Devşirme: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi per 29 Juni 2013 02.26

Devşirme^[2] (pajak darah) adalah praktik pengambilan anak laki-laki dari keluarga Kristen di Kesultanan Utsmaniyah yang kemudian akan diislamkan^[3] dengan tujuan untuk menyeleksi dan melatih anak yang paling cakap untuk menempati posisi kepemimpinan, baik sebagai pemimpin militer ataupun sebagai pengurus tinggi Kesultanan,^[4] walaupun di Bosnia devşirme juga berlaku untuk keluarga Muslim.^[5]^[6] Usia perekruitan yang ideal berkisar antara 7 hingga 10 tahun,^[7] meskipun anak yang lebih muda juga direkrut. Karena anak yang direkrut dapat mencapai posisi Wazir Agung, di Bosnia beberapa orang tua Kristen menyuap petugas untuk mengambil anak mereka.^[8] Namun, sistem devşirme tidak disukai^[9] dan ditolak oleh penduduk lokal^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Catatan kaki

^ Nasuh, Matrakci (1588). "Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans". Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517.
^ Bahasa Turki Utsmaniyah دوشيرمه, Yunani παιδομάζωμα, Paedomazoma - kumpulan anak-anak; bahasa Armenia: Մանկահավաք, Mankahavak') - pengumpulan anak; Rumania: tribut de sânge; Kroasia: Danak u krvi, Slovenia: Krvni davek, Bosnia dan Serbia: Данак у крви / Danak u krvi, Makedonia: Данок во крв / Danok vo krv, dan Bulgaria: Кръвен данък/ Kraven Danak - pajak darah
^ The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Ed. Cyril Glassé, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 129.
^ Basgoz, I. & Wilson, H. E. (1989), The educational tradition of the Ottoman Empire and the development of the Turkish educational system of the republican era. Turkish Review 3(16), 15.
^ Perry Anderson. Lineages of the Absolutist State (Verso, 1974), p. 366.
^ Zdenko Zlatar. The Poetics of Slavdom: The Mythopoeic Foundations of Yugoslavia, Vol. 2 (Peter Lang, 2007), p. 581.
^ Taskin, U. (2008). Klasik donem Osmanli egitim kurumlari - Ottoman educational foundations in classical terms. Uluslararasi Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi - The Journal of International Social Research 1, 343–366.
^ Malcolm, Noel (1996). Bosnia: A Short History. London: Papermac. hlm. 46. ISBN 0-333-66215-6.
^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_4; "...and point out that many Christian families were hostile and resentful about it - which is perhaps underlined by the use of force to impose the system.".
^ Yannaras, Christos, Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic self-identity in the modern age, (Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006), 112.
^ Schindler, John R., Unholy terror: Bosnia, al-Qa'ida, and the rise of global jihad, (Zenith Press, 2007), 23.
^ Bostom, Andrew G. "Jihad Conquests and the Impositions of Dhimmitude - A Survey" in The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Andrew G. Bostom (ed.) New York: Prometheus Book, 2005, pp. 41-46.
^ S. Trifkovic. The Sword of the Prophet: Islam; History, Theology, Impact on the World. p. 97

Pranala luar

"Devsirme" in "Encyclopaedia of the Orient"
Website on the Ottoman empire - original German version; here its Janissary page (to be further exploited)
Papoulia, B.D., Ursprung und Wesen der “knabenlese” im Osmanischen Reich. München, 1963 (in German, title means 'origin and nature of the 'boy harvest' in the Ottoman Empire)

Artikel bertopik sejarah ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] Nasuh, Matrakci (1588). "Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans". Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517.

[2] Bahasa Turki Utsmaniyah دوشيرمه, Yunani παιδομάζωμα, Paedomazoma - kumpulan anak-anak; bahasa Armenia: Մանկահավաք, Mankahavak') - pengumpulan anak; Rumania: tribut de sânge; Kroasia: Danak u krvi, Slovenia: Krvni davek, Bosnia dan Serbia: Данак у крви / Danak u krvi, Makedonia: Данок во крв / Danok vo krv, dan Bulgaria: Кръвен данък/ Kraven Danak - pajak darah

[3] The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Ed. Cyril Glassé, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 129.

[4] Basgoz, I. & Wilson, H. E. (1989), The educational tradition of the Ottoman Empire and the development of the Turkish educational system of the republican era. Turkish Review 3(16), 15.

[5] Perry Anderson. Lineages of the Absolutist State (Verso, 1974), p. 366.

[6] Zdenko Zlatar. The Poetics of Slavdom: The Mythopoeic Foundations of Yugoslavia, Vol. 2 (Peter Lang, 2007), p. 581.

[7] Taskin, U. (2008). Klasik donem Osmanli egitim kurumlari - Ottoman educational foundations in classical terms. Uluslararasi Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi - The Journal of International Social Research 1, 343–366.

[Malcolm_1996_46-8] Malcolm, Noel (1996). Bosnia: A Short History. London: Papermac. hlm. 46. ISBN 0-333-66215-6.

[9] ttp://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_4; "...and point out that many Christian families were hostile and resentful about it - which is perhaps underlined by the use of force to impose the system.".

[10] Yannaras, Christos, Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic self-identity in the modern age, (Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006), 112.

[11] Schindler, John R., Unholy terror: Bosnia, al-Qa'ida, and the rise of global jihad, (Zenith Press, 2007), 23.

[12] Bostom, Andrew G. "Jihad Conquests and the Impositions of Dhimmitude - A Survey" in The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Andrew G. Bostom (ed.) New York: Prometheus Book, 2005, pp. 41-46.

[13] S. Trifkovic. The Sword of the Prophet: Islam; History, Theology, Impact on the World. p. 97

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
-[[Berkas:Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg|thumb|250px|"Devshirme".]]
+[[Berkas:Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg|thumb|250px|"Devshirme".<ref>{{cite web||first=Matrakci |last=Nasuh |url=http://warfare.atwebpages.com/Ottoman/Suleymanname/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.htm |title=Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans |date=1588 |work=Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517}}</ref>]]
 '''Devşirme'''<ref>[[Bahasa Turki Utsmaniyah]] {{Script|Arab|دوشيرمه}}, [[Bahasa Yunani|Yunani]] ''παιδομάζωμα'', ''Paedomazoma'' - kumpulan anak-anak;  {{lang-hy|Մանկահավաք}}, ''Mankahavak<nowiki>'</nowiki>'') - pengumpulan anak; [[bahasa Rumania|Rumania]]: ''tribut de sânge''; [[bahasa Kroasia|Kroasia]]: ''Danak u krvi'', [[bahasa Slovenia|Slovenia]]: ''Krvni davek'', [[bahasa Bosnia|Bosnia]] dan [[bahasa Serbia|Serbia]]: ''Данак у крви / Danak u krvi'', [[bahasa Makedonia|Makedonia]]: ''Данок во крв / Danok vo krv'', dan [[bahasa Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]: ''Кръвен данък/ Kraven Danak'' - pajak darah</ref> (pajak darah) adalah praktik pengambilan anak laki-laki dari keluarga [[Kristen]] di [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] yang kemudian akan di[[Islam|islam]]kan<ref>''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', Ed. Cyril Glassé, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 129.</ref> dengan tujuan untuk menyeleksi dan melatih anak yang paling cakap untuk menempati posisi kepemimpinan, baik sebagai pemimpin militer ataupun sebagai pengurus tinggi Kesultanan,<ref>Basgoz, I. & Wilson, H. E. (1989), The educational tradition of the Ottoman Empire and the development of the Turkish educational system of the republican era. Turkish Review 3(16), 15.</ref> walaupun di Bosnia devşirme juga berlaku untuk keluarga Muslim.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f7Wz4b4JTC8C&pg=PA366&dq=Exceptionally,+in+Bosnia+the+devshirme+was+extended+to+local+Muslim+families.&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=G1AWUd6lM6f14QSg24H4BQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Exceptionally%2C%20in%20Bosnia%20the%20devshirme%20was%20extended%20to%20local%20Muslim%20families.&f=false|title=Lineages of the Absolutist State (Verso, 1974), p. 366|author=Perry Anderson}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.se/books?id=ltRWy32dG7oC&pg=PA581&dq=Potur+shaw&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=iyBjUZKRJ5KN4gTVgoDwDQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Potur%20shaw&f=false|title=The Poetics of Slavdom:  The Mythopoeic Foundations of Yugoslavia, Vol. 2 (Peter Lang, 2007), p. 581|author=Zdenko Zlatar}}</ref>
 Usia perekruitan yang ideal berkisar antara 7 hingga 10 tahun,<ref>Taskin, U. (2008). Klasik donem Osmanli egitim kurumlari - Ottoman educational foundations in classical terms. Uluslararasi Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi - The Journal of International Social Research 1, 343–366.</ref> meskipun anak yang lebih muda juga direkrut. Karena anak yang direkrut dapat mencapai posisi [[Wazir Agung]], di Bosnia beberapa orang tua Kristen menyuap petugas untuk mengambil anak mereka.<ref name="Malcolm 1996 46">{{cite book |title= Bosnia: A Short History |last= Malcolm |first= Noel |authorlink= Noel Malcolm |year= 1996 |publisher= Papermac |location= London |isbn= 0-333-66215-6 |page= 46 }}</ref>