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In God We Trust

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Revisi sejak 25 November 2021 10.00 oleh Hanamanteo (bicara | kontrib) (+)


Untuk album kelompok Stryper, lihat In God We Trust (album).
"IN GOD WE TRUST" as it appears on the reverse of a United States twenty-dollar bill, above the White House
Capitalized "IN GOD WE TRUST" on the reverse of a United States twenty-dollar bill

"In God We Trust" (kadangkala ditulis "In God we trust", bahasa Indonesia: Kepada Tuhan Kita Yakin) adalah semboyan resmi Amerika Serikat dan Florida.[1][2][3][4][5] Semboyan ini diadopsi oleh Kongres Amerika Serikat pada 1956 dan menggantikan E pluribus unum yang telah menjadi semboyan de facto sejak rancangan awal Segel Agung Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1776.[6]

Sementara penggunaan paling awal dari frasa ini dapat dilacak hingga pertengahan abad ke-19, asal-usul frasa ini sebagai semboyan politik digunakan semasa Perang Saudara Amerika, ketika para pendukung Negara Utara ingin menekankan keterikatan mereka kepada Tuhan dan meningkatkan moral.[7] Frasa yang ditulis dalam huruf kapital "IN GOD WE TRUST" pertama kali tertulis di uang koin 2 sen pada tahun 1864;[8] frasa serupa juga tertulis di uang kertas sejak tahun 1957 dan beberapa prangko sejak tahun 1954. Undang-undang mengenai ini disahkan pada bulan Juli 1955 oleh resolusi bersama Kongres ke-84 (Templat:Uspl) dan disetujui Presiden Dwight Eisenhower mensyaratkan bahwa "In God We Trust" tampil di semua mata uang Amerika. Dua tahun kemudian, frasa tersebut digunakan pada uang kertas untuk pertama kalinya, pada sertifikat perak 1 dolar yang diperbarui yang mulai beredar pada 1 Oktober 1957.[8] The 84th Congress later passed legislation (Templat:Uspl), also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase to be the national motto.[8][a] Several states have also mandated or authorized its use in public institutions or schools;[9][10] while Florida, Georgia and Mississippi have incorporated the phrase in some of their state symbols. The motto has also been used in some cases in other countries, most notably on Nicaragua's coins.[11]

The motto remains popular among the American public. According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today, CNN, and Gallup, 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins;[12] and a 2019 student poll by College Pulse showed that 53% of students supported its inclusion in currency.[13] Some groups and people in the United States, however, have objected to its use, contending that its religious reference violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[14] These groups believe the phrase should be removed from currency and public property, which has resulted in numerous lawsuits. This argument has not overcome the interpretational doctrine of accommodationism, which allows government to endorse religious establishments as long as they are all treated equally, and that of "ceremonial deism", which states that a repetitious invocation of a religious entity in ceremonial matters strips the phrase of its original religious connotation.[15] The New Hampshire Supreme Court, as well as Second, Fourth, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits have all upheld the constitutionality of the motto in various settings. The Supreme Court has discussed the motto in footnotes but has never directly ruled on its compliance with the Constitution.[16]

Lihat pula

Catatan

  1. ^ For the relevant statutes, see 36 U.S.C. § 302 and United States Public Law 84-851

Referensi

  1. ^ "H. CON. RES. 13" (PDF). United States Government Publishing Office. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-05-12. Diakses tanggal 2019-05-13. Reaffirming In God We Trust as the official motto of the United States 
  2. ^ "Title 36 – Patriotic and National Observances, Ceremonies, and Organizations". United States Government Publishing Office. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-05-12. Diakses tanggal 2019-05-12. §302. National motto "In God we trust" is the national motto. 
  3. ^ "36 U.S. Code § 302. National motto". Legal Information Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-02-07. Diakses tanggal 2019-05-12. "In God we trust" is the national motto. 
  4. ^ "Florida State Motto In God We Trust". www.netstate.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-06-14. Diakses tanggal 2018-02-24. 
  5. ^ "State Motto". Florida Department of State. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-02-16. Diakses tanggal 2018-02-24. 
  6. ^ Bittker, Boris; Idleman, Scott; Ravitch, Frank (2015). Religion and the State in American Law. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 136. ISBN 9781107071827 – via Google Books. 
  7. ^ Lienesch, Michael (May 2019). ""In God We Trust:" The U.S. National Motto and the Contested Concept of Civil Religion". Religions (dalam bahasa Inggris). 10 (5): 340. doi:10.3390/rel10050340 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. 
  8. ^ a b c "History of 'In God We Trust'". U.S. Department of the Treasury (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-04-17. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-14. 
  9. ^ Kelley, Bryan. "'In God We Trust': Public School Displays of the National Motto". Education Commission of the States (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-05-25. 
  10. ^ "Display of National Motto in Public Schools" (PDF). National Conference of State Legislatures. September 2019. Diakses tanggal 2021-05-25. 
  11. ^ "Billetes y Monedas en Circulación". Central Bank of Nicaragua (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-07-04. Diakses tanggal 2021-05-29. 
  12. ^ "USA TODAY/CNN/Gallup Poll results". USA Today. 2011. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-15. C. The inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins; 2003 Sep 19–21; Approve 90; Disapprove 8; No opinion 2 
  13. ^ Kabbany-Fix, Jennifer; 2019 (2019-08-28). "Nearly half of college students believe 'In God We Trust' should be removed from U.S. currency: poll". The College Fix. Diakses tanggal 2021-05-24. 
  14. ^ "Atheist in battle to remove 'In God We Trust' from US currency". The Daily Telegraph. London. 2010-03-12. Diarsipkan dari versi asliPerlu langganan berbayar tanggal 2013-10-31. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-04. 
  15. ^ Drakeman, Donald L. (1991-01-01). Church-state Constitutional Issues: Making Sense of the Establishment Clause (dalam bahasa Inggris). Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313276637. 
  16. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama :0

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