Duta Utsmaniyah kepada Prancis (1534): Perbedaan antara revisi
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Bersama dengan rencana yang dibuat untuk 1535, mengkombinasikan pemberontakan faksi pro-Perancis di Italia; sebuah serangan Utsmaniyah di [[Apulia]] dan [[Calabria]]; serangan oleh [[Hayreddin Barbarossa|Barbarossa]] dari [[Tunis]] di [[Sisilia]], [[Naples]] dan [[Toskana]]; dan serangan oleh Inggris, [[Skotlandia]] dan Denmark di [[Low Countries]], dengan bantuan pangeran Jerman yang beraliansi dengan Perancis [[William dari Fürstenberg]] dan [[Christopher of Württemberg]].<ref name="Garnier 90"/> |
Bersama dengan rencana yang dibuat untuk 1535, mengkombinasikan pemberontakan faksi pro-Perancis di Italia; sebuah serangan Utsmaniyah di [[Apulia]] dan [[Calabria]]; serangan oleh [[Hayreddin Barbarossa|Barbarossa]] dari [[Tunis]] di [[Sisilia]], [[Naples]] dan [[Toskana]]; dan serangan oleh Inggris, [[Skotlandia]] dan Denmark di [[Low Countries]], dengan bantuan pangeran Jerman yang beraliansi dengan Perancis [[William dari Fürstenberg]] dan [[Christopher of Württemberg]].<ref name="Garnier 90"/> |
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== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
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[[Kategori:1534 di Perancis]] |
[[Kategori:1534 di Perancis]] |
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[[Kategori:Hubungan luar negeri Kesultanan Utsmaiyah]] |
[[Kategori:Hubungan luar negeri Kesultanan Utsmaiyah]] |
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<!--==Departure and aftermath== |
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The embassy departed Paris on 13 February 1535 with the new French ambassador to the Porte, [[Jehan de la Forest]], accompanied by [[Charles de Marillac]] and the scholar [[Guillaume de Postel]].<ref name="Garnier 90"/> Jehan de la Forest would successfully negotiate the [[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire|Capitulations]] giving advantages and pre-eminence to France in relations with the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="Garnier 91">Garnier, p.91</ref> De la Forest also had secret instructions describing how he was to coordinate the military efforts between France and the Ottoman Empire:<ref name="Garnier 91"/> |
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{{quotation|[[File:Military instructions to Jean de la Foret by Chancelier Antoine Duprat copy 11 February 1535.jpg|thumb|Military instructions to [[Jean de La Forêt]], by Chancelor [[Antoine Duprat]] (copy), 11 February 1535.]]"[[Jehan de la Forest|Jean de la Forest]], whom the King sends to meet with the [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Grand Signor]] [Suleiman the Magnificent], will first go from [[Marseille|Marseilles]] to [[Tunis]], in [[Barbary]], to meet sir ''[[Hayreddin Barbarossa|Haradin]]'', king of [[Algiers]], who will direct him to the Grand Signor. To this objective, next summer, he [the King of France] will send the military force he is preparing to recover what it unjustly occupied by the [[Duke of Savoy]], and from there, to attack the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]]. This king [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] strongly prays sir ''Haradin'', who has a powerful naval force as well as a convenient location [Tunisia], to attack the island of [[Corsica]] and other lands, locations, cities, ships and subjects of [[Genoa]], and not to stop until they have accepted and recognized the king of France. The King, besides the above land force, will additionally help with his naval force, which will comprise at least 50 vessels, of which 30 [[galleys]], and the rest [[carracks|galeasses]] and other vessels, accompanied by one of the largest and most beautiful carracks that ever was on the sea. This fleet will accompany and escort the army of sir ''Haradin'', which will also be refreshed and supplied with food and ammunition by the King, who, by these actions, will be able to achieve his aims, for which he will be highly greatful to sir ''Haradin''.[...]<br> |
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To the [[Suleiman the Magnificient|Grand Signor]], Monsieur de La Forest must ask for 1 million in gold, and for his army to enter first in [[Sicilia]] and [[Sardinia]] and establish there a king whom La Forest will nominate, a person who has credit and knows well these islands which he will retain in the devotion of, and under the shade and support of the King [of France]. Furthermore, he will recognize this blessing, and send tribute and pension to the Grand Signor to reward him for the financial support he will have provided to the King, as well as the support of his navy which will be fully assisted by the King [of France]."|Military instruction from Francis I to [[Jean de La Forest]], 1535.<ref>Garnier, pp.92-93</ref>}} |
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The embassy arrived in Marseille on 3 April 1535 and departed on 11 April 1535 on the Ottoman galleys that had been waiting there. De la Forest departed together on a French galley, ''La Dauphine''.<ref name="Garnier 91"/> They first stopped at Tunis, where Barbarossa armed a special galley to transport De la Forest to Constantinople.<ref name="Garnier 91"/> |
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[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] managed to wreck the plans of Francis I by launching a major attack on the Ottomans with the [[Conquest of Tunis]] in June 1535, immediately after the departure of the embassy.<ref name="Garnier 94">Garnier p.94</ref> Concomitantly, [[Pope Paul III]] issued an interdiction for Christians to fight between themselves during the time Charles V was fighting the Ottomans, effectively precluding Francis I from launching his offensive.<ref name="Garnier 94"/> At the same time, Suleiman himself was caught up in a bitter campaign of the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)]], which prevented him from participating to offensives in Europe during 1535.--> |
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Revisi per 1 April 2013 02.44
Kunjungan duta besar Utsmaniyah ke Perancis terjadi pada 1534, dengan tujuan untuk mempersiapkan dan mengoordinasikan serangan Perancis-Utsmaniyah di tahun depan, 1535.[1] Kedutaan terjadi setelah kunjungan duta besar Utsmaniyah ke Perancis pada 1533, maupun Penaklukan Tunis oleh Hayreddin Barbarossa pada 16 Agustus 1534, yang ditandai oleh penguatan posisi Utsmaniyah di Mediterania Barat.
Kedataan duta besar
Delegasi Utsmaniyah datang dari Konstantinopel lewat Tunis ke pelabuhan Perancis di Marseille pada Oktober 1534. Delegasi termasuk duta besar Perancis ke Porte yang juga menemani mereka dari Konstantinopel: Antonio Rincon dan Cantelmo.[2]
Penulis kontemporer Perancis dan saksi mata Valbelle berkomentar:
"Mereka berkeliling ke seluruh kota seolah-olah mereka berada di Konstantinopel. Baru sekali ini melihat orang-orang Turki seperti ini, sesuatu yang belum pernah mereka lihat sebelumnya."
— Valbelle.[2]
Delegasi tersebut tidak tersusun atas bajak laut, tetapi yanisari, mengenakan seragam dengan surban yang rapi.[2] Mereka bepergian melalui jalur darat dengan Antonio Rincon, dan sampai ke François I di istananya di Châtellerault.[2]
Pada waktu itu, François I menkonfrontasi Peristiwa Plakat, yang pada saat itu orang-orang Protestan diisukan mengkritik Misa dengan pandangan menghentikan upaya penyesuaian Katolik–Protestan.[2] Francis I was severely criticized for his tolerance towards Protestants, and had to pursue them.[3] Kedutaan Utsmaniyah menemani François I ke Paris, dan menyaksikan pembakaran mereka yang bertanggung jawab dalam peristiwa tersebut, pada 21 Januari 1535 di depan Katedral Notre-Dame de Paris.[3]
Bersama dengan rencana yang dibuat untuk 1535, mengkombinasikan pemberontakan faksi pro-Perancis di Italia; sebuah serangan Utsmaniyah di Apulia dan Calabria; serangan oleh Barbarossa dari Tunis di Sisilia, Naples dan Toskana; dan serangan oleh Inggris, Skotlandia dan Denmark di Low Countries, dengan bantuan pangeran Jerman yang beraliansi dengan Perancis William dari Fürstenberg dan Christopher of Württemberg.[3]
Referensi
Bibliografi
- Garnier, Edith, L'Alliance Impie Editions du Felin, 2008, Paris ISBN 978-2-86645-678-8 Wawancara
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