Flu Spanyol

Pandemik Flu 1918 (biasa disebut Flu Spanyol) adalah Pandemik Influenza kategori 5 yang mulai menyebar di Amerika Serikat, muncul di Afrika Barat dan Prancis, lalu menyebar hampir ke seluruh dunia. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh Virus Influenza Tipe A subtipe H1N1. Kebanyakan korban Flu ini adalah orang dewasa dan muda. Flu Spanyol terjadi dari Maret 1918 sampai Juni 1920, menyebar sampai ke Arktik dan kepulauan Pasifik. Diperkirakan 50 sampai 100 juta orang di seluruh dunia meninggal, sementara Indonesia diperkirakan sampai sekitar 1-1,5 juta jiwa yang meninggal di masa pemerintahan Hindia Belanda ini. Karena sangat sulit ditanggulangi oleh berbagai negara di seluruh dunia, para pimpinan tiap negara sampai membuatkan hukum seperti pelarangan berjabat tangan di Arizona karena sangat mudah menyebarnya.

Grafik kematian di kota utama.

Daftar pustaka

• Barry, John M. (2004). The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0-670-89473-7. 

• Crosby, Alfred W. (1990). America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38695-0. 

• Johnson, Niall (2006). Britain and the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic: A Dark Epilogue. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36560-0. 

• Johnson, Niall (2003). "Measuring a pandemic: Mortality, demography and geography". Popolazione e Storia: 31–52. 

• Johnson, Niall (2003). "Scottish 'flu – The Scottish mortality experience of the "Spanish flu". Scottish Historical Review. 83 (2): 216–226. 

• Johnson, Niall (2002). "Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918–1920 'Spanish' influenza pandemic". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 76: 105–15. 
• Mendes, Shawn (1998). The Great Pandemic of The Greatest Plague in History

• Kolata, Gina. Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It (1999) ISBN 0-374-15706-5

• Little, Jean (2007). If I Die Before I Wake: The Flu Epidemic Diary of Fiona Macgregor, Toronto, Ontario, 1918. Dear Canada. Markham, Ont.: Scholastic Canada. ISBN 9780439988377. 

• Noymer, Andrew (2000). "The 1918 Influenza Epidemic's Effects on Sex Differentials in Mortality in the United States". Population and Development Review. 26 (3): 565–581. ISSN 0098-7921. 

• Oxford JS, Sefton A, Jackson R, Innes W, Daniels RS, Johnson NP (2002). "World War I may have allowed the emergence of "Spanish" influenza". The Lancet infectious diseases. 2 (2): 111–4. PMID 11901642. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)

• Oxford JS, Sefton A, Jackson R, Johnson NP, Daniels RS (1999). "Who's that lady?". Nat. Med. 5 (12): 1351–2. doi:10.1038/70913. PMID 10581070. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)

• Phillips, Howard (2003). The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918: New Perspectives. London and New York: Routledge. 

• Rice, Geoffrey W. (1993). "Pandemic Influenza in Japan, 1918-1919: Mortality Patterns and Official Responses". Journal of Japanese Studies. 19 (2): 389–420. ISSN 0095-6848. 

• Rice, Geoffrey W. (2005). Black November: the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand. Canterbury University Press. ISBN 1-877257-35-4. 

• Tumpey TM, García-Sastre A, Mikulasova A; et al. (2002). "Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (21): 13849–54. doi:10.1073/pnas.212519699. PMID 12368467. Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)

Pranala luar

• Video from Expert Panel Discussion on Avian Flu
• Nature "Web Focus" on 1918 flu, including new research
• Influenza Pandemic on stanford.edu
• Article: The Deadliest Fall
• Influenza 1918 in the United States on pbs.org
• Secrets of the Dead: Killer Flu (PBS)
• Flu by Eileen A. Lynch. The devastating effect of the Spanish flu in the city of Philadelphia, PA, USA
• Dialog: An Interview with Dr. Jeffery Taubenberger on Reconstructing the Spanish Flu
• The Deadly Virus - The Influenza Epidemic of 1918, by the National Archives and Records Administration (see actual pictures and records of the time).
• The 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand - includes recorded recollections of people who lived through it
• Experts Unlock Clues to Spread of 1918 Flu Virus - The New York Times
• PBS - recovery of flu samples from Alaskan flu victims
• An Avian Connection as a Catalyst to the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic
• Alaska Science Forum - Permafrost Preserves Clues to Deadly 1918 Flu
• Pathology of Influenza in France, 1920 Report
• "Deadly secret of 1918 flu virus unmasked", Cosmos magazine, September 2006
• Yesterday's News blog, 1918 newspaper account on impact of flu on Minneapolis
• "Lethal secrets of 1918 flu virus" BBC News, January 2007
• "Study uncovers a lethal secret of 1918 influenza virus" University of Wisconsin - Madison, January 17, 2007
• "The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health implications" Journal of Translational Medicine, January 20, 2004