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Tiger I

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Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. E

Tiger I di Pertempuran Kursk
Jenis Tank Kelas Berat
Negara asal Nazi Germany
Sejarah pemakaian
Masa penggunaan 1942–45
Pada perang Perang Dunia II
Sejarah produksi
Perancang Erwin Aders
Henschel & Son
Tahun 1941
Produsen Henschel
Biaya produksi 250,800 Reichsmark
Diproduksi 1942–44
Jumlah produksi 1,347
Spesifikasi (RfRuK VK 4501H Ausf.E, Blatt: G-330)
Berat 54 ton
Panjang 8.45 dengan senjata depan
Lebar 3.56m
Tinggi 3.0m
Awak 5
Perisai 25–120 mm (0,98–4,72 in)[1][2]
Senjata
utama 		1× 8.8 cm KwK 36 L/56
92 rounds
Senjata
pelengkap 		2× 7.92 mm MG 34
4,500 rounds
Jenis Mesin Maybach HL230 P45 V-12
700 PS (690 hp, 515 kW)
Daya kuda/ton 13 PS/t (9,6 kW/t)
Suspensi torsion bar
Kelonggaran tanah 047 m (154 ft 2 in)
Kapasitas tangki 540 L (140 US gal) including reserve
Daya jelajah 110–195 km (68–121 mi)
Kecepatan 454 km/h (282 mph)

Templat:WWII tanks

Tiger I nama Tank Kelas Berat terkenal buatan Jerman yang telah dipakai pada tahun 1942 dan digunakan diberbagai di pertempuran di PDII. Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger Ausf. E, disingkat Tiger. Tank Tiger I satu-satunya tank milik Angkatan Bersenjata Nazi Jerman yang memiliki senjata utama kelas berat dan satu-satu nya yang dapat menakut-nakuti Tank-Tank Soviet di Front Timur. Meski penugasan pertama nya berada di Tunisia Afrika Utara Dibawah naungan Deutsche Afrika Korps namun Tiger I lebih sering terlihat di Timur dan Barat dibanding Afrika Utara pada waktu itu hingga berakhirnya Pertempuran di Berlin pada 8 Mei 1945.

Tank Tiger I ini sudah dicap dengan "tank berdesain luar biasa",[3] namun karena proses produksi yang tergesa-gesa dengan metode penekanan buruh dan dengan bahan bijih besi yang sulit untuk di dapatkan hanya ada sekitar 1,347 yang berhasil dibuat antara Agustus 1942 dan Agustus 1944. Tank Tiger sangat rentan terhadap kerusakan roda karena membeku saat musim dingin rusia yang sangat ganas terkenal saat Invasi Napoleon ke Russia. Produksi tank ini kemudian di hentikan guna menghemat bahan baku dan membuat verrsi ke-2 yang lebih "kompeten" untuk berjuang membela negara di timur. Namanya adalah Tank Tiger II.

Satu-satu nya Tiger I yang masih ada dan bisa dipergunakan berada di salah satu museum di salah satu kota di Britania Raya. Tiger I yang di inggris ini disebut dengan nama julukan Tiger 13.

Sejarah

Pendesainan

Henschel & Sohn memulai pengembangan desain tank besar di awal Januari tahun 1937 saat Departemen Persenjataan Angkatan Darat meminta Henschel mengembangkan kendaraan tipe Durchbruchwagen ("Kendaraan Pemecah Pasukan") dengan berat rata-rata 30-33 ton .[4] Hanya satu prototipe badan yang pernah di buat sedangkan turretnya tak pernah di pasangkan. Prototipe Tank Durchbruchwagen I's general shape and suspension resembled the Panzer III]] while the turret resembled the early Panzer IV C turret with the short barrelled 7.5 cm L/24 cannon.

Before Durchbruchwagen I was completed, a request was issued for a heavier 30-tonne classvehicle with thicker armour; this was the Durchbruchwagen II, which would have had 50 mm (2 inches) of frontal armour and mounted a Panzer IV turret with a short-barrelled 7.5 cm L/24 gun. Overall weight would have been 36 tonnes. Only one hull was built and no turret fitted. Development of this vehicle was dropped in 1938 in favour of the larger and better armoured VK 30.01 (H) and VK 36.01 (H) designs.[a] Both the Durchbruchwagen I and II prototype hulls were used as test vehicles until 1941.

The VK 30.01 (H) medium tank and the VK 36.01 (H) heavy tank designs, pioneered the Schachtellaufwerk - already common on German half-tracks such as the SdKfz 7 - overlapping and interleaved main road wheels for tank use.

The VK 30.01 (H) was intended to mount a low velocity 7.5 cm L/24 infantry support gun, a 7.5 cm L/40 dual purpose anti-tank gun, or a 10.5 cm L/28 field gun in a Krupp turret. Overall weight was to be 33 tonnes. The armour was designed to be 50 mm on frontal surfaces and 30 mm on the side surfaces. Four prototype hulls were completed for testing. Two of these were later modified to build the "Sturer Emil" (12.8 cm Selbstfahrlafette L/61) self-propelled anti-tank gun.

The VK 36.01 (H) was intended to weigh 40 tonnes, with 100 mm (4 inches) of armour on front surfaces, 80 mm on turret sides and 60 mm on the hull sides. The VK 36.01 (H) was intended to carry a 7.5 cm L/24, or a 7.5 cm L/43, or a 7.5 cm L/70, or a 12.8 cm L/28 cannon in a Krupp turret that looked similar to an enlarged Panzer IVC turret. The hull for one prototype was built, followed later by five more. The six turrets built were never fitted and were used as part of the Atlantic Wall. The VK 36.01 (H) project was discontinued in early 1942 in favour of the VK 45.01 project.

Combat experience against the French Somua S35 cavalry tank and Char B1 heavy tank, and the British Matilda II infantry tanks during the Battle of France in June 1940 showed that the German Army needed better armed and armoured tanks.[5]

The Porsche prototype

On 26 May 1941, Henschel and Ferdinand Porsche were asked to submit designs for a 45 tonne heavy tank, to be ready by June 1942.[6] Porsche worked on an updated version of their VK 30.01 (P) Leopard tank prototype while Henschel worked on an improved VK 36.01 (H) tank. Henschel built two prototypes: a VK 45.01 (H) H1 with an 88 mm L/56 cannon, and a VK 45.01 (H) H2 with a 75 mm L/70 cannon.

On 22 June 1941, Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The Germans were shocked to encounter Soviet T-34 medium and KV-1 heavy tanks that completely outclassed anything the Germans were currently fielding.[7] According to Henschel designer Erwin Aders: "There was great consternation when it was discovered that the Soviet tanks were superior to anything available to the Heer."[8] The T-34 was almost immune from the front to every gun in German service except the 88 mm Flak gun. Panzer IIIs with the 5 cm KwK 38 L/42 main armament could penetrate the sides of a T-34, but only at short range. The KV-1 was immune to all but the 8.8 cm Flak guns.

An immediate weight increase to 45 tonnes and an increase in gun calibre to 88 mm was ordered. The due date for the new prototypes was set for 20 April 1942, Adolf Hitler's birthday. Unlike the Panther tank, the designs did not incorporate sloping armour, an innovation taken from the T-34.

Porsche and Henschel submitted prototype designs, each making use of the Krupp-designed turret. They were demonstrated at Rastenburg in front of Hitler. The Henschel design was accepted, mainly because the Porsche design used a troubled gasoline-electric hybrid power unit which needed large quantities of copper, a strategic war material that Germany had limited supplies of.[9] Production of the Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. H began in August 1942. Expecting an order for his tank, Porsche built 100 chassis. After losing the contract, they were used for a new turretless, casemate-style tank destroyer; 91 hulls were converted into the Panzerjäger Tiger (P) in the spring of 1943.

The Tiger was still at the prototype stage when it was first hurried into service, and therefore changes both large and small were made throughout the production run. A redesigned turret with a lower cupola was the most significant change. To cut costs, the submersion capability and an external air-filtration system were dropped.

Variants

Among other variants of the Tiger, a citadel, heavily armoured self-propelled rocket projector, today commonly known as Sturmtiger, was built. A tank recovery version of the Porsche Tiger I, and one Porsche Tiger I, was issued to the 654th Heavy Tank Destroyer Battalion which was equipped with the Ferdinand/Elephant. In Italy, a demolition carrier version of the Tiger I without a main gun was built by maintenance crews in an effort to find a way to clear minefields. It is often misidentified as a BergeTiger recovery vehicle. As many as three may have been built. It carried a demolition charge on a small crane on the turret in place of the main gun. It was to move up to a minefield and drop the charge, back away, and then set the charge off to clear the minefield. There is no verification of any being used in combat.

Combat history

Gun and armour performance

German soldiers inspect a non-penetrating hit to the Tiger's armour

A report prepared by the Waffenamt-Prüfwesen 1 gave the calculated probability of perforation at range, on which various adversaries would be defeated reliably at an angle of 30 degrees. It was estimated that the Tiger's 88 mm gun would be capable of penetrating the differential case of an American M4 Sherman from 2.100 m (1,3 mi) and the turret front from 1.800 m (1,1 mi), but the Tiger's 88 mm gun would not penetrate the upper glacis plate at any range.[10] The M4 Sherman's 75 mm gun would not penetrate the Tiger frontally at any range, and needed to be within 100 m to achieve a side penetration against the 80 mm upper hull superstructure.[10] The Sherman's upgraded 76 mm gun would have the possibility to penetrate the Tiger's driver's front plate from 600 m, the nose from 400 m and the turret front from 700 m.[10] The M3 90 mm cannon used as a towed anti-aircraft and anti-tank gun, and later mounted in the M36 tank destroyer and finally the late-war M26 Pershing, could penetrate the Tiger's front plate at a range of 1,000 m using standard ammunition, and from beyond 2,000 m when using HVAP.[11]

Soviet ground trial testing conducted in May 1943 determined that the 88mm KwK 36 gun could pierce the T-34-76 frontal beam nose of 140 mm thickness from 1500 m at 75 degrees, and the front hull from 1500 m at 70 degrees. A hit to the drivers hatch would force it to collapse inward and break apart.[12][13][b] According to the WaPrüf, the Soviet T-34-85's upper glacis and turret front armour would be defeated between 100 dan 1.400 m (0,062 dan 0,870 mi), while the T-34's 85 mm gun would penetrate the front of a Tiger between 200 dan 500 m (0,12 dan 0,31 mi).[10] The 120 mm hull armour of the Soviet IS-2 model 1943 would be defeated between 100 dan 300 m (0,062 dan 0,186 mi) at the driver's front plate and nose.[10] The IS-2's 122 mm gun would penetrate the Tiger's front armour between 500 dan 1.500 m (0,31 dan 0,93 mi).[10] However, according to Steven Zaloga, the IS-2 and Tiger I could each knock the other out in normal combat distances below 1,000 m.[14] At longer ranges the performance of each respective tank against each other was dependent on the crew and combat situation.[15]

The British Churchill IV would be vulnerable to the Tiger between 1.100 dan 1.700 m (0,68 dan 1,06 mi), its strongest point being the nose and its weakest the turret. According to an STT document dated April 1944, it was estimated that the British 17-pounder as used on the Sherman Firefly, firing its normal APCBC ammunition, would penetrate the turret front and driver's visor plate of the Tiger out to 1900 yards.[10]

When engaging targets Tiger crews were encouraged to angle the hull position 45 degrees to the Mahlzeit Stellung of 10 ½ or 1 ½ o'clock. This would maximize the effective front hull armour to 180mm and side hull to 140mm, making the Tiger impervious to any allied gun up to 152 mm.[16][17] Unlike the lighter Panzer IV and Panther tanks, the Tiger's thick side armour allowed a degree of confidence of immunity from attack from flanking threats. The tank was also immune from Soviet anti-tank rifle fire to the sides and rear. Its large caliber 8.8 cm provided superior fragmentation and high explosive content over the 7.5 cm KwK 42 gun. Therefore, comparing the Tiger with the Panther, for supporting the infantry and destroying fortifications, the Tiger offered superior firepower. It was also key to dealing with the greatest threat to any tank, towed antitank guns.[butuh rujukan]

The destruction of an antitank gun was often accepted as nothing special by lay people and soldiers from other branches. Only the destruction of other tanks counted as a success. On the other hand, antitank guns counted twice as much to the experienced tanker. They were much more dangerous to us. The antitank cannon waited in ambush, well camouflaged, and magnificently set up in the terrain. Because of that, it was very difficult to identify. It was also very difficult to hit because of its low height. Usually, we didn't make out the antitank guns until they had fired the first shot. We were often hit right away, if the antitank crew was on top of things, because we had run into a wall of antitank guns. It was then advisable to keep as cool as possible and take care of the enemy, before the second aimed shot was fired.

— Otto Carius, Tigers in the Mud, p. 118

First actions

A Tiger I deployed to supplement the Afrika Korps operating in Tunisia, January 1943

Eager to make use of the powerful new weapon, Hitler ordered the vehicle be pressed into service months earlier than planned.[18] A platoon of four Tigers was put into action on 23 September 1942 near Leningrad.[19] Operating in swampy, forested terrain their movement was largely confined to roads and tracks, making defense against them far easier. Many of these early models were plagued by problems with the transmission, which had difficulty handling the heavy weight of the vehicle if pushed too hard. It took time for drivers to learn how to avoid over taxing the engine and transmission, and many broke down. The most significant event from this engagement was that one of the Tigers became stuck in swampy ground and had to be abandoned. Captured largely intact, it allowed the Soviets to study the design and prepare countermeasures.[20]

A battalion of Tigers was deployed to the Don Front in the autumn of 1942, but arrived too late to participate in the attack to relieve Stalingrad, (Operation Winter Storm). It was subsequently engaged in heavy defensive fighting in the Rostov-on-Don and adjacent sectors in January and February 1943.

In the North African theatre, the Tiger first saw action during the Tunisia Campaign on 1 December 1942 east of Tebourba.[21] The first loss to an Allied gun was on 20 January 1943 near Robaa[22] when a battery of the British 72nd Anti-tank Regiment knocked out two Tigers with their 6-pounder (57 mm) anti-tank guns. The failed attack on Béja at the end of February saw seven Tigers lost in the "Panzer Graveyard".[23]

Mobility and reliability

The tank's weight significantly limited its use of bridges. For this reason, the Tiger was built with water tight hatches and a snorkel device that allowed it to ford water obstacles four metres deep. The tank's weight also made driving through buildings risky, as the presence of a cellar could result in a sudden drop. Another weakness was the slow traverse of the hydraulically operated turret. Due to reliability problems with the Maybach HL 210 TRM P45, which was delivered within the first production batch of 250 Tigers, performance for its maximum power output at high gear ratio could not be fulfilled.[24] Though the Maybach engines had a maximum of 3,000 rpm, crews were told in the Tigerfibel not to exceed 2,600 rpm. The engine limitation was alleviated only by the adoption of the Maybach HL 230.[24] A British Army test report showed that the turret on the Tiger E tank turned 360 degrees in 19 seconds with its power traverse system set at high ratio and with the engine speed at 2000 revolutions per minute (rpm).[25] The turret could also be traversed manually, but this option was rarely used, except for very small adjustments.[26]

Early Tigers had a top speed of about 45 kilometer per jam (28 mph) over optimal terrain. This was not recommended for normal operation, and was discouraged in training. An engine governor was subsequently installed, capping the engine at 2,600 rpm and the Tiger's maximum speed to about 38 kilometer per jam (24 mph). However, medium tanks of the time, such as the Sherman or T-34, had an average a top speed of about 45 kilometer per jam (28 mph). Thus, despite the Tiger being nearly twice as heavy, its speed was comparatively respectable.[26]

A Tiger undergoing engine repairs

With the tank's very wide tracks, a design feature borrowed from the Soviet T-34, the Tiger had a lower ground pressure than many smaller tanks, such as the M4 Sherman.

The Tiger had reliability problems throughout its service life. Tiger units often entered combat understrength due to breakdowns. More importantly, the tank's fuel consumption meant that it had a limited operational range.

Tiger I towed by two Sd.Kfz. 9

Tiger tanks needed a high degree of support. It required two or sometimes three of the standard German Sd.Kfz. 9 Famo heavy recovery half-track tractors to tow it. Tiger crews often resorted to using another Tiger to tow the damaged vehicle, but this was not recommended as this often caused overheating and engine breakdown. The low-mounted sprocket limited the obstacle clearance height. The tracks also had a tendency to override the rear sprocket, resulting in immobilisation. If a track overrode and jammed, two Tigers were normally needed to tow the tank. The jammed track was also a big problem itself, since due to high tension, it was often impossible to split the track by removing the track pins. The track sometimes had to be blown apart with a small explosive charge.

The average reliability of the Tiger tank in the second half of 1943 was similar to that of the Panther, 36 percent, compared to the 48 percent of the Panzer IV and the 65 percent of the StuG III.[27]

Tactical organization

A Tiger I camouflaged in a static defensive position

Tigers were usually employed in separate heavy tank battalions (schwere Panzer-Abteilung) under army command. These battalions would be deployed to critical sectors, either for breakthrough operations or, more typically, counter-attacks. A few favoured divisions, such as the Grossdeutschland, and the 1st SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, 2nd SS Das Reich, and 3rd SS Totenkopf Panzergrenadier Divisions at Kursk, had a Tiger company in their tank regiments. The Grossdeutschland Division had its Tiger company increased to a battalion as the III Panzer Battalion of the Panzer Regiment Grossdeutschland. 3rd SS Totenkopf retained its Tiger I company through the entire war. 1st SS and 2nd SS had their Tiger companies taken away and incorporated into the 101st SS Tiger Battalion, which was part of 1st SS Panzer Corps.[28]

The Tiger was originally designed to be an offensive breakthrough weapon, but by the time they went into action, the military situation had changed dramatically, and their main use was on the defensive, as mobile anti-tank and infantry gun support weapons.[28] Tactically, this also meant moving the Tiger units constantly to parry breakthroughs, causing excessive mechanical wear. As a result, there are almost no instances where a Tiger battalion went into combat at anything close to full strength.

Some Tiger units exceeded the 10:1 kill ratio, including 13. Kompanie/Panzer-Regiment Großdeutschland (16.67:1), schwere SS-Panzer-Abteilung 103 (12.82:1) and schwere Panzer-Abteilung 502 (13.08:1).[butuh rujukan] Against the Soviet and Western Allied production numbers, even a 10:1 kill ratio was not sufficient. These numbers must be set against the opportunity cost of the expensive Tiger. Every Tiger cost as much to build as four Sturmgeschütz III assault guns.

Notable "aces"

Tiger engaging a target at the Battle of Kursk

On 7 July 1943, a single Tiger tank commanded by SS-Oberscharführer Franz Staudegger from the 2nd Platoon, 13th Panzer Company, 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler engaged a group of about 50 T-34s around Psyolknee (the southern sector of the German salient in the Battle of Kursk). Staudegger used all his ammunition and claimed the destruction of 22 Soviet tanks, while the rest retreated. For this, he was awarded the Knight's Cross.[29]

The Tiger is particularly associated with SS-Hauptsturmführer Michael Wittmann of schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 101. He worked his way up, commanding various vehicles and finally a Tiger I. In the Battle of Villers-Bocage, his platoon destroyed over two dozen Allied vehicles, including several tanks. However, in the afternoon, a second attack into the town with Tigers met a British ambush and at least three were knocked out or immobilized by anti-tank guns and PIAT infantry weapons.[30]

Several Tiger tank commanders claimed over 100 vehicle kills each, including Kurt Knispel with 168, Otto Carius with 150+, Johannes Bölter with 139+, and Michael Wittmann with 138.[31]

Pengguna

Yang Selamat

Tiger I julukan perancis: Colmar, dimMusée des Blindés, Saumur, Perancis
the Di Museum Normandia Perancis
Di Museum Lenino-Snegiri, Russia
Ada di Museum Tank Kubinka, Russia

Tanks of comparable role, performance and era

Notes

  1. ^ VK from the German Voll Ketten meaning fully tracked; H for Henschel
  2. ^ The data used here is from the Soviet Military Intelligence Service. With the capture of an intact Tiger at Lake Lagoda the Soviets obtained data regarding the Tiger's technical and tactical capabilities. By test firing the 8.8 cm gun against a T-34 hull, data was obtained that lead to several improvements of the T-34 and development of the IS II as a new breakthrough tank. By increasing the thickness of the armour and mounting it with a very heavy 122 mm gun, the Soviet IS II became a very difficult tank to deal with.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Jentz & Doyle 1993, hlm. 8, 16.
  2. ^ Hart 2007, hlm. 17.
  3. ^ Bishop 2002, hlm. 9.
  4. ^ B T white German Tanks and Armoured Vehicles, 1914-1945 p69-70
  5. ^ Green 2008, hlm. 12-13.
  6. ^ Green 2008, hlm. 13.
  7. ^ Green 2008, hlm. 14.
  8. ^ Carruthers 2013, chapt. Design features.
  9. ^ Jentz & Doyle 1993, hlm. 6.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Jentz & Doyle 1993, hlm. 19–20.
  11. ^ "USA Guns 90mm calibre". Gva.freeweb.hu. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-30.  [pranala nonaktif]
  12. ^ Baryatinsky 2008, hlm. 29–30.
  13. ^ Kolomiets 2013, hlm. 92.
  14. ^ Zaloga 1994, hlm. 12.
  15. ^ Zaloga 1994, hlm. 13.
  16. ^ Tigerfibel p84-85
  17. ^ Bird & Livingston 2001, hlm. 83.
  18. ^ Guderian 1952, hlm. 280.
  19. ^ Showalter 2013, hlm. 48.
  20. ^ Glantz 2005, hlm. 201.
  21. ^ Schneider 2000, hlm. 41.
  22. ^ Schneider 2000, hlm. 42.
  23. ^ Schneider 2000, hlm. 43.
  24. ^ a b "Tiger I Information Center - The Maybach Engine". alanhamby.com. 
  25. ^ Green & Brown 2008, hlm. 86.
  26. ^ a b Carruthers 2013.
  27. ^ Zaloga 2015, hlm. 202.
  28. ^ a b Wilbeck 2004, hlm. 25, 99.
  29. ^ Agte 2006, hlm. 103–105.
  30. ^ Forty 2004.
  31. ^ Tiger Aces alanhamby.com

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