Interseks

Interseks adalah variasi karakteristik kelamin (termasuk kromosom, gonad, dan alat kelamin) yang membuat seseorang tidak dapat diidentifikasi sebagai laki-laki atau perempuan. Variasi ini meliputi ambiguitas jenis kelamin dan kombinasi genotip kromosom dan fenotip seksual selain XY (laki-laki) dan XX (perempuan).^[1]^[2] Orang-orang interseks sebelumnya dianggap hermafrodit, tetapi istilah ini sudah tidak digunakan lagi karena dianggap menyesatkan dan memberi stigma, sehingga istilah ini digunakan untuk spesies lain.

Beberapa bayi dan anak interseks yang memiliki jenis kelamin ambigu dioperasi atau diberi terapi hormon agar dapat menjadi laki-laki atau perempuan. Namun, praktik ini kontroversial karena tidak ada bukti bahwa praktik tersebut berdampak positif.^[3] Penelitian pada akhir abad ke-20 telah menghasilkan konsensus bahwa tubuh interseks merupakan tubuh yang normal, walaupun memang relatif langka.^[4]

Isu operasi atau terapi paksa mulai dianggap sebagai pelanggaran hak asasi manusia oleh organisasi-organisasi hak asasi manusia nasional dan internasional.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Organisasi interseks juga telah mengeluarkan pernyataan-pernyataan gabungan dalam Forum Interseks Internasional terkait dengan hal ini. Pada April 2015, Malta menjadi negara pertama yang melarang intervensi medis non-konsensual yang mengubah anatomi seks orang-orang interseks.^[9]^[10]

Orang-orang interseks memiliki berbagai identitas gender. Sebagian besar menganggap dirinya sebagai laki-laki atau perempuan, sementara beberapa mungkin merasa tidak sepenuhnya laki-laki atau perempuan. Beberapa orang interseks dibesarkan sebagai laki-laki atau perempuan tetapi kemudian merasa identitas gendernya berbeda.^[1]^[2]^[11]^[12]

Catatan kaki

^ ^a ^b Money, John; Ehrhardt, Anke A. (1972). Man & Woman Boy & Girl. Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-1405-7.
^ ^a ^b Domurat Dreger, Alice (2001). Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. USA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00189-3.
^ Submission 88 to the Australian Senate inquiry on the involuntary or coerced sterilisation of people with disabilities in Australia, Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group (APEG), 27 Juni 2013
^ Zderic, Stephen (2002). Pediatric gender assignment : a critical reappraisal ; [proceedings from a conference ... in Dallas in the spring of 1999 which was entitled "pediatric gender assignment - a critical reappraisal"]. New York, NY [u.a.]: Kluwer Acad. / Plenum Publ. ISBN 0306467593.
^ Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, February 2013.
^ Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization, An interagency statement, World Health Organization, May 2014.
^ Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia, Australian Senate Community Affairs Committee, October 2013.
^ On the management of differences of sex development, Ethical issues relating to "intersexuality", Opinion No. 20/2012, Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics, November 2012.
^ Reuters (1 April 2015). "Surgery and Sterilization Scrapped in Malta's Benchmark LGBTI Law". The New York Times.
^ Star Observer (2 April 2015). "Malta passes law outlawing forced surgical intervention on intersex minors". Star Observer.
^ Furtado P. S.; et al. (2012). "Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development". Nat. Rev. Urol. 9: 620–627. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.182.
^ Marañón, Gregorio (1929). Los estados intersexuales en la especie humana. Madrid: Morata.

Referensi

Senate of Australia, Community Affairs References Committee (25 October 2013). Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia.
Blackless, Melanie; Charuvastra, Anthony; Derryck, Amanda; Fausto-Sterling, Anne; Lauzanne, Karl; Lee, Ellen (2000). "How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis". Am J Hum Biol. 12 (2): 151–166. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(200003/04)12:2<151::AID-AJHB1>3.0.CO;2-F. PMID 11534012.
Georgiann Davis (2001). "DSD is a Perfectly Fine Term": Reasserting Medical Authority through a Shift in Intersex Terminology, in PJ McGann, David J. Hutson (ed.) Sociology of Diagnosis (Advances in Medical Sociology, Volume 12), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 155–182, DOI: 10.1108/S1057-6290(2011)0000012012.
Dreger, A.D.; Chase, C.; Sousa, A.; Gruppuso, P.A.; Frader, J. (2005). "Changing the nomenclature/taxonomy for intersex: a scientific and clinical rationale". J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 18 (8): 729–33. doi:10.1515/JPEM.2005.18.8.729. PMID 16200837.
Alice Dreger (May/June 1998). "Ambiguous sex"--or Ambivalent Medicine? The Hastings Center Report May/Jun 1998, Volume 28, Issue 3 Pages 24–35. http://www.isna.org/articles/ambivalent_medicine
Anne Fausto-Sterling (2000). Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality.
Dan Christian Ghattas and Heinrich Böll Foundation (September 2013). Human Rights Between the Sexes.
Morgan Holmes (editor) (October 2009). Critical Intersex, Ashgate Publishing.
Katrina Karkazis (2008). Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience.
National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics, Switzerland (November 2012). On the management of differences of sex development, Ethical issues relating to "intersexuality", Opinion No. 20/2012.
Organisation Intersex International Australia, (April 2014). Submission on the ethics of genetic selection against intersex traits.
San Francisco Human Rights Commission (April 28, 2005). A Human Rights Investigation into the medical "normalization" of intersex people (PDF format via Senate of Australia).
World Health Organization, OHCHR, UN Women, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNFPA and UNICEF (May 2014) Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization, An interagency statement, ISBN 978-92-4-150732-5.
Zwischengeschlecht (March 2014). IGM – Historical Overview. Hermaphrodites in the 'Developed World': From Legal Self-Determination to IGM, Supplement 1 in: NGO Report to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Periodic Report of Switzerland on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), v2.0, pp. 49–62.

Artikel bertopik seks ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[Money-1] Money, John; Ehrhardt, Anke A. (1972). Man & Woman Boy & Girl. Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-1405-7.

[Dreger-2] Domurat Dreger, Alice (2001). Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. USA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00189-3.

[apeg2013-3] Submission 88 to the Australian Senate inquiry on the involuntary or coerced sterilisation of people with disabilities in Australia, Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group (APEG), 27 Juni 2013

[Zderic-4] Zderic, Stephen (2002). Pediatric gender assignment : a critical reappraisal ; [proceedings from a conference ... in Dallas in the spring of 1999 which was entitled "pediatric gender assignment - a critical reappraisal"]. New York, NY [u.a.]: Kluwer Acad. / Plenum Publ. ISBN 0306467593.

[untorture-5] Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, February 2013.

[jointun-6] Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization, An interagency statement, World Health Organization, May 2014.

[SenateOnSterilisation-7] Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia, Australian Senate Community Affairs Committee, October 2013.

[swissnek-8] On the management of differences of sex development, Ethical issues relating to "intersexuality", Opinion No. 20/2012, Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics, November 2012.

[nyt-2015-9] Reuters (1 April 2015). "Surgery and Sterilization Scrapped in Malta's Benchmark LGBTI Law". The New York Times.

[star-2015-10] Star Observer (2 April 2015). "Malta passes law outlawing forced surgical intervention on intersex minors". Star Observer.

[furtado-11] Furtado P. S.; et al. (2012). "Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development". Nat. Rev. Urol. 9: 620–627. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.182.

[maranon-12] Marañón, Gregorio (1929). Los estados intersexuales en la especie humana. Madrid: Morata.

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