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Norman Geisler

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Norman Geisler
Lahir21 Juli 1932
Erafilsuf abad ke-20
KawasanWestern Philosophy
AliranCalvinisme Moderat, Filsafat Kristen
Minat utama
Filsafat agama, Apologetik Kristen, Calvinisme Moderat
Dipengaruhi
Memengaruhi

Norman Leo Geisler (lahir 21 Juli 1932) adalah seorang apologet Kristen yang berasal dari Amerika Serikat. Ia adalah salah satu pendiri Southern Evangelical Seminary yang berlokasi dekat Charlotte, North Carolina, di mana ia dulunya mengajar. Ia meraih gelar Ph.D. dalam bidang filsafat dari Loyola University. Geisler terkenal karena kontribusi kesarjanaannya pada topik Apologetik Kristen, filsafat, dan Calvinisme moderat serta telah mengarang, bersama-sama mengarang atau menyunting lebih dari 60 buku dan ratusan artikel.

Biografi

Geisler meninggalkan Evangelical Theological Society pada tahun 2003, setelah sekolah itu tidak mau mengeluarkan Clark Pinnock, yang mendukung open theism.[1] Pada akhir abad ke-20, Geisler memasuki arena Mormon: ia mengarang bersama Rhodes When Cultists Ask: A Popular Handbook on Cultic Misinterpretation.[2] 47 artikel yang didaftarkan di indeks berkaitan dengan Mormonisme. Ia berkontribusi kepada The Counterfeit Gospel of Mormonism.[3] Pada tahun 2009, Geisler bersama-sama mendirikan Veritas Evangelical Seminary di Murrieta, California. Seminari ini menawarkan gelar master dalam bidang Teologi, Apologetik dan Divinity. Geisler menjabat sebagai Chancellor, distinguished Professor of Apologetics and Theology dan Norman L. Geisler Chair of Christian Apologetics.[4]

Geisler menikah dengan Barbara Jean dan mereka dikaruniai enam anak, 15 cucu dan 3 cicit.

Pendidikan

Pendidikan Geisler meliputi program diploma (1955) dan Th.B. (1964) dari William Tyndale College, B.A. dalam bidang filsafat (1958) dan M.A. dalam bidang teologi (1960) dari Wheaton College, dan Ph.D. dalam bidang filsafat dari Loyola University. Ia mengerjakan karya graduat tambahan pada Wayne State University, University of Detroit, dan Northwestern University di Evanston, Illinois.[5]

Kerangka sistem apologetika Geisler

Geisler terutama dikenal sebagai seorang apologetika Kristen klasik. Antara tahun 1970 dan 1990 ia berpartisipasi banyak debat publik dan mendapatkan reputasi sebagai seorang pembela theisme, mukjizat alkitabiah, kebangkitan Yesus, dan reliabilitas (dapat dipercayanya) Alkitab. Penerbitan pertama kerangka metode apologetikanya dicantumkan pada lampiran buku tahun 1990 When Skeptics Ask ("Ketika orang skeptis bertanya"). Lampiran ini diberi judul "Reasoning to Christianity from Ground Zero" ("Penalaran Kekristenan Dari Dasar Nol"). Di dalamnya terkandung pandangan tingkat tinggi dari sistem holistik apologetika klasik yang telah dikembangkannya​ selama bertahun-tahun. Kerangka pertama terdiri dari 14 poin argumen.[6]

Pandangan mengenai etika

Geisler telah menulis buku-buku penting mengenai etika: Christian Ethics[7] dan The Christian Love Ethic.[8] Ia menyampaikan perspektifnya mengenai pilihan-pilihan etika, aborsi, infantisida (pembunuhan bayi-bayi), euthanasia, hal-hal biomedis, hukuman mati, perang, ketidakpatuhan sipil, hak-hal seksual, homoseksualitas​, pernikahan dan perceraian, ekologi, hak-hak binatang, obat terlarang, judi, pornografi, pengaturan kelahiran, dan lainnya. Geisler percaya bahwa Revolusi Amerika tidak dapat dibenarkan dari standar Alkitab maupun teori perang adil. Namun, ia bukan sama sekali seorang "pasifis", percaya bahwa perang untuk membela diri dapat dibenarkan tetapi revolusi tidak.[9]

Publikasi

  • Geisler, Norman L (1971), Ethics: Alternatives and Issues, Zondervan .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1973), The Christian Ethic of Love, Zondervan .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1974), From God to Us, Moody .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1975), To Understand the Bible—Look for Jesus, Moody .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1976), Christian Apologetics, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1977), A Popular Survey of the Old Testament, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1978), The Roots of Evil, Zondervan .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1979), Inerrancy, Zondervan .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1980), Introduction to Philosophy: A Christian Perspective, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1981), Options in Contemporary Christian Ethics, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1981), Biblical Errancy: Its Philosophical Roots, Zondervan .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1982), Decide for Yourself: How History Views the Bible, Zondervan .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1982), The Creator in the Courtroom—Scopes II, et al, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1981), What Augustine Says, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1983), Is Man the Measure?, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1983), Cosmos: Carl Sagan's Religion for the Scientific Mind, Quest .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1983), Religion of the Force, Quest .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1984), To Drink or Not to Drink: A Sober Look at the Problem, Quest .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1984), Perspectives: Understanding and Evaluating Today's World Views, Here's Life .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1985), Christianity Under Attack (book, video series), Quest .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1985), False Gods of Our Time, Harvest .
  • Geisler, Normal L (1986) [1968], General Introduction to the Bible (edisi ke-revised & expanded), Moody .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1986), Reincarnation Sensation, Tyndale .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1987), Origin Science, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1988) [1974], Philosophy of Religion, Zondervan .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1988), Signs and Wonders, Tyndale .
  • Geisler, Norman L (September 1, 1989), Christian Ethics: Options and Issues (edisi ke-8 impr), Baker, ISBN 978-0-80103832-7 .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1989), World's Apart, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1989), Knowing The Truth About Creation, Servant .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1989), The Infiltration of the New Age, Tyndale .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1989), The Battle for the Resurrection, Thomas Nelson .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1990), Apologetics in the New Age, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1990), Come Let Us Reason: An Introduction to Logical Thinking, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1990), Gambling: A Bad Bet, Fleming H Revell .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1990), The Life and Death Debate, Greenwood .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1991), In Defense of the Resurrection, Quest .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1991), Thomas Aquinas: An Evangelical Appraisal .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1991), Matters of Life and Death: Calm Answers to Tough Questions about Abortion and Euthanasia, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1991), Miracles and the Modern Mind: A Defense of Biblical Miracles, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1992), When Critics Ask: A Handbook on Bible Difficulties, Victor .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1992), Miracles and the Modern Mind: A Defense of Biblical Miracles, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1993), Answering Islam, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1995), Roman Catholics and Evangelicals .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1996), Love Is Always Right, Word .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1997), Creating God in the Image of Man?, Bethany .
  • Geisler, Norman L; Rhodes, Ron (1997), When Cultists Ask: A Popular Handbook on Cultic Misinterpretation, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1998), The Counterfeit Gospel of Mormonism, Eugene, OR: Harvest House .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1998), Legislating Morality, Bethany House .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1999), Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (1999b), Chosen But Free, Bethany .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2001), Unshakable Foundations, Bethany .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2001), Why I Am a Christian, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2001), Battle for God, Kregel .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2002), Living Loud: Defending Your Faith, Broadman & Holman .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2002), Systematic Theology, 1. Introduction – Bible, Bethany .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2003), Systematic Theology, 2. God – Creation, Bethany .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2003), Is Your Church Ready?, Zondervan .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2003), Who Made God?, Zondervan .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2004), Systematic Theology, 3. Sin – Salvation, Bethany .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2004), I Don't Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist, Crossway .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2005), Systematic Theology, 4. Church – Last Things, Bethany .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2005), Bringing Your Faith To Work, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2005), Correcting The Cults, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2007), Love Your Neighbor, Crossway .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2007), Essential Doctrine Made Easy, Rose .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2008), A Popular Survey of the Old Testament, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2008), A Popular Survey of the New Testament, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2008), Conviction Without Compromise (Harvest House .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2008), Is Rome the True Church?: A Consideration of the Roman Catholic Claim, Crossway .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2008), When Skeptics Ask, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2008), The Big Book of Bible Difficulties, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (April 17, 2009), "Any Absolutes? Absolutely!", Equip, Christian Research Institute, DE198, diakses tanggal 18 Oct 2013 .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2009), The Apologetics of Jesus, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2009), Making Sense of Bible Difficulties, Baker .
  • Geisler, Norman L (January 1, 2010) [1989], Christian Ethics: Contemporary Issues and Options (edisi ke-2), Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, ISBN 978-0-80103879-2  .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2011), If God, Why Evil?, Bethany .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2011), Systematic Theology: In One Volume, Bethany, ISBN 978-0-76420603-0 .
  • Geisler, Norman L; Roach, William C (2012), Defending Inerrancy: Affirming the Accuracy of Scripture for a New Generation, Packer, JI foreword, Baker, ISBN 978-0-80101434-5 .
  • Geisler, Norman L; Nix, William E (2012), From God To Us Revised and Expanded: How We Got Our Bible, Moody, ISBN 978-0-80242882-0 .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2012), Big Book of Christian Apologetics, The: An A to Z Guide, A to Z Guides, Baker, ISBN 978-0-80101417-8 .
  • Geisler, Norman L; Tunnicliffe, Patty (2013), Reasons for Belief: Easy-to-Understand Answers to 10 Essential Questions, Bethany, ISBN 978-0-76421057-0 .
  • Geisler, Norman L; Brooks, Norman L (2013), When Skeptics Ask: A Handbook on Christian Evidences, Baker, ISBN 978-0-80101498-7 .
  • Geisler, Norman L (2013) [1976], Christian Apologetics (edisi ke-revised & expanded), Baker, ISBN 978-0-80104854-8 .

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Geisler, Norman (2003), Why I Resigned from The Evangelical Theological Society .
  2. ^ Geisler & Rhodes 1997.
  3. ^ Geisler 1998.
  4. ^ Veritas Evangelical Seminary .
  5. ^ Geisler, Norman L. "About". Official Web page. 
  6. ^ Geisler, N. L., & Brooks, R. M. (1990). When skeptics ask (p. 289). Wheaton, IL: Victor Books.
  7. ^ Christian Ethics: Contemporary Issues and Options, 2nd Edition. Baker Academic. 1989, 2010.
  8. ^ "The Christian Love Ethic". Bastion Books. Diakses tanggal September 8, 2016. 
  9. ^ Geisler 1989.

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