA |url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/20012012-mali-fighting-in-north-the-new-touareg-war/ |title=Mali: Fighting In North; The New Touareg War |publisher=Eurasiareview.com |date=20 January 2012 |accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref>
Baris 22: Baris 22:
|commander3 = [[Mohamed Lamine Ould Sidatt]]<br>[[Housseine Khoulam]]<ref name="FLNA"/>
|commander3 = [[Mohamed Lamine Ould Sidatt]]<br>[[Housseine Khoulam]]<ref name="FLNA"/>
|strength1 = 7.000–7.800 tentara<br>4.800 paramiliter<br>3.000 milisi
|strength1 = 7.000–7.800 tentara<br>4.800 paramiliter<br>3.000 milisi
|strength2 = MNLA: 3.000<ref name="detials"/><ref name="dailystar.com.lb">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/International/2012/Apr-02/168928-al-qaeda-unlikely-to-profit-from-mali-rebellion-experts.ashx#axzz1quEeCoBI |title=Al-Qaeda unlikely to profit from Mali rebellion: experts |author=Sofia Bouderbala |date=2 April 2012 |work=The Daily Star |accessdate=3 April 2012}}</ref>
|strength2 = MNLA: 3.000<ref name="detials">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/03/20123208133276463.html |title=Mali's Tuareg rebellion: What next? |author=Jeremy Keenan |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=20 March 2012 |accessdate=23 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="dailystar.com.lb">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/International/2012/Apr-02/168928-al-qaeda-unlikely-to-profit-from-mali-rebellion-experts.ashx#axzz1quEeCoBI |title=Al-Qaeda unlikely to profit from Mali rebellion: experts |author=Sofia Bouderbala |date=2 April 2012 |work=The Daily Star |accessdate=3 April 2012}}</ref>
----
----
Ansar Dine: ~300<ref name="dailystar.com.lb"/><br>
Ansar Dine: ~300<ref name="dailystar.com.lb"/><br>
Baris 28: Baris 28:
|strength3 = ~500<ref name="FLNA"/>
|strength3 = ~500<ref name="FLNA"/>
|casualties1 = Setidaknya 160<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/making-sense-of-mali-1.423899 Making sense of Mali]</ref> tewas (menurut Mali)<br>1.000–1.500+ tewas atau ditangkap<ref name="detials"/>
|casualties1 = Setidaknya 160<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/making-sense-of-mali-1.423899 Making sense of Mali]</ref> tewas (menurut Mali)<br>1.000–1.500+ tewas atau ditangkap<ref name="detials"/>
|casualties2 = 65 tewas (menurut Mali)<ref>{{cite news|author=10:59&nbsp;pm GMT 19 Jan 2012 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9026722/Fierce-clashes-between-Malian-army-and-Tuareg-rebels-kill-47.html |title=Fierce clashes between Malian army and Tuareg rebels kill 47 |publisher=Telegraph |date=19 January 2012 |accessdate=7 March 2012 |location=London}}</ref><ref name=Reut73/>
|casualties2 = 65 tewas (menurut Mali)<ref>{{cite news|author=10:59&nbsp;pm GMT 19 Jan 2012 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9026722/Fierce-clashes-between-Malian-army-and-Tuareg-rebels-kill-47.html |title=Fierce clashes between Malian army and Tuareg rebels kill 47 |publisher=Telegraph |date=19 January 2012 |accessdate=7 March 2012 |location=London}}</ref><ref name=Reut73>{{cite news|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/maliNews/idAFL5E8D407420120205 |title=Mali says 20 rebels killed, thousands flee |publisher=Af.reuters.com |date=5 February 2012 |accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref>
|notes = ~100.000 mengungsi ke luar negeri<ref name="bbcposttim"/><br/>100.000+ terlantar di dalam negeri<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/tuareg-rebels-take-mali-garrison-town-say-sources/ |title=Tuareg rebels take Mali garrison town, say sources |publisher=Trust.org |date=11 March 2012 |accessdate=11 March 2012}}</ref><br>Total: ~250.000<ref>{{Citation |first=Nick |last=Meo |title=Triumphant Tuareg rebels fall out over al-Qaeda's jihad in Mali |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=7 April 2012 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9191760/Triumphant-Tuareg-rebels-fall-out-over-al-Qaedas-jihad-in-Mali.html}}</ref>
|notes = ~100.000 mengungsi ke luar negeri<ref name="bbcposttim">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17596831 |title=BBC News – Mali: Timbuktu heritage may be threatened, Unesco says |publisher=BBC |date=3 April 2012 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref><br/>100.000+ terlantar di dalam negeri<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/tuareg-rebels-take-mali-garrison-town-say-sources/ |title=Tuareg rebels take Mali garrison town, say sources |publisher=Trust.org |date=11 March 2012 |accessdate=11 March 2012}}</ref><br>Total: ~250.000<ref>{{Citation |first=Nick |last=Meo |title=Triumphant Tuareg rebels fall out over al-Qaeda's jihad in Mali |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=7 April 2012 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9191760/Triumphant-Tuareg-rebels-fall-out-over-al-Qaedas-jihad-in-Mali.html}}</ref>
}}
}}
'''Pemberontakan Tuareg 2012''' adalah pemberontakan yang dilancarkan oleh [[Pergerakan Nasional Pembebasan Azawad]] (MNLA) terhadap pemerintah Mali di wilayah [[Azawad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/mar/23/coup-mali-dictatorship-tuareg |title=Coup threatens to plunge Mali back into the darkness of dictatorship |author=Andy Morgan |date=23 March 2012 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=5 April 2012}}</ref> MNLA dibentuk oleh mantan pemberontak dan pejuang Tuareg yang baru saja [[perang saudara Libya|kembali dari Libya]].<ref name="apress" />
'''Pemberontakan Tuareg 2012''' adalah pemberontakan yang dilancarkan oleh [[Pergerakan Nasional Pembebasan Azawad]] (MNLA) terhadap pemerintah Mali di wilayah [[Azawad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/mar/23/coup-mali-dictatorship-tuareg |title=Coup threatens to plunge Mali back into the darkness of dictatorship |author=Andy Morgan |date=23 March 2012 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=5 April 2012}}</ref> MNLA dibentuk oleh mantan pemberontak dan pejuang Tuareg yang baru saja [[perang saudara Libya|kembali dari Libya]].<ref name="apress">{{cite web|author=Andy Morgan | url=http://thinkafricapress.com/mali/causes-uprising-northern-mali-tuareg |title=The Causes of the Uprising in Northern Mali |publisher=Think Africa Press |date=6 February 2012 |accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref>


Pada tanggal 22 Maret, tepat satu bulan sebelum [[pemilihan umum presiden Malta 2012|pemilihan umum]], Presiden [[Amadou Toumani Touré]] [[kudeta Mali 2012|dikudeta]] oleh [[Komisi Nasional untuk Restorasi Demokrasi dan Negara]] yang dibentuk oleh tentara Mali yang membangkang karena dianggap tak mampu memadamkan pemberontakan.<ref name="aljazeera1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/201232251320110970.html |title=Mali soldiers say president toppled in coup – Africa |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=4 October 2011 |accessdate=22 March 2012}}</ref> Kudeta tersebut mengakibatkan kekacauan sehingga tiga kota terbesar Mali di utara - [[Kidal]], [[Gao]], dan [[Timbuktu]] - jatuh ke tangan pemberontak dalam tiga hari berturut-turut.<ref name="boston"/><ref name="gaocontrol"/> Pada 5 April, setelah berhasil merebut [[Douentza]], MNLA menyatakan tujuannya telah tercapai dan menghentikan serangannya. Esoknya, kemerdekaan Azawad dideklarasikan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/04/06/205763.html|agency=Al Arabiya|title=Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali|date=6 April 2012|accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref>
Pada tanggal 22 Maret, tepat satu bulan sebelum [[pemilihan umum presiden Malta 2012|pemilihan umum]], Presiden [[Amadou Toumani Touré]] [[kudeta Mali 2012|dikudeta]] oleh [[Komisi Nasional untuk Restorasi Demokrasi dan Negara]] yang dibentuk oleh tentara Mali yang membangkang karena dianggap tak mampu memadamkan pemberontakan.<ref name="aljazeera1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/201232251320110970.html |title=Mali soldiers say president toppled in coup – Africa |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=4 October 2011 |accessdate=22 March 2012}}</ref> Kudeta tersebut mengakibatkan kekacauan sehingga tiga kota terbesar Mali di utara - [[Kidal]], [[Gao]], dan [[Timbuktu]] - jatuh ke tangan pemberontak dalam tiga hari berturut-turut.<ref name="boston">{{cite news |url=http://articles.boston.com/2012-04-02/news/31276132_1_rebel-advance-tuareg-rebels-timbuktu |title=Islamist group plants flag in Mali’s Timbuktu |author=Baba Ahmed and Rukmini Callimachi |date=2 April 2012 |agency=Associated Press |work= The Boston Globe|accessdate=3 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="gaocontrol">{{cite news |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5grilySJ5EdrgURoNp1mt3AIJhTgg?docId=CNG.915a5505555757d7df5029b5b99451cc.261 |title=Mali junta denounces 'rights violations' by rebels |author=Serge Daniel |agency=''Agence France-Presse'' |date=4 April 2012 |publisher=Google |accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref> Pada 5 April, setelah berhasil merebut [[Douentza]], MNLA menyatakan tujuannya telah tercapai dan menghentikan serangannya. Esoknya, kemerdekaan Azawad dideklarasikan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/04/06/205763.html|agency=Al Arabiya|title=Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali|date=6 April 2012|accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref>


Kelompok Islamis [[Ansar Dine]] juga ikut serta dalam pemberontakan dan mengklaim kekuasaan atas beberapa wilayah, yang tidak disetujui oleh MNLA.
Kelompok Islamis [[Ansar Dine]] juga ikut serta dalam pemberontakan dan mengklaim kekuasaan atas beberapa wilayah, yang tidak disetujui oleh MNLA. Kelompok ini memberontak bukan untuk kemerdekaan, namun untuk penerapan hukum [[shariah]] di seluruh Mali.<ref name="bbcposttim"/>


== Catatan kaki ==
== Catatan kaki ==

Revisi per 12 Mei 2012 23.39

Pemberontakan Tuareg (2012)

Peta wilayah yang diklaim pemberontak dan yang telah dikuasai 5 April 2012.
Tanggal17 Januari 2012 (2012-01-17) – sekarang
LokasiMali Utara
Status

Masih berlangsung

Pihak terlibat
 Mali
Didukung oleh:
 Amerika Serikat[1][2][3]

MNLA

Ansar Dine[4]
MUJAO[5]
Boko Haram[6]		 FLNA[7][8]
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Mali Amadou Toumani Touré (hingga Maret)
Mali Sadio Gassama (hingga Maret)
Mali El Haji Ag Gamou (uhingga Maret)
Mali Amadou Sanogo (semenjak Maret 2012)

Azawad Mahmoud Ag Aghaly
Azawad Bilal Ag Acherif
Azawad Moussa Ag Acharatoumane
Azawad Ag Mohamed Najem[12]

Iyad ag Ghaly[13]
Omar Hamaha[14]		 Mohamed Lamine Ould Sidatt
Housseine Khoulam[7]
Kekuatan
7.000–7.800 tentara
4.800 paramiliter
3.000 milisi

MNLA: 3.000[15][16]

Ansar Dine: ~300[16]

Boko Haram: ~100[6]		 ~500[7]
Korban
Setidaknya 160[17] tewas (menurut Mali)
1.000–1.500+ tewas atau ditangkap[15]		 65 tewas (menurut Mali)[18][19]
~100.000 mengungsi ke luar negeri[20]
100.000+ terlantar di dalam negeri[21]
Total: ~250.000[22]

Pemberontakan Tuareg 2012 adalah pemberontakan yang dilancarkan oleh Pergerakan Nasional Pembebasan Azawad (MNLA) terhadap pemerintah Mali di wilayah Azawad.[23] MNLA dibentuk oleh mantan pemberontak dan pejuang Tuareg yang baru saja kembali dari Libya.[24]

Pada tanggal 22 Maret, tepat satu bulan sebelum pemilihan umum, Presiden Amadou Toumani Touré dikudeta oleh Komisi Nasional untuk Restorasi Demokrasi dan Negara yang dibentuk oleh tentara Mali yang membangkang karena dianggap tak mampu memadamkan pemberontakan.[25] Kudeta tersebut mengakibatkan kekacauan sehingga tiga kota terbesar Mali di utara - Kidal, Gao, dan Timbuktu - jatuh ke tangan pemberontak dalam tiga hari berturut-turut.[26][27] Pada 5 April, setelah berhasil merebut Douentza, MNLA menyatakan tujuannya telah tercapai dan menghentikan serangannya. Esoknya, kemerdekaan Azawad dideklarasikan.[28]

Kelompok Islamis Ansar Dine juga ikut serta dalam pemberontakan dan mengklaim kekuasaan atas beberapa wilayah, yang tidak disetujui oleh MNLA. Kelompok ini memberontak bukan untuk kemerdekaan, namun untuk penerapan hukum shariah di seluruh Mali.[20]

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ "Malian forces battle Tuareg rebels". News24. South African Press Association. 4 March 2012. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2012. 
  2. ^ "Logistics: American Robots Sustain The Siege of Tessalit". Strategypage.com. 8 March 2012. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2012. 
  3. ^ "Mali junta quits as regional troops prepare to target Tuareg rebels". The Observer. 7 April 2012. Diakses tanggal 7 April 2012. 
  4. ^ "Gunfire breaks out as Tuareg rebels enter northern Mali city". Montreal Gazette. 31 March 2012. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2012. 
  5. ^ Couamba Sylla (4 April 2012). "Tuareg-jihadists alliance: Qaeda conquers more than half of Mali". middle-east-online.com. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2012. 
  6. ^ a b "Traore readies to take over in Mali". News24. 12-04-2012. Diakses tanggal 12-04-2012. 
  7. ^ a b c Par Europe1.fr avec AFP. "Mali: nouveau groupe armé créé dans le Nord – Europe1.fr – International". Europe1.fr. Diakses tanggal 9 April 2012. 
  8. ^ Felix, Bate; Diarra, Adama (10 April 2012), "New north Mali Arab force seeks to "defend" Timbuktu", Reuters 
  9. ^ Hirsch, Afua (22 March 2012). "Mali rebels claim to have ousted regime in coup". The Guardian. London. 
  10. ^ Communiqué N°14-04-04-2012- Fin des Opérations Militaires
  11. ^ "Tuaregs claim 'independence' from Mali". Al Jazeera. 6 April 2012. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2012. 
  12. ^ MISNA (20 January 2012). "Mali: Fighting In North; The New Touareg War". Eurasiareview.com. Diakses tanggal 7 March 2012. 
  13. ^ Daniel, Serge (30 March 2012). "Mali's isolated junta seeks help to stop Tuareg juggernaut". ModernGhana.com. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2012. 
  14. ^ "Mali Tuareg rebels' call on independence rejected". BBC. 6 April 2012. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2012. 
  15. ^ a b Jeremy Keenan (20 March 2012). "Mali's Tuareg rebellion: What next?". Al Jazeera English. Diakses tanggal 23 March 2012. 
  16. ^ a b Sofia Bouderbala (2 April 2012). "Al-Qaeda unlikely to profit from Mali rebellion: experts". The Daily Star. Diakses tanggal 3 April 2012. 
  17. ^ Making sense of Mali
  18. ^ 10:59 pm GMT 19 Jan 2012 (19 January 2012). "Fierce clashes between Malian army and Tuareg rebels kill 47". London: Telegraph. Diakses tanggal 7 March 2012. 
  19. ^ "Mali says 20 rebels killed, thousands flee". Af.reuters.com. 5 February 2012. Diakses tanggal 7 March 2012. 
  20. ^ a b "BBC News – Mali: Timbuktu heritage may be threatened, Unesco says". BBC. 3 April 2012. Diakses tanggal 4 April 2012. 
  21. ^ "Tuareg rebels take Mali garrison town, say sources". Trust.org. 11 March 2012. Diakses tanggal 11 March 2012. 
  22. ^ Meo, Nick (7 April 2012), "Triumphant Tuareg rebels fall out over al-Qaeda's jihad in Mali", The Telegraph 
  23. ^ Andy Morgan (23 March 2012). "Coup threatens to plunge Mali back into the darkness of dictatorship". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2012. 
  24. ^ Andy Morgan (6 February 2012). "The Causes of the Uprising in Northern Mali". Think Africa Press. Diakses tanggal 7 March 2012. 
  25. ^ "Mali soldiers say president toppled in coup – Africa". Al Jazeera English. 4 October 2011. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2012. 
  26. ^ Baba Ahmed and Rukmini Callimachi (2 April 2012). "Islamist group plants flag in Mali's Timbuktu". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Diakses tanggal 3 April 2012. 
  27. ^ Serge Daniel (4 April 2012). "Mali junta denounces 'rights violations' by rebels". Google. Agence France-Presse. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2012. 
  28. ^ "Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali". Al Arabiya. 6 April 2012. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2012. 

Bacaan lanjut

  • Emerson, Stephen A. (2011). "Desert insurgency: lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 22 (4): 669–687. doi:10.1080/09592318.2011.573406. 
  • Lecocq, Jean Sebastian (2010). Disputed Desert: Decolonisation, Competing Nationalisms and Tuareg Rebellions in Northern Mali. Afrika-Studiecentrum series. 19. Leiden. ISBN 978-90-04-13983-1. 
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