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[[Berkas:Deserted Old City Market (Hebron).jpg|thumb|250px|Pasar yang paling sepi di kota lama.]]
[[Berkas:Deserted Old City Market (Hebron).jpg|thumb|250px|Pasar yang paling sepi di kota lama.]]


Nama "Hebron" berasal dari nama bahasa Ibrani untuk kota ini, yang aslinya berasal dari kata חבר (''habar'' 598), yang artinya "dipersatukan, digabungkan, dipertautkan." Nama "Hebron" dapat ditelusuri ke akarnya yang sama dengan "''Heber''."<ref>[http://www.abarim-publications.com/Arie/Names/Hebron.html]</ref>
Nama "Hebron" berasal dari nama bahasa Ibrani untuk kota ini, yang aslinya berasal dari kata חבר (''habar'' 598), yang artinya "dipersatukan, digabungkan, dipertautkan." Nama "Hebron" dapat ditelusuri ke akarnya yang sama dengan "''Heber''."<ref>[http://www.abarim-publications.com/Arie/Names/Hebron.html]</ref>


Dalam bahasa Arab, "إبراهيم الخليل" berarti "Ibrahim, sang sahabat," yang menunjukkan bahwa, menurut ajaran [[Islam]] yang asli, [[Allah.swt]] memilih Nabi [[Ibrahim]].as sebagai hamba-Nya yang terpilih.<ref>[[Qur'an]]—{{Quran-usc|4|125}} وَمَنْ أَحْسَنُ دِينًا مِّمَّنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لله وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ واتَّبَعَ مِلَّةَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ حَنِيفًا وَاتَّخَذَ اللّهُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ خَلِيلاً
Dalam bahasa Arab, "إبراهيم الخليل" berarti "Ibrahim, sang sahabat," yang menunjukkan bahwa, menurut ajaran [[Islam]] yang asli, [[Allah.swt]] memilih Nabi [[Ibrahim]].as sebagai hamba-Nya yang terpilih.<ref>[[Qur'an]]—{{Quran-usc|4|125}} وَمَنْ أَحْسَنُ دِينًا مِّمَّنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لله وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ واتَّبَعَ مِلَّةَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ حَنِيفًا وَاتَّخَذَ اللّهُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ خَلِيلاً
</ref>
</ref>


Hebron terletak 30 km di selatan [[Yerusalem]]. Kota ini terkenal karena [[anggur]], [[batu kapur]], bengkel-bengkel [[keramik]] dan pabrik [[gelas tiup]]. Hebron juga merupakan lokasi pabrik produk susu yang besar, Al-Juneidi. Kota lama Hebron dicirikan oleh jalan-jalannya yang sempit dan berbelok-belok, rumah-rumah batu beratap datar, dan [[pasar]]-pasar (bazaar) lamanya. Di kota ini juga terdapat [[Universitas Hebron]] dan [http://www.ppu.edu Universitas Politeknik Palestina].
Hebron terletak 30&nbsp;km di selatan [[Yerusalem]]. Kota ini terkenal karena [[anggur]], [[batu kapur]], bengkel-bengkel [[keramik]] dan pabrik [[gelas tiup]]. Hebron juga merupakan lokasi pabrik produk susu yang besar, Al-Juneidi. Kota lama Hebron dicirikan oleh jalan-jalannya yang sempit dan berbelok-belok, rumah-rumah batu beratap datar, dan [[pasar]]-pasar (bazaar) lamanya. Di kota ini juga terdapat [[Universitas Hebron]] dan [http://www.ppu.edu Universitas Politeknik Palestina].
[[Berkas:Israeli soldiers on Palestine street.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tentara-tentara Israel di Hebron, 2004]]
[[Berkas:Israeli soldiers on Palestine street.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tentara-tentara Israel di Hebron, 2004]]


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<!--== Sejarah==
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=== Ancient period ===
=== Ancient period ===
Hebron is one of the most ancient cities in the [[Middle East]], and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Hebron was an ancient [[Canaan|Canaanite]] royal city, which according to archaeological findings was probably founded in the [[35th century BC|35th century BCE]], and mentioned in the Bible as existing during the [[18th century BC|18th century BCE]].
Hebron is one of the most ancient cities in the [[Middle East]], and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Hebron was an ancient [[Canaan|Canaanite]] royal city, which according to archaeological findings was probably founded in the [[35th century BC|35th century BCE]], and mentioned in the Bible as existing during the [[18th century BC|18th century BCE]].


Hebron is mentioned as being formerly called [[Kiryat Arba|Kirjath-arba]], before being conquered by [[Joshua]] and the [[Israelites]] (Joshua 14). Hebron became one of the principal centers of the [[Tribe of Judah]], and the Judahite [[David]] was anointed King of [[Israel]] in Hebron and reigned in the city until the capture of [[Jerusalem]], when the capital of the [[Kingdom of Israel]] was moved to that city. Jar handle stamps bearing Hebrew letters dating from 700 BCE, the oldest known inscription naming the city, have been found in Hebron (see [[LMLK seal]]).
Hebron is mentioned as being formerly called [[Kiryat Arba|Kirjath-arba]], before being conquered by [[Joshua]] and the [[Israelites]] (Joshua 14). Hebron became one of the principal centers of the [[Tribe of Judah]], and the Judahite [[David]] was anointed King of [[Israel]] in Hebron and reigned in the city until the capture of [[Jerusalem]], when the capital of the [[Kingdom of Israel]] was moved to that city. Jar handle stamps bearing Hebrew letters dating from 700 BCE, the oldest known inscription naming the city, have been found in Hebron (see [[LMLK seal]]).


After the destruction of the [[First Temple]], most of the Jewish inhabitants of Hebron were exiled and their place was taken by [[Edomites]] at about [[587 BCE]]. [[Herod the Great]] built the wall which still surrounds the [[Cave of Machpelah]]. During the first war against the Romans, Hebron was conquered by [[Simon Bar Giora]], the leader of the [[Sicarii]]. Eventually it became part of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Justinian I]] erected a Christian church over the Cave of Machpelah in the [[6th century|6th century CE]] which was later destroyed by the [[Sassanid]]s.
After the destruction of the [[First Temple]], most of the Jewish inhabitants of Hebron were exiled and their place was taken by [[Edomites]] at about [[587 BCE]]. [[Herod the Great]] built the wall which still surrounds the [[Cave of Machpelah]]. During the first war against the Romans, Hebron was conquered by [[Simon Bar Giora]], the leader of the [[Sicarii]]. Eventually it became part of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Justinian I]] erected a Christian church over the Cave of Machpelah in the [[6th century|6th century CE]] which was later destroyed by the [[Sassanid]]s.
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=== Israeli rule ===
=== Israeli rule ===
After the [[Six Day War]], in June [[1967]], Hebron and the rest of the West Bank came under Israeli control (See [[Israeli-occupied territories]]).
After the [[Six Day War]], in June [[1967]], Hebron and the rest of the West Bank came under Israeli control (See [[Israeli-occupied territories]]).


In 1969, a group of Jewish settlers began to reside in the city, though a government compromise soon focused the Jewish presence to the east in the new [[Israeli settlement|settlement]] of [[Kiryat Arba]]. Beginning in 1979, Jewish settlers moved from Kiryat Arba to the old [[Avraham Avinu]] neighborhood, and later to other Hebron neighborhoods including [[Tel Rumeida]].
In 1969, a group of Jewish settlers began to reside in the city, though a government compromise soon focused the Jewish presence to the east in the new [[Israeli settlement|settlement]] of [[Kiryat Arba]]. Beginning in 1979, Jewish settlers moved from Kiryat Arba to the old [[Avraham Avinu]] neighborhood, and later to other Hebron neighborhoods including [[Tel Rumeida]].
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Funds from Arab nations earmarked for the reconstruction of homes in Hebron destroyed by Israeli bulldozers during the second intifada was reported to have reached PA leaders close to [[Yasser Arafat]] rather than the intended recipients.<ref>[http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=countries&Area=palestinian&ID=SP39002]</ref>
Funds from Arab nations earmarked for the reconstruction of homes in Hebron destroyed by Israeli bulldozers during the second intifada was reported to have reached PA leaders close to [[Yasser Arafat]] rather than the intended recipients.<ref>[http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=countries&Area=palestinian&ID=SP39002]</ref>


In [[1994]], an Israeli Jewish settler [[Baruch Goldstein]] opened fire on Muslims at prayer in the [[Mosque of Abraham massacre|Ibrahimi Mosque]], killing 29. This event was condemned by the Israeli Government and polled Israelis. Israel banned the right-wing [[Kach]] movement as a result.
In [[1994]], an Israeli Jewish settler [[Baruch Goldstein]] opened fire on Muslims at prayer in the [[Mosque of Abraham massacre|Ibrahimi Mosque]], killing 29. This event was condemned by the Israeli Government and polled Israelis. Israel banned the right-wing [[Kach]] movement as a result.


A year later, the Mayor of Hebron invited the Christian Peacemaker Teams to assist them the local Palestinian community in opposition to what they describe as Israeli military occupation, collective punishment, settler harassment, home demolitions and land confiscation.<ref>[http://www.cpt.org/publications/history.php CPT Presence in Hebron]</ref> They have maintained a presence in the community despite attacks against them, the most noted being in 2004 when two corps members, Kimberly Lamberty and Christopher Brown were attacked while walking Palestinian Children to school [http://www.sfcg.org/articles/westbank.pdf Washington Post account]. Accounts of the CPT presence can be found in Art Gish's "Hebron Journal."
A year later, the Mayor of Hebron invited the Christian Peacemaker Teams to assist them the local Palestinian community in opposition to what they describe as Israeli military occupation, collective punishment, settler harassment, home demolitions and land confiscation.<ref>[http://www.cpt.org/publications/history.php CPT Presence in Hebron]</ref> They have maintained a presence in the community despite attacks against them, the most noted being in 2004 when two corps members, Kimberly Lamberty and Christopher Brown were attacked while walking Palestinian Children to school [http://www.sfcg.org/articles/westbank.pdf Washington Post account]. Accounts of the CPT presence can be found in Art Gish's "Hebron Journal."
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|<ref name=JVL>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/hebron.html Jewish Virtual Library]</ref>
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[[Berkas:HebronStar.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Star of David]] carved above entrance to a home in the old city of Hebron.<ref name=cpt1/> <ref name=cpt2/>]]
[[Berkas:HebronStar.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Star of David]] carved above entrance to a home in the old city of Hebron.<ref name=cpt1/> <ref name=cpt2/>]]


Following the [[Six-Day War]] of [[1967]], a group of Jews disguised as tourists, led by [[Rabbi]] [[Moshe Levinger]], took over the main hotel in Hebron and refused to leave. They later moved to a nearby abandoned army camp and established the settlement of [[Kiryat Arba]]. In [[1979]], Levinger's wife led 30 Jewish women to take over the Daboya Hospital (Beit Hadassah) in central Hebron. Before long this received Israeli government approval and further Jewish enclaves in the city were established with army assistance. This process of expansion of the Jewish presence is continuing and there are now more than 20 Jewish settlements in and around the city.
Following the [[Six-Day War]] of [[1967]], a group of Jews disguised as tourists, led by [[Rabbi]] [[Moshe Levinger]], took over the main hotel in Hebron and refused to leave. They later moved to a nearby abandoned army camp and established the settlement of [[Kiryat Arba]]. In [[1979]], Levinger's wife led 30 Jewish women to take over the Daboya Hospital (Beit Hadassah) in central Hebron. Before long this received Israeli government approval and further Jewish enclaves in the city were established with army assistance. This process of expansion of the Jewish presence is continuing and there are now more than 20 Jewish settlements in and around the city.


Jews living in these settlements and their supporters claim that they are resettling areas where Jews have lived since time immemorial, for example citing the [[Star of David]] (see photo) carved in the keystone above some of the doorways in the old city.<ref name=cpt1> Christian Peacemaking Teams. [http://www.cpt.org/archives/2004/jul04/0032.html HEBRON UPDATE: July 11-16, 2004], 2004-7-26. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.</ref> <ref name=cpt2> Christian Peacemaking Teams. [http://www.cpt.org/archives/2004/sep04/0000.html HEBRON UPDATE: August 17-23, 2004], 2004-9-1. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.</ref> However, some reports, both foreign and Israeli are sharply critical of the settlers. <ref name=BG>The Boston Globe. [http://www.globalexchange.org/countries/palestine/293.html A top Israeli Says Settlers Incited Riot In Hebron] 2002-7-31. Retrieved on 2006-11-13. (was [http://www.boston.com/dailyglobe2/212/nation/A_top_Israeli_says_settlers_incited_riot_in_Hebron.shtml here])</ref> <ref name=sct>The Scotsman. "[http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=820752002 Settlers’ revenge leaves Hebron bleeding]", 2002-7-30. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.</ref>
Jews living in these settlements and their supporters claim that they are resettling areas where Jews have lived since time immemorial, for example citing the [[Star of David]] (see photo) carved in the keystone above some of the doorways in the old city.<ref name=cpt1> Christian Peacemaking Teams. [http://www.cpt.org/archives/2004/jul04/0032.html HEBRON UPDATE: July 11-16, 2004], 2004-7-26. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.</ref> <ref name=cpt2> Christian Peacemaking Teams. [http://www.cpt.org/archives/2004/sep04/0000.html HEBRON UPDATE: August 17-23, 2004], 2004-9-1. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.</ref> However, some reports, both foreign and Israeli are sharply critical of the settlers. <ref name=BG>The Boston Globe. [http://www.globalexchange.org/countries/palestine/293.html A top Israeli Says Settlers Incited Riot In Hebron] 2002-7-31. Retrieved on 2006-11-13. (was [http://www.boston.com/dailyglobe2/212/nation/A_top_Israeli_says_settlers_incited_riot_in_Hebron.shtml here])</ref> <ref name=sct>The Scotsman. "[http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=820752002 Settlers’ revenge leaves Hebron bleeding]", 2002-7-30. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.</ref>
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* Rabbi [[Moshe Levinger]], perintis Komunitas Yahudi kontemporer ([[yishuv]] yang baru).
* Rabbi [[Moshe Levinger]], perintis Komunitas Yahudi kontemporer ([[yishuv]] yang baru).
* Rabbi [[Dov Lior]], rabbi komunitas [[Kiryat Arba]]
* Rabbi [[Dov Lior]], rabbi komunitas [[Kiryat Arba]]
* [[Shalhevet Pass]], korban pembunuhan
* [[Shalhevet Pass]], korban pembunuhan


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[[Kategori:Tepi Barat]]
[[Kategori:Tepi Barat]]
[[Kategori:Penerima Penghargaan Aga Khan untuk Arsitektur]]
[[Kategori:Penerima Penghargaan Aga Khan untuk Arsitektur]]
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Revisi per 7 Maret 2015 18.57

Untuk nama orang, lihat Hebron bin Kehat.
Hebron
Arab:الخليل Ibrani: חֶבְרוֹן
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Situs webwww.hebron-city.ps

Hebron (bahasa Arab الخليلⓘ al-Ḫalīl atau al Khalīl bahasa Ibrani חֶבְרוֹןⓘ, Ibrani Standar Ḥevron, Ibrani Tiberias Ḥeḇrôn) adalah sebuah kota di wilayah Yudea selatan di Tepi Barat. Di kota ini tinggal sekitar 120.000 orang Palestina dan 600 orang pemukim Israel,[2] dengan sekitar 7.000 orang Yahudi tinggal di kota Kiryat Arba di dekatnya. Hebron terletak 930 m di atas permukaan laut.

Pasar yang paling sepi di kota lama.

Nama "Hebron" berasal dari nama bahasa Ibrani untuk kota ini, yang aslinya berasal dari kata חבר (habar 598), yang artinya "dipersatukan, digabungkan, dipertautkan." Nama "Hebron" dapat ditelusuri ke akarnya yang sama dengan "Heber."[3]

Dalam bahasa Arab, "إبراهيم الخليل" berarti "Ibrahim, sang sahabat," yang menunjukkan bahwa, menurut ajaran Islam yang asli, Allah.swt memilih Nabi Ibrahim.as sebagai hamba-Nya yang terpilih.[4]

Hebron terletak 30 km di selatan Yerusalem. Kota ini terkenal karena anggur, batu kapur, bengkel-bengkel keramik dan pabrik gelas tiup. Hebron juga merupakan lokasi pabrik produk susu yang besar, Al-Juneidi. Kota lama Hebron dicirikan oleh jalan-jalannya yang sempit dan berbelok-belok, rumah-rumah batu beratap datar, dan pasar-pasar (bazaar) lamanya. Di kota ini juga terdapat Universitas Hebron dan Universitas Politeknik Palestina.

Tentara-tentara Israel di Hebron, 2004

Situs bersejarah paling terkenal di Hebron terletak di Makam para Leluhur atau Gua Makhpela (bahasa Ibrani: מערת המכפלה‎, atau Me'arat ha-Machpelah; bahasa Arab: الحرم الإبراهيمي, atau al-Haram al-Ibrahimi, "tempat suci Abraham"). Situs ini suci bagi ketiga agama Abrahamik: Yudaisme, Kristen, dan Islam. Menurut Kitab Kejadian, Abraham membeli gua itu dan tanah di sekelilingnya untuk menguburkan istrinya Sarah. Orang Yahudi percaya bahwa Abraham, Sarah, Ishak, Ribka, Yakub dan Lea dimakamkan di gua ini (leluhur yang lainnya, Rahel, dimakamkan di tempat lain, Betlehem). Karena alasan ini, orang Yahudi juga menyebut kota ini "Kota para Leluhur," dan merupakan salah satu dari empat kota paling suci dalam Yudaisme (bersama-sama dengan Yerusalem, Tiberias dan Tzfat). Gua itu sendiri adalah tempat tersuci kedua dalam Yudaisme. Sepanjang sejarah di sini telah dibangun gereja, sinagoga dan masjid (lihat "Sejarah," bawah). Aula Ishak kini menjadi Masjid Ibrahimi, sementara Aula Abraham dan Aula Yakub berfungsi sebagai sinagoga Yahudi.


Demografi

Tahun Muslim Kristen Yahudi Total Catatan
1538 749 r 7 r 20 r 776 r (r = rumah tangga) Sumber: Cohen & Lewis
1817 500 [5]
1838 700 [5]
1837 423 Montefiore census
1866 497 Montefiore census
1922 16,074 73 430 16,577 British Mandate Census
1929 700 [5]
1930 0 [5]
1931 17,275 112 135 17,522 British Mandate Census
1944 24,400 150 0 24,550 Perkiraan
1967 38,203 106 0 38,309 Census
1997 130,000 3 530 130,533 [5]

Data setelah tahun 1967 tidak memasukkan komunitas Yahudi di Kiryat Arba, yang bertetangga dengan Hebron tetapi tidak termasuk menjadi bagiannya, dan yang dihuni oleh 6500 penduduk Yahudi.

Tokoh terkemuka yang berhubungan dengan Hebron

31°32′00″N 35°05′42″E / 31.53333°N 35.09500°E / 31.53333; 35.09500

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama PCBS
  2. ^ "Two Israeli troops shot in Hebron" - BBC, 3 Juli 2005
  3. ^ [1]
  4. ^ Qur'an—4:125 وَمَنْ أَحْسَنُ دِينًا مِّمَّنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لله وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ واتَّبَعَ مِلَّةَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ حَنِيفًا وَاتَّخَذَ اللّهُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ خَلِيلاً
  5. ^ a b c d e Jewish Virtual Library

Pranala luar

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