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== Sejarah ==
== Sejarah ==
=== Łódź sebagai kota pertanian ===
=== Łódź sebagai kota pertanian ===
Łódź pertama kali muncul dalam catatan tertulis dalam dokumen yang memberikan desa ''Łodzia'' kepada para uskup [[Włocławek]] pada [[1332]]. Pada [[1423]] Raja [[Wladislaus II dari Polandia|Władysław Jagiełło]] memberikan [[hukum Magdeburg|hak-hak kota]] kepada desa ''Łódź''. Sejak saat itu hingga [[abad ke-18]] kota itu tetap merupakan sebuah pemukiman kecil di jalur perdagangan antara [[Masovia]] dan [[Silesia]]. Pada [[abad ke-16]] kota itu dihuni oleh kurang dari 800 penduduk, yang kebanyakan bekerja di tanah pertanian gandum di dekatnya.
Łódź pertama kali muncul dalam catatan tertulis dalam dokumen yang memberikan desa ''Łodzia'' kepada para uskup [[Włocławek]] pada [[1332]]. Pada [[1423]] Raja [[Wladislaus II dari Polandia|Władysław Jagiełło]] memberikan [[hukum Magdeburg|hak-hak kota]] kepada desa ''Łódź''. Sejak saat itu hingga [[abad ke-18]] kota itu tetap merupakan sebuah pemukiman kecil di jalur perdagangan antara [[Masovia]] dan [[Silesia]]. Pada [[abad ke-16]] kota itu dihuni oleh kurang dari 800 penduduk, yang kebanyakan bekerja di tanah pertanian gandum di dekatnya.


Ketika [[pembagian Polandia]] yang kedua kali pada [[1793]] Łódź ditempatkan di bawah administrasi [[Prusia]] dengan namanya yang baru dalam bahasa Jerman, ''Lodsch''. Pada [[1798]] orang-orang Prusia menasionalisasi kota itu dan kota itu kehilangan statusnya sebagai kota para uskup dari [[Kuyavia]]. Pada [[1806]] kota itu digabungkan dengan [[Kepangeranan Warsawa]] dan pada [[1815]] menjadi bagian dari [[Kongres Polandia]] yang dikontrol [[Rusia]].
Ketika [[pembagian Polandia]] yang kedua kali pada [[1793]] Łódź ditempatkan di bawah administrasi [[Prusia]] dengan namanya yang baru dalam bahasa Jerman, ''Lodsch''. Pada [[1798]] orang-orang Prusia menasionalisasi kota itu dan kota itu kehilangan statusnya sebagai kota para uskup dari [[Kuyavia]]. Pada [[1806]] kota itu digabungkan dengan [[Kepangeranan Warsawa]] dan pada [[1815]] menjadi bagian dari [[Kongres Polandia]] yang dikontrol [[Rusia]].
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=== Łódź sebagai kota industri ===
=== Łódź sebagai kota industri ===
Pada [[1820]] [[Stanisław Staszic]] memulai gerakan untuk mengubah kota kecil itu menjadi pusat [[industri]] yang modern.
Pada [[1820]] [[Stanisław Staszic]] memulai gerakan untuk mengubah kota kecil itu menjadi pusat [[industri]] yang modern.
<!--A constant influx of workers, businessmen and craftsmen from all over the [[Europe|continent]] turned Łódź into the main textile producton centre of the whole [[Russian Empire]]. The first cotton mill opened in [[1825]], and 14 years later the first steam-powered factory in both [[Poland]] and [[Russia]] commenced operations.
<!--A constant influx of workers, businessmen and craftsmen from all over the [[Europe|continent]] turned Łódź into the main textile producton centre of the whole [[Russian Empire]]. The first cotton mill opened in [[1825]], and 14 years later the first steam-powered factory in both [[Poland]] and [[Russia]] commenced operations.


The immigrants came to the ''Promised Land'' ([[Polish language|Polish]] ''Ziemia obiecana'', the city's nickname) from all over Europe. Mostly they arrived from [[Saxony|Southern Germany]] and [[Bohemia]], but also from countries as far as [[Portugal]], [[England]], [[France]] or [[Ireland]]. However, three groups dominated the city's population and contributed the most to the city's development: Poles, Germans and Jews.
The immigrants came to the ''Promised Land'' ([[Polish language|Polish]] ''Ziemia obiecana'', the city's nickname) from all over Europe. Mostly they arrived from [[Saxony|Southern Germany]] and [[Bohemia]], but also from countries as far as [[Portugal]], [[England]], [[France]] or [[Ireland]]. However, three groups dominated the city's population and contributed the most to the city's development: Poles, Germans and Jews.
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[[Berkas:5 Lodz 083.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Izrael Poznanski Palac]]
[[Berkas:5 Lodz 083.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Izrael Poznanski Palac]]


In [[1850]] [[Russia]] abolished the customs barrier between [[Congress Poland]] and Russia proper; industry in Łódź could now develop freely with a huge Russian market not far away. Soon the city became the second-largest city of [[Congress Poland]]. In [[1865]] the first railroad line opened (to [[Koluszki]]) opened, and soon the city had rail links with [[Warsaw]] and [[Białystok]]. In the [[1823]] - [[1873]] period, the city's population doubled every ten years. The years [[1870]] - [[1890]] marked the period of most intense industrial development in the city's history.
In [[1850]] [[Russia]] abolished the customs barrier between [[Congress Poland]] and Russia proper; industry in Łódź could now develop freely with a huge Russian market not far away. Soon the city became the second-largest city of [[Congress Poland]]. In [[1865]] the first railroad line opened (to [[Koluszki]]) opened, and soon the city had rail links with [[Warsaw]] and [[Białystok]]. In the [[1823]] - [[1873]] period, the city's population doubled every ten years. The years [[1870]] - [[1890]] marked the period of most intense industrial development in the city's history.


Łódź soon became a major centre of the [[Socialism|socialist movement]]. In [[1892]] a huge strike paralyzed most of the factories. During the [[Russian Revolution of 1905 | 1905 Revolution]] Tsarist police killed more than 300 workers. Despite the air of impending crisis preceding [[World War I]], the city grew constantly until [[1914]]. By that year it had become one of the most densely-populated industrial cities in the world (13 280 people per square kilometre).
Łódź soon became a major centre of the [[Socialism|socialist movement]]. In [[1892]] a huge strike paralyzed most of the factories. During the [[Russian Revolution of 1905 | 1905 Revolution]] Tsarist police killed more than 300 workers. Despite the air of impending crisis preceding [[World War I]], the city grew constantly until [[1914]]. By that year it had become one of the most densely-populated industrial cities in the world (13 280 people per square kilometre).


In [[1915]] the city came under [[Germany|German]] occupation, but with [[Independence of Poland regained | Polish independence]] restored in November [[1918]] the local population liberated the city and disarmed the German troops. In the aftermath of World War I, Łódź lost approximately 40% of its inhabitants, mostly owing to draft, diseases and the fact that after [[1918]] a huge part of the German population moved to Germany.
In [[1915]] the city came under [[Germany|German]] occupation, but with [[Independence of Poland regained | Polish independence]] restored in November [[1918]] the local population liberated the city and disarmed the German troops. In the aftermath of World War I, Łódź lost approximately 40% of its inhabitants, mostly owing to draft, diseases and the fact that after [[1918]] a huge part of the German population moved to Germany.


=== After 1918 ===
=== After 1918 ===
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During the [[Polish September Campaign]] the Polish forces of the [[Lodz Army|Łódź Army]] of General [[Juliusz Rommel|Juliusz Rómmel]] defended Łódź against initial German attacks. However, the [[Wehrmacht]] captured the city on [[September 8]]. Despite plans for the city to become a Polish enclave, attached to the ''[[General Government|Generalgouvernement]]'', the Nazi hierarchy respected the wishes of the local governor of [[Reichsgau Wartheland]], [[Arthur Karl Greiser]], and of many of the ethnic Germans living in the city, and annexed it to the Reich in November 1939. The city received the new name of ''Litzmannstadt'' after the German general [[Karl Litzmann]], who captured the city during [[World War I]]. Nevertheless, many Łódź Germans refused to sign [[Volksliste]] and become [[Volksdeutsche]], instead being deported to the [[General Government]]. Soon the Nazi authorities set up the [[Lodz Ghetto]] in the city and populated it with more than 200,000 Jews from the Łódź area. Only about 900 people survived the liquidation of the ghetto in August [[1944]]. Several [[concentration camp]]s and [[death camp]]s arose in the city's vicinity for the non-Jewish inhabitants of the regions, among them the infamous [[Radogoszcz prison]] and several minor camps for the [[Roma people]] and for Polish children.
During the [[Polish September Campaign]] the Polish forces of the [[Lodz Army|Łódź Army]] of General [[Juliusz Rommel|Juliusz Rómmel]] defended Łódź against initial German attacks. However, the [[Wehrmacht]] captured the city on [[September 8]]. Despite plans for the city to become a Polish enclave, attached to the ''[[General Government|Generalgouvernement]]'', the Nazi hierarchy respected the wishes of the local governor of [[Reichsgau Wartheland]], [[Arthur Karl Greiser]], and of many of the ethnic Germans living in the city, and annexed it to the Reich in November 1939. The city received the new name of ''Litzmannstadt'' after the German general [[Karl Litzmann]], who captured the city during [[World War I]]. Nevertheless, many Łódź Germans refused to sign [[Volksliste]] and become [[Volksdeutsche]], instead being deported to the [[General Government]]. Soon the Nazi authorities set up the [[Lodz Ghetto]] in the city and populated it with more than 200,000 Jews from the Łódź area. Only about 900 people survived the liquidation of the ghetto in August [[1944]]. Several [[concentration camp]]s and [[death camp]]s arose in the city's vicinity for the non-Jewish inhabitants of the regions, among them the infamous [[Radogoszcz prison]] and several minor camps for the [[Roma people]] and for Polish children.


By the end of [[World War II]] Łódź had lost approximately 420,000 of its pre-war inhabitants: 300,000 Jews and approximately 120,000 Poles. In January [[1945]] most of the German population fled the city for fear of the [[Red Army]]. The city also suffered tremendous losses due to the German policy of requisition of all factories and machines and transporting them to [[Germany]]. Thus despite relatively small losses due to aerial bombardment and the fighting, Łódź had lost most of its infrastructure.
By the end of [[World War II]] Łódź had lost approximately 420,000 of its pre-war inhabitants: 300,000 Jews and approximately 120,000 Poles. In January [[1945]] most of the German population fled the city for fear of the [[Red Army]]. The city also suffered tremendous losses due to the German policy of requisition of all factories and machines and transporting them to [[Germany]]. Thus despite relatively small losses due to aerial bombardment and the fighting, Łódź had lost most of its infrastructure.


The [[Soviet]] [[Red Army]] liberated the city on [[January 18]], [[1945]], making a special effort to avoid warfare in the city and to preserve its historical buildings and industrial infrastructure. According to Marshal Katukov, whose forces participated in the liberation, the Germans retreated so suddenly that they had no time to evacuate or destroy the Łódź factories, as they did in other cities.
The [[Soviet]] [[Red Army]] liberated the city on [[January 18]], [[1945]], making a special effort to avoid warfare in the city and to preserve its historical buildings and industrial infrastructure. According to Marshal Katukov, whose forces participated in the liberation, the Germans retreated so suddenly that they had no time to evacuate or destroy the Łódź factories, as they did in other cities.
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=== After 1945 ===
=== After 1945 ===
[[Berkas:Rektorat Politechnika L.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Politechnika]]
[[Berkas:Rektorat Politechnika L.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Politechnika]]
In early [[1945]] Łódź had fewer than 300,000 inhabitants. However, soon the number began to grow, and refugees from [[Warsaw]] and from [[Curzon line|territories annexed by the Soviet Union]] immigrated. Until [[1948]] the city served as a ''de facto'' capital of [[Poland]], since events during and after the [[Warsaw uprising]] had thoroughly destroyed [[Warsaw]], and most of the government and country administration resided in Łódź. Some even planned moving the capital there permanently, but this idea did not gain traction, and in [[1948]] the [[reconstruction of Warsaw]] started.
In early [[1945]] Łódź had fewer than 300,000 inhabitants. However, soon the number began to grow, and refugees from [[Warsaw]] and from [[Curzon line|territories annexed by the Soviet Union]] immigrated. Until [[1948]] the city served as a ''de facto'' capital of [[Poland]], since events during and after the [[Warsaw uprising]] had thoroughly destroyed [[Warsaw]], and most of the government and country administration resided in Łódź. Some even planned moving the capital there permanently, but this idea did not gain traction, and in [[1948]] the [[reconstruction of Warsaw]] started.


After [[World War II]], under the Polish [[Communist]] [[regime]], many [[industrialist]] families lost their fortunes when the authorities [[nationalization|nationalised]] all private companies. The city once again became a major centre of industry. After the period of economic transition in the country during the [[1990s]] most enterprises became [[privatization|privatised]] again, but in such a desolate state that few survived in the new [[capitalism | capitalist]] reality.
After [[World War II]], under the Polish [[Communist]] [[regime]], many [[industrialist]] families lost their fortunes when the authorities [[nationalization|nationalised]] all private companies. The city once again became a major centre of industry. After the period of economic transition in the country during the [[1990s]] most enterprises became [[privatization|privatised]] again, but in such a desolate state that few survived in the new [[capitalism | capitalist]] reality.
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* [[Julian Tuwim]] - penyair
* [[Julian Tuwim]] - penyair
* [[Michal Urbaniak|Michał Urbaniak]] - pemain biola jazz
* [[Michal Urbaniak|Michał Urbaniak]] - pemain biola jazz
* [[Genrikh Yagoda]] - pemimpin [[NKVD]]
* [[Genrikh Yagoda]] - pemimpin [[NKVD]]


Yang lainnya lagi adalah:
Yang lainnya lagi adalah:
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* [[Widzew Łódź]] - tim [[Sepak bola di Polandia|sepak bola]] pria (dibentuk pada [[1910]]), (Juara Polandia [[1981]], [[1982]], [[1996]], [[1997]]; pemenang [[Piala Polandia]]: [[1985]]; pemenang [[Piala Super Polandia]]: [[1996]]; liga ke-2 dalam musim 2005/2006)
* [[Widzew Łódź]] - tim [[Sepak bola di Polandia|sepak bola]] pria (dibentuk pada [[1910]]), (Juara Polandia [[1981]], [[1982]], [[1996]], [[1997]]; pemenang [[Piala Polandia]]: [[1985]]; pemenang [[Piala Super Polandia]]: [[1996]]; liga ke-2 dalam musim 2005/2006)
* [[ŁKS Lotto Łódź]] - tim bola basket wanita, tempat ke-6 dalam [[Liga Basket Sharp Torell]] pada musim 2003/2004
* [[ŁKS Lotto Łódź]] - tim bola basket wanita, tempat ke-6 dalam [[Liga Basket Sharp Torell]] pada musim 2003/2004
* KS Społem Lodz - tim remaja terkemuka dalam [[balap sepeda jalan raya]] dan [[balap sepeda di lintasan]] di Polandia
* KS Społem Lodz - tim remaja terkemuka dalam [[balap sepeda jalan raya]] dan [[balap sepeda di lintasan]] di Polandia


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==
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{{Link FA|no}}
{{Link FA|no}}
{{Link GA|de}}

Revisi per 7 Maret 2015 16.55

Łódź
Łódź - Panorama kota di malam hari
Łódź - Panorama kota di malam hari
Bendera Łódź
Bendera
Lambang kebesaran Łódź
Lambang kebesaran
Motto: 
Ex navicula navis (From a boat, a ship)
Negara Polandia
ProvinsiŁódź
Powiatkabupaten
Hak Kota1423
Pemerintahan
 • WalikotaHanna Zdanowska
Luas
 • Kota293,25 km2 (113,22 sq mi)
Ketinggian
162−278 m (−750 ft)
Populasi
 (2009)
 • Kota742.387
 • Kepadatan2,5/km2 (6,6/sq mi)
 • Metropolitan
1.428.600
Zona waktuUTC+1 (CET)
 • Musim panas (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Kode pos
90-001 s.d. 94–413
Kode area telepon+48 42
Pelat kendaraanEL
Situs webhttp://www.uml.lodz.pl/

Łódź (diucapkan: [[Media:Pl-Łódź-3.ogg|ˈwudʑ̥]], Jerman: Lodsch) adalah kota terbesar kedua (jumlah penduduk 776,297 pada 2004) Polandia. Kota ini terletak di pusat negara dan merupakan ibukota Provinsi Łódź. Dalam bahasa Polandia, kata ini juga berarti 'perahu'.

Sejarah

Łódź sebagai kota pertanian

Łódź pertama kali muncul dalam catatan tertulis dalam dokumen yang memberikan desa Łodzia kepada para uskup Włocławek pada 1332. Pada 1423 Raja Władysław Jagiełło memberikan hak-hak kota kepada desa Łódź. Sejak saat itu hingga abad ke-18 kota itu tetap merupakan sebuah pemukiman kecil di jalur perdagangan antara Masovia dan Silesia. Pada abad ke-16 kota itu dihuni oleh kurang dari 800 penduduk, yang kebanyakan bekerja di tanah pertanian gandum di dekatnya.

Ketika pembagian Polandia yang kedua kali pada 1793 Łódź ditempatkan di bawah administrasi Prusia dengan namanya yang baru dalam bahasa Jerman, Lodsch. Pada 1798 orang-orang Prusia menasionalisasi kota itu dan kota itu kehilangan statusnya sebagai kota para uskup dari Kuyavia. Pada 1806 kota itu digabungkan dengan Kepangeranan Warsawa dan pada 1815 menjadi bagian dari Kongres Polandia yang dikontrol Rusia.

Łódź sebagai kota industri

Pada 1820 Stanisław Staszic memulai gerakan untuk mengubah kota kecil itu menjadi pusat industri yang modern.

Jumlah penduduk dalam sejarah

Manufaktura

1793: 190
1806: 767
1830: 4.300
1850: 15.800
1880: 77.600
1905: 343.900
1925: 538.600
1990: 850.000
2003: 781.900

Orang-orang terkenal dari Łódź

Orang-orang terkenal yang dilahirkan atau bekerja di Łódź antara lain:

Peringatan Rubenstein di Lodz
Lapangan Kosciszko di Lodz
Jalan Piotrkowska
Jalan Piotrkowska
Jalan Piotrkowska

Yang lainnya lagi adalah:

Walikota

Olahraga

Lihat pula

Pranala luar

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Category:Łódź.

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