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Several [[botanist]]s {{who|date=November 2013}} do not consider ''Myrtus nivellei'' sufficiently distinct to be treated as a separate species.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} It is listed as an [[conservation status|endangered species]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
Several [[botanist]]s {{who|date=November 2013}} do not consider ''Myrtus nivellei'' sufficiently distinct to be treated as a separate species.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} It is listed as an [[conservation status|endangered species]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
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==Uses==
==Penggunaan==


===Cultivation===
===Pembiakan===
''Myrtus communis'', the Common Myrtle, is widely cultivated as an [[ornamental plant]] for use as a [[shrub]] in [[garden]]s and [[park]]s. It is often used as a [[hedge]] plant, with its small leaves shearing cleanly.
''Myrtus communis'', dibiakkan luas sebagai suatu [[tanaman hias]] dalam bentuk [[perdu]] di [[kebun]] dan [[taman]]. Sering menjadi tanaman pagar, di mana daun-daun kecilnya dicukur rapi.


Jika lebih jarang dicukur, bunganya lebat pada akhir musim panas. Membutuhkan musim panas yang lama dan terik untuk menghasilkan bunga, dan perlu dilindungi dari ''frost'' musim dingin.
When trimmed less frequently, it has numerous flowers in late summer. It requires a long hot summer to produce its flowers, and protection from winter frosts.


The species and the [[subspecies]] ''M. communis'' subsp. ''tarentina'' have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Myrtus communis''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1305|accessdate=25 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Myrtus communis'' subsp. ''tarentina''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3456|accessdate=25 May 2013}}</ref>
Spesies dan [[subspesies]] ''M. communis'' subsp. ''tarentina'' telah memperoleh penghargaan dari [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Myrtus communis''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1305|accessdate=25 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Myrtus communis'' subsp. ''tarentina''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3456|accessdate=25 May 2013}}</ref>


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===Culinary===
===Culinary===
''Myrtus communis'', the Common Myrtle, is used in the islands of [[Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]] to produce an aromatic liqueur called [[Mirto (drink)|''Mirto'']] by [[macerating]] it in alcohol. ''Mirto'' is one of the most typical drinks of Sardinia and comes in two varieties: ''mirto rosso'' (red) produced by macerating the berries, and ''mirto bianco'' (white) produced from the less common yellow berries and sometimes the leaves.<ref>{{cite web
''Myrtus communis'', the Common Myrtle, is used in the islands of [[Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]] to produce an aromatic liqueur called [[Mirto (drink)|''Mirto'']] by [[macerating]] it in alcohol. ''Mirto'' is one of the most typical drinks of Sardinia and comes in two varieties: ''mirto rosso'' (red) produced by macerating the berries, and ''mirto bianco'' (white) produced from the less common yellow berries and sometimes the leaves.<ref>{{cite web
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In several countries, particularly in Europe and China, there has been a tradition for prescribing this substance for sinus infections. A systematic review of herbal medicines used for the treatment of [[rhinosinusitis]] concluded that the evidence that any herbal medicines are beneficial in the treatment of rhinosinusitis is limited, and that for ''Myrtus'' there is insufficient data to verify the significance of clinical results.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17011407 | year = 2006 | last1 = Guo | first1 = R | last2 = Canter | first2 = PH | last3 = Ernst | first3 = E | title = Herbal medicines for the treatment of rhinosinusitis: A systematic review | volume = 135 | issue = 4 | pages = 496–506 | doi = 10.1016/j.otohns.2006.06.1254 | journal = Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery}}</ref>
In several countries, particularly in Europe and China, there has been a tradition for prescribing this substance for sinus infections. A systematic review of herbal medicines used for the treatment of [[rhinosinusitis]] concluded that the evidence that any herbal medicines are beneficial in the treatment of rhinosinusitis is limited, and that for ''Myrtus'' there is insufficient data to verify the significance of clinical results.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17011407 | year = 2006 | last1 = Guo | first1 = R | last2 = Canter | first2 = PH | last3 = Ernst | first3 = E | title = Herbal medicines for the treatment of rhinosinusitis: A systematic review | volume = 135 | issue = 4 | pages = 496–506 | doi = 10.1016/j.otohns.2006.06.1254 | journal = Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery}}</ref>


===In myth and ritual===
===In myth and ritual===-->
[[File:Myrtus communis4.jpg|thumb|Unripe myrtle berries of blue ("black") variety.]]
[[File:Myrtus communis4.jpg|thumb|Unripe myrtle berries of blue ("black") variety.]]
[[File:Blue myrtle berries sardinia.JPG|thumb|Ripe myrtle berries of the blue ("black") variety.]]
[[File:Blue myrtle berries sardinia.JPG|thumb|Ripe myrtle berries of the blue ("black") variety.]]
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;Classical
;Classical
In [[Greek mythology]] and ritual the myrtle was sacred to the goddesses [[Aphrodite]]<ref>V. Pirenne-Delforge, “Épithètes cultuelles et interpretation philosophique: à propos d’Aphrodite Ourania et Pandémos à Athènes.” ''AntCl'' ''57'' (1980::142-57) p. 413.</ref> and also [[Demeter]]: [[Artemidorus]] asserts that in interpreting dreams “a myrtle garland signifies the same as an olive garland, except that it is especially auspicious for farmers because of Demeter and for women because of Aphrodite. For the plant is sacred to both goddesses.”<ref>Artemidorus, ''Oneirocritica'', I.77. (translation of [[Hugh G. Evelyn-White]]).</ref> [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] explains that one of the Graces in the sanctuary at [[Elis]] holds a myrtle branch because “the rose and the myrtle are sacred to Aphrodite and connected with the story of [[Adonis]], while the Graces are of all deities the nearest related to Aphrodite.” Myrtle is the garland of [[Iacchus]], according to [[Aristophanes]],<ref>Aristophanes, ''[[The Frogs]]'', the Iacchus chorus, 330ff.</ref> and of the victors at the [[Thebes, Greece|Theban]] ''Iolaea'', held in honour of the Theban hero [[Iolaus]].<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Isthmian Ode'' IV.</ref>
In [[Greek mythology]] and ritual the myrtle was sacred to the goddesses [[Aphrodite]]<ref>V. Pirenne-Delforge, “Épithètes cultuelles et interpretation philosophique: à propos d’Aphrodite Ourania et Pandémos à Athènes.” ''AntCl'' ''57'' (1980::142-57) p. 413.</ref> and also [[Demeter]]: [[Artemidorus]] asserts that in interpreting dreams “a myrtle garland signifies the same as an olive garland, except that it is especially auspicious for farmers because of Demeter and for women because of Aphrodite. For the plant is sacred to both goddesses.”<ref>Artemidorus, ''Oneirocritica'', I.77. (translation of [[Hugh G. Evelyn-White]]).</ref> [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] explains that one of the Graces in the sanctuary at [[Elis]] holds a myrtle branch because “the rose and the myrtle are sacred to Aphrodite and connected with the story of [[Adonis]], while the Graces are of all deities the nearest related to Aphrodite.” Myrtle is the garland of [[Iacchus]], according to [[Aristophanes]],<ref>Aristophanes, ''[[The Frogs]]'', the Iacchus chorus, 330ff.</ref> and of the victors at the [[Thebes, Greece|Theban]] ''Iolaea'', held in honour of the Theban hero [[Iolaus]].<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Isthmian Ode'' IV.</ref>

Revisi per 25 Februari 2015 22.01

Untuk asteroid, lihat 9203 Myrtus.
Myrtus
Murad
Myrtus communis
Murad (M. communis)[1]
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:
Plantae
(tanpa takson):
Angiospermae
(tanpa takson):
Eudicot
(tanpa takson):
Rosid
Ordo:
Myrtales
Famili:
Myrtaceae
Genus:
Myrtus

Spesies tipe
Myrtus communis
Species

Myrtus communis L.
Myrtus nivellei Batt. & Trab.

Sinonim[4]

Myrthus Scop.

Myrtus, dengan nama umum murad (bahasa Inggris: myrtle) merupakan suatu genus tumbuhan bunga dalam familia Myrtaceae. Pertama kali dipaparkan oleh Linnaeus pada tahun 1753.[3]

Taksonomi

Lebih dari 600 nama pernah diusulkan termasuk ke dalam genus ini, tetapi hampir semuanya telah dipindahkan ke genus lain atau dianggap sinonim.

Genus Myrtus beranggotakan 2 spesies yang dikenal sekarang:[4]

Pemerian

Murad umum

Myrtus communis, atau Murad umum (juga disebut true myrtle; "murad sejati"), merupakan tumbuhan asli di bagian utara Mediterrania (terutama di pulau Sardinia dan Corsica, di mana memiliki nama setempat murta).[5]

Murad sahara

Myrtus nivellei atau 'Murad sahara, (bahasa Tuareg: tefeltest), tumbuh endemik di pengunungan Gurun Sahara tengah.[6]

Penggunaan

Pembiakan

Myrtus communis, dibiakkan luas sebagai suatu tanaman hias dalam bentuk perdu di kebun dan taman. Sering menjadi tanaman pagar, di mana daun-daun kecilnya dicukur rapi.

Jika lebih jarang dicukur, bunganya lebat pada akhir musim panas. Membutuhkan musim panas yang lama dan terik untuk menghasilkan bunga, dan perlu dilindungi dari frost musim dingin.

Spesies dan subspesies M. communis subsp. tarentina telah memperoleh penghargaan dari Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[7][8] 

|date=  |website= The Epicentre |publisher= |accessdate= 16 July 2014}}</ref>

Medicinal

Myrtle (Myrtus communis) essential oil in a clear glass vial

Myrtle occupies a prominent place in the writings of Hippocrates, Pliny, Dioscorides, Galen, and the Arabian writers.[9]

In several countries, particularly in Europe and China, there has been a tradition for prescribing this substance for sinus infections. A systematic review of herbal medicines used for the treatment of rhinosinusitis concluded that the evidence that any herbal medicines are beneficial in the treatment of rhinosinusitis is limited, and that for Myrtus there is insufficient data to verify the significance of clinical results.[10]

===In myth and ritual===-->

Unripe myrtle berries of blue ("black") variety.
Ripe myrtle berries of the blue ("black") variety.

Referensi

  1. ^ Ilustrasi tahun 1885 dari Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé "Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz" 1885, Gera, Jerman
  2. ^ lectotype designated by A.P. de Candolle, Note Myrt. 7 (1826)
  3. ^ a b Tropicos, Myrtus L.
  4. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Mirto comune, Myrtaceae: Myrtus communis L. termasuk foto dan peta distribusi di Eropa.
  6. ^ Uicnmed.org: Myrtus nivellei - Batt & Trab. - Myrtaceae . accessed 1.10.2014.
  7. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Myrtus communis". Diakses tanggal 25 May 2013. 
  8. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Myrtus communis subsp. tarentina". Diakses tanggal 25 May 2013. 
  9. ^ Pharmacographia Indica (1891 edition), London
  10. ^ Guo, R; Canter, PH; Ernst, E (2006). "Herbal medicines for the treatment of rhinosinusitis: A systematic review". Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 135 (4): 496–506. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2006.06.1254. PMID 17011407. 

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