Neanderthal

NEANDERTHAL; Rentang waktu: Pleistosen
	Kerangka Manusia Neanderthal, AMNH
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Kelas:	Mammalia
Ordo:	Primates
Famili:	Hominidae
Genus:	Homo
Spesies:	H. neanderthalensis
Nama binomial
	Homo neanderthalensis; King, 1864
Sinonim
	Palaeoanthropus neanderthalensis; H. s. neanderthalensis

Neanderthal adalah anggota genus Homo yang telah punah dan berasal dari zaman Pleistosen. Spesimennya ditemukan di Eurasia, dari Eropa Barat hingga Asia Tengah dan Utara. Spesies ini dinamakan Neandertal sesuai dengan lokasi tempat pertama kali ditemukan di Jerman, Neandertal atau Lembah Neander.

Neanderthal dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai subspesies manusia (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) atau spesies yang berbeda (Homo neanderthalensis).^[1] Jejak proto-Neanderthal pertama muncul di Eropa 600.000–350.000 tahun yang lalu.^[2]

Pada situs-situs arkeologi Uluzzian (salah satu kelompok etnis dalam keluarga besar Neanderthal) di Italia Selatan telah ditemukan beragam peralatan hidup sehari-hari yang digunakan oleh Neanderthal.^[3] Peralatan tersebut meliputi alat memancing, berburu, proyektil, serta peralatan lain dari tulang dan batu.^[3] Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Neanderthal mampu berinovasi dan membuat teknologi baru.^[3]

Neanderthal berpisah dari garis evolusi manusia sekitar 500.000 tahun yang lalu dan lenyap dari muka bumi sekitar 30.000 tahun yang lalu.^[3] Beberapa spekulasi yang diduga berkaitan dengan kepunahannya adalah Neanderthal mati dibunuh oleh manusia modern atau punah karena Homo sapiens lebih banyak dan aktif bereproduksi.^[3] Spekulasi lainnya adalah tiga kali letusan gunung berapi sekitar 40.000 tahun yang lalu di daerah Italia dan Pegunungan Kaukasus telah menyebabkan kepunahan Nanderthal.^[3]

Beberapa kumpulan artefak telah dikaitkan dengan Neanderthal di Eropa. Paling awal, alat batu Mousterian, diperkirakan dari 300.000 tahun yang lalu.^[4] Artefak Mousterian terakhir ditemukan di Gua Gorham di pantai selatan Gibraltar.^[5] Di luar Eropa, alat-alat Mousterian dibuat oleh Neanderthals dan Homo sapiens awal modern.^[6]

Etimologi

Nama Neanderthal diambil dari nama Lembah Neandertal, di Jerman; tempat penemuan spesimen pertama yang teridentifikasi. Lembah tersebut dieja Neanderthal, sedangkan spesiesnya dieja Neanderthaler dalam bahasa Jerman hingga reformasi ejaan pada tahun 1901.^[7]^[8]

Referensi

^ Tattersall I, Schwartz JH (1999). "Hominids and hybrids: the place of Neanderthals in human evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (13): 7117–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117. PMID 10377375. on the view that these distinctive hominids merit species recognition in their own right as Homo neanderthalensis (e.g., refs. 4 and 5), at least as many still regard them as no more than a strange variant of our own species, Homo sapiens (6, 7) . Tersedia daring
^ J. L. Bischoff; et al. (2003). "The Sima de los Huesos Hominids Date to Beyond U/Th Equilibrium (>350 kyr) and Perhaps to 400–500 kyr: New Radiometric Dates". J. Archaeol. Sci. 30 (30): 275. doi:10.1006/jasc.2002.0834.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Luki, Aulia (2021-01-19). "Antropologi: Neanderthal Juga "Manusia"". The New York Times/Discovery News/Science Daily. Kompas. hlm. 14.
^ Skinner, A., B. Blackwell, R. Long, M.R. Seronie-Vivien, A.-M. Tillier and J. Blickstein (2007-03-28). "New ESR dates for a new bone-bearing layer at Pradayrol, Lot, France". Paleoanthropology Society.
^ Finlayson, C; Pacheco, Fg; Rodríguez-Vidal, J; Fa, Da; Gutierrez, López, Jm; Santiago, Pérez, A; Finlayson, G; Allue, E; Baena, Preysler, J; Cáceres, I; Carrión, Js; Fernández, Jalvo, Y; Gleed-Owen, Cp; Jimenez, Espejo, Fj; López, P; López, Sáez, Ja; Riquelme, Cantal, Ja; Sánchez, Marco, A; Guzman, Fg; Brown, K; Fuentes, N; Valarino, Ca; Villalpando, A; Stringer, Cb; Martinez, Ruiz, F; Sakamoto, T (October 2006). "Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe". Nature. 443 (7113): 850–3. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..850F. doi:10.1038/nature05195. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16971951.
^ Donald Johanson & Blake Edgar (2006). "From Lucy to Language". Simon & Schuster: 272.
^ Howell, F. C. (1957). "The Evolutionary Significance of Variation and Varieties of "Neanderthal" Man". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 32 (4): 330–347. doi:10.1086/401978. ISSN 0033-5770.
^ "Neandertal oder Neanderthal? - Was ist denn nun richtig?" [Neandertal atau Neanderthal? - Mana yang benar?]. mettmann.de. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 Oktober 2006. Diakses tanggal 22 Januari 2023.

Pranala luar

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Smithsonian Diarsipkan 11 September 2007 di Wayback Machine.
Archaelogy Info Diarsipkan 26 Desember 2018 di Wayback Machine.
MNSU Diarsipkan 23 Oktober 2010 di Wayback Machine.
"Humans and Neanderthals interbred" Diarsipkan 22 Februari 2009 di Wayback Machine.: Modern humans contain a little bit of Neanderthal, according to a new theory, because the two interbred and became one species. (Cosmos magazine, November 2006)
BBC.co.uk - 'Neanderthals "mated with modern humans": A hybrid skeleton showing features of both Neanderthal and early modern humans has been discovered, challenging the theory that our ancestors drove Neanderthals to extinction', BBC (21 April 1999)

BBC.co.uk - 'Neanderthals "had hands like ours": The popular image of Neanderthals as clumsy, backward creatures has been dealt another blow', Helen Briggs, BBC (27 Maret 2003)

IndState.edu Diarsipkan 3 Maret 2001 di Wayback Machine. - 'Neanderthals: A Cyber Perspective', Kharlena María Ramanan, Indiana State University (1997)
Krapina.com - 'Krapina: The World's Largest Neanderthal Finding Site'
Neanderthal.de - 'Neanderthal Museum'
Neanderthal DNA - 'Neanderthal DNA' Includes Neanderthal mtDNA sequences
The Cryptid Zoo - 'Neanderthals and Neanderthaloids in Cryptozoology' (modern sightings promoted by the pseudoscience of cryptozoology)
UniZH.ch Diarsipkan 13 Mei 2007 di Wayback Machine. - 'Comparing Neanderthals and modern humans: Neanderthals differ from anatomically modern Homo sapiens in a suite of cranial features' (cranio-facial reconstructions), Institut für Informatik der Universität Zürich
Panoramio Diarsipkan 24 Juli 2018 di Wayback Machine. - 'IMG_6922 The Neandertal foot prints' (photo of ~25K years old fossilized footprints discovered in 1970 on volcanic layers near Demirkopru Dam Reservoir, Manisa, Turkey)
interactive database on the archaeology and anthropology of Neanderthals Diarsipkan 29 September 2007 di Wayback Machine.
Did free trade cause the extinction of Neanderthals?
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA can show conflicting phylogenetic histories
Neanderthal manifactured pitch Diarsipkan 23 Mei 2008 di Wayback Machine.
Homo neanderthalensis reconstruction Diarsipkan 26 September 2006 di Wayback Machine. - Electronic articles published by the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.
CBS article on latest scientific speculation about Neanderthals in Gibraltar.
Neanderthal bone gives DNA clues
Scientists decode Neanderthal genes
Scientists Build 'Frankenstein' Neanderthal Skeleton
A NEANDERTHAL'S DNA TALE Diarsipkan 6 Maret 2008 di Wayback Machine.
'Bone and Stone' A digitally enhanced single frame philatelic exhibit dedicated to the Neanderthal.
How Neanderthal molar teeth grew
Mousterian Tools of Neanderthals From Europe - World Museum of Man Diarsipkan 3 Februari 2010 di Wayback Machine.
The Way We Are
Link to picture of the Neanderthal trace near Gediz River in Turkey Diarsipkan 24 Juli 2018 di Wayback Machine.
Link to Cross-Eyed stereoview of Neanderthal fossil cast in Chicago Field Museum Diarsipkan 24 Februari 2009 di Wayback Machine.
(Indonesia) Homo sapiens Mendesak Homo neanderthalensis Keluar dari Eropa

[1] Tattersall I, Schwartz JH (1999). "Hominids and hybrids: the place of Neanderthals in human evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (13): 7117–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117. PMID 10377375. on the view that these distinctive hominids merit species recognition in their own right as Homo neanderthalensis (e.g., refs. 4 and 5), at least as many still regard them as no more than a strange variant of our own species, Homo sapiens (6, 7) . Tersedia daring

[2] J. L. Bischoff; et al. (2003). "The Sima de los Huesos Hominids Date to Beyond U/Th Equilibrium (>350 kyr) and Perhaps to 400–500 kyr: New Radiometric Dates". J. Archaeol. Sci. 30 (30): 275. doi:10.1006/jasc.2002.0834.

[satu-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Luki, Aulia (2021-01-19). "Antropologi: Neanderthal Juga "Manusia"". The New York Times/Discovery News/Science Daily. Kompas. hlm. 14.

[4] Skinner, A., B. Blackwell, R. Long, M.R. Seronie-Vivien, A.-M. Tillier and J. Blickstein (2007-03-28). "New ESR dates for a new bone-bearing layer at Pradayrol, Lot, France". Paleoanthropology Society.

[5] Finlayson, C; Pacheco, Fg; Rodríguez-Vidal, J; Fa, Da; Gutierrez, López, Jm; Santiago, Pérez, A; Finlayson, G; Allue, E; Baena, Preysler, J; Cáceres, I; Carrión, Js; Fernández, Jalvo, Y; Gleed-Owen, Cp; Jimenez, Espejo, Fj; López, P; López, Sáez, Ja; Riquelme, Cantal, Ja; Sánchez, Marco, A; Guzman, Fg; Brown, K; Fuentes, N; Valarino, Ca; Villalpando, A; Stringer, Cb; Martinez, Ruiz, F; Sakamoto, T (October 2006). "Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe". Nature. 443 (7113): 850–3. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..850F. doi:10.1038/nature05195. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16971951.

[6] Donald Johanson & Blake Edgar (2006). "From Lucy to Language". Simon & Schuster: 272.

[7] Howell, F. C. (1957). "The Evolutionary Significance of Variation and Varieties of "Neanderthal" Man". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 32 (4): 330–347. doi:10.1086/401978. ISSN 0033-5770.

[8] "Neandertal oder Neanderthal? - Was ist denn nun richtig?" [Neandertal atau Neanderthal? - Mana yang benar?]. mettmann.de. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 Oktober 2006. Diakses tanggal 22 Januari 2023.

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