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Struktur matematika

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Revisi sejak 7 Agustus 2012 17.42 oleh Reindra (bicara | kontrib) (melanjutkan)

Di dalam matematika, struktur pada sebuah himpunan, atau lebih umumnya tipe, terdiri dari objek-objek matematika tambahan yang dalam beberapa cara melekat (atau berhubungan) dengan himpunan, membuatnya lebih mudah untuk memvisualkan atau bekerja dengannya, atau memberkati koleksi dengan makna atau keberartian/signifikansi.

Daftar sebagian dari struktur-struktur yang mungkin adalah ukuran, struktur aljabar (grup, lapangan, dst.), Topologi, struktur metrik (geometri), urutan, relasi ekivalen, struktur diferensial, dan kategori.

Kadang-kadang, sebuah himpunan diberkati dengan lebih dari satu struktur sekaligus; ini membolehkan para matematikawan mempelajarinya secara lebih kaya. Misalnya, urutan menginduksi topologi. Contoh lain, jika suatu himpunan memiliki topologi dan merupakan grup, dan kedua-dua struktur itu berhubungan dalam suatu cara tertentu, maka himpunan itu menjadi grup topologi.

Mappings between sets which preserve structures (so that structures in the domain are mapped to equivalent structures in the codomain) are of special interest in many fields of mathematics. Examples are homomorphisms, which preserve algebraic structures; homeomorphisms, which preserve topological structures; and diffeomorphisms, which preserve differential structures.

N. Bourbaki suggested an explication of the concept "mathematical structure" in their book "Theory of Sets" (Chapter 4. Structures) and then defined on that base, in particular, a very general concept of isomorphism.

Contoh: bilangan real

The set of real numbers has several standard structures:

  • an order: each number is either less or more than every other number.
  • algebraic structure: there are operations of multiplication and addition that make it into a field.
  • a measure: intervals along the real line have a specific length, which can be extended to the Lebesgue measure on many of its subsets.
  • a metric: there is a notion of distance between points.
  • a geometry: it is equipped with a metric and is flat.
  • a topology: there is a notion of open sets.

There are interfaces among these:

  • Its order and, independently, its metric structure induce its topology.
  • Its order and algebraic structure make it into an ordered field.
  • Its algebraic structure and topology make it into a Lie group, a type of topological group.

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