Gerakan Legiuner

Gerakan Legiuner

Mişcarea Legionară
Gerakan Legiuner Mişcarea Legionară
Nama dalam bahasa Other	Pergerkan legiuner; Legiun Malaikat Mikael; Partai "Semuanya untuk Negara"
Singkatan	TpȚ (1935–41)
Pemimpin Partai	Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (1927–38); Horia Sima (1938–41)
Presiden	Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul
Pendiri	Ion I. Moța; Ilie Gârneață; ... dan yang lainnya Covenan Pertama Legiuner: ; Corneliu Codreanu ; Hristache Solomon ; Teodosie Popescu ; Leonida Bandac ; Nicolae Dragos ; Aurelian Vernichescu ; C. Dănulescu ; Traian Breazu ; Ion Zelea Codreanu ; Mile (Mille) Lefter ; Ion Banea ; Victor Silaghi ; Nicolae Totu ; Alexandru Ventonic ; Dumitru Ifrim ; Pantelimon Statache ; Ghiță Antonescu ; Emil Eremiu ; Ion Bordeianu ; M. Ciobanu ; Marius Pop ; Mișu Crișan ; I. Tănăsache ; Ștefan Budeci ; Traian Cotigă ; Mihai Stelescu ; Gheorghe Clime ; Radu Mironovici ; Corneliu Georgescu ;
Dibentuk	24 June 1927; 97 tahun lalu
Dilarang	23 January 1941
Dipisah dari	Liga Pertahanan Kekristenan Nasional Rumania Raya
Kantor pusat	Rumah Hijau, Bucharest
Surat kabar	Cuvântul, Buna Vestire, Axa
Sayap pemuda	Persaudaraan Salib
Sayap Paramiliter	Garda Besi (Garda de Fier) / Kemeja Hijau
Sayap Proletariat	Corpul Muncitorilor Legionari
Keanggotaan	272,000 (akhir tahuh 1937 per.)
Ideologi	Legiunarisme Rumania raya; Nasionalisme rumania; Mistisisme nasional; Nasionalisme ekonomis; Kolaborasi kelas; Antisemitisme; Fasisme klerikal; Anti-komunisme; Anti-kapitalisme ; ;
Posisi politik	Kanan-jauh
Agama	Gereja Ortodoks Rumania
Affliasi Internasional	Konferensi Fasis Montreux 1934
Warna	Hijau Hitam Putih
Kursi di; senat Romania (Pemilihan umum Romania tahun 1937)	4 / 113 （4%）
Kursi di; Dewan Deputi (Pemilihan umum Romania tahun 1937)	66 / 387 （17%）
Bendera
	^ a: Garda Besi juga memiliki garis ideologis yang Anti-Masonik, Anti-Hungaria dan Anti-ziganis;

Garda Besi (bahasa Rumania: Garda de Fier) adalah partai politik dan gerakan berhaluan ultranasionalis, fasis, dan antisemit di Rumania yang berdiri antara tahun 1927-1941.

Awalnya, Garda Besi didirikan pada tanggal 24 Juli 1927 oleh Corneliu Zelea Codreanu dengan nama Legiun Malaikat Mikael (bahasa Rumania: Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail). Pengikut gerakan ini disebut sebagai legiuner (bahasa Rumania: legionarii) dan organisasi ini disebut sebagai "Legiun" atau "Gerakan Legiuner" (bahasa Rumania: Mişcarea Legionară), meskipun berkali-kali namanya berubah. Pada tanggal 13 April 1930, barulah nama partai ini diubah menjadi Garda Besi.

Semasa dalam kepemimpinan Codreanu yang kharismatik, legiun itu dikenal akan propagandanya yang hebat, termasuk kecakapan berpidato di depan umum. Terdapat 2 PM Rumania yang menjadi korban gerakan ini, yaitu Ion Duca dan Armand Călinescu. Pada tahun 1940, Garda Besi menjadi satu-satunya ParPol yang berkuasa di Rumania.

Bibliografi

Heinen, Armin: Die Legion "Erzengel Michael" in Rumänien. Soziale Bewegung und politische Organisation. Ein Beitrag zum Problem des internationalen Faschismus, R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München, 1986, Band 83 vun der Rei Südosteuropäische Arbeiten, 558 S.
Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas M.: The Green Shirts and Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1970.

Pranala luar

Artikel bertopik sejarah ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

^ Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. hlm. 394. ISBN 9780299148706.
^ "Totul pentru Țară" is translated as "Everything for the Fatherland" in "Collier's Encyclopedia" material that is now incorporated into "Encarta" as a sidebar (1938: Rumania Diarsipkan 2009-11-01 di WebCite) and in the "Encyclopædia Britannica" article Iron Guard; the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania uses "Everything for the Motherland" in the English-language version of its November 11, 2004 Final Report Diarsipkan 2006-01-29 di Wayback Machine. (PDF). (All retrieved 6 Dec 2005.).
^ Sima, Horia (1995). The history of the Legionary Movement. Legionary Press. hlm. 144. ISBN 1-899627-01-4. OCLC 272381280.
^ Codreanu, CZ: For Legionnaires, Bucharest, Majadahonda Publishing House, 2001, 406 p. + Unpublished illustrations.
^ Picture of the Green House
^ "Iron Guard | Romanian organization".
^ Săndulescu, p. 267
^ ^a ^b Stephen J. Lee, European Dictatorships, 1918–1945, Routledge, London, 2000, p.288. ISBN 0-415-23046-2
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism 1914–1945 Madison: University of Wisconsin Press (pp. 277–289) ISBN 0-299-14874-2
^ Final Report, p.28-29
^ Subtelny, Orest. (1988) Ukraine: a History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 442
^ Volovici, Nationalist Ideology, p. 98, citing N. Cainic, Ortodoxie şi etnocraţie, pp. 162–4
^ Iordachi, Constantin (2023). The Fascist Faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927–41 Martyrdom and National Purification. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138624559.
^ Volovici, Nationalist Ideology, p. 98, citing N. Crainic, Ortodoxie și etnocrație, pp. 162–164

[1] Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. hlm. 394. ISBN 9780299148706.

[2] "Totul pentru Țară" is translated as "Everything for the Fatherland" in "Collier's Encyclopedia" material that is now incorporated into "Encarta" as a sidebar (1938: Rumania Diarsipkan 2009-11-01 di WebCite) and in the "Encyclopædia Britannica" article Iron Guard; the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania uses "Everything for the Motherland" in the English-language version of its November 11, 2004 Final Report Diarsipkan 2006-01-29 di Wayback Machine. (PDF). (All retrieved 6 Dec 2005.).

[3] Sima, Horia (1995). The history of the Legionary Movement. Legionary Press. hlm. 144. ISBN 1-899627-01-4. OCLC 272381280.

[4] Codreanu, CZ: For Legionnaires, Bucharest, Majadahonda Publishing House, 2001, 406 p. + Unpublished illustrations.

[Picture_of_the_Green_House-5] Picture of the Green House

[britannica.com-6] "Iron Guard | Romanian organization".

[Săndulescu,_p._267-7] Săndulescu, p. 267

[sjldict-8] Stephen J. Lee, European Dictatorships, 1918–1945, Routledge, London, 2000, p.288. ISBN 0-415-23046-2

[payne-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism 1914–1945 Madison: University of Wisconsin Press (pp. 277–289) ISBN 0-299-14874-2

[10] Final Report, p.28-29

[11] Subtelny, Orest. (1988) Ukraine: a History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 442

[12] Volovici, Nationalist Ideology, p. 98, citing N. Cainic, Ortodoxie şi etnocraţie, pp. 162–4

[13] Iordachi, Constantin (2023). The Fascist Faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927–41 Martyrdom and National Purification. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138624559.

[Volovici,_p._98-14] Volovici, Nationalist Ideology, p. 98, citing N. Crainic, Ortodoxie și etnocrație, pp. 162–164

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[a]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]