Karl Martell

Karl Martell
Karl Martell
Raja Franka ; Mayordomo
	Patung pahatan dari abad ke-19 Istana Versailles.:281
Adipati dan Pangeran Franka
Berkuasa	718–741
Penobatan	718
Pendahulu	Pippin dari Herstal
Penerus	Pippin yang Pendek
Mayordomo Austrasia
Berkuasa	715–741
Penobatan	715
Pendahulu	Theudoald
Penerus	Karlmann
Mayordomo Neustria
Berkuasa	718–741
Penobatan	718
Pendahulu	Raganfrid
Penerus	Pippin yang Pendek
Raja Franka (bertindak)
Berkuasa	737–741
Penobatan	737
Pendahulu	TheuderichIV
Penerus	Childerich III
Kelahiran	skt. 686; Herstal
Kematian	22 Oktober 741 (usia 55); Quierzy
Pemakaman	Basilika Saint-Denis
Pasangan	Rotrude dari Trier; Swanahild
Keturunan	Karlmann; Pippin; Grifo; Bernard; Remigius; Hiltrud; Lainnya
Wangsa	Wangsa Karoling
Ayah	Pippin dari Herstal
Ibu	Alpaida

Karl Martell (skt. 686 – 22 Oktober 741) merupakan negarawan Franka dan seorang pemimpin militer sebagai Adipati dan Pangeran Franka dan Mayordomo, ia merupakan seorang pemimpin de facto di Kerajaan Franka dari tahun 718 sampai kematiannya.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Ayahanda Karl adalah Pippin dari Herstal dan ibundanya adalah seorang bangsawan wanita bernama Alpaida, Karl berhasil menjadi ahli waris ayahandanya sebagai seorang tokoh yang berkuasa di dalam kancah politik suku Franka. Ia melanjutkan dan membangun karya ayahandanya dan mengembalikan pusat pemerintahan di Kerajaan Franka serta memulai serangkaian kampanye militer untuk mendirikan kembali suku Franka sebagai master dari seluruh Galia.

Setelah bekerja untuk mempersatukan Galia, perhatian Karl beralih ke konflik asing dan ia berurusan dengan perkembangan Islam ke Eropa Barat yang membuatnya prihatin. Pasukan Arab dan Berber Islam telah menaklukkan Spanyol (711), menyeberangi Pirenia (720), menyita ketergantungan utama Visigoth (721–725),^[7] dan setelah tantangan berselang, dibawah Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Gubernur Arab Al-Andalus, maju menuju Galia dan Tours, "kota suci Galia"; di bulan Oktober 732, pasukan Kekhalifahan Umayyah yang dipimpin oleh Al Ghafiqi bertemu dengan pasukan Franka dan Bourgogne di bawah pimpinan Karl di sekitar kota-kota Tours dan Poitiers (modern utara pusat-Perancis^[8]), yang menjadi medan pertempuran sengit dan yang menjadi sejarah penting yang dikenal sebagai Pertempuran Tours (atau ma'arakat Balâṭ ash-Shuhadâ, Pertempuran Istana Para Martir), yang mengakhiri "serangan besar bangsa Arab yang terakhir di Perancis," kemenangan militer yang "brilian" di bagian Karl.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] Karl kemudian menyerang Tours, menghancurkan benteng-benteng di Agde, Béziers dan Maguelonne, dan menghadapi pasukan Islam di Nimes, meskipun akhirnya gagal memulihkan Narbonne (737) atau untuk sepenuhnya merebut kembali Visigoth Narbonensis ini.^[9] Ia kemudian mengambil keuntungan dari luar lebih lanjut terhadap kerajaan-kerajaan sesamanya yang Kristen, dengan membangun kendali Franka atas Bayern, Alemanni, dan Frisia, dan menarik beberapa Bangsa Sachsen untuk menawarkan upeti (738).^[9]

Terlepas dari upaya militer, Karl dianggap sebagai tokoh pendiri Abad Pertengahan.^[14] Terampil sebagai seorang administrator dan sebagai seorang pejuang, ia berjasa di dalam pengembangan sistem Feodalisme Franka.^[15] Lebih dari itu, Karl sebagai pelindung Santo Bonifasius yang pertama-tama membuat rekonsiliasi di antara suku Franka dan Kepausan. Paus Gregorius III, yang kekuasaannya terancam oleh Lombardia, berharap Karl dapat menjadi pembela Tahta Suci dan menawarkannya menjadi Konsul Romawi, meskipun Karl menolaknya.^[9]^[16]^[17]^[18]

Ia membagi Frankia di antara putra-putranya, Karlmann dan Pippin. Yang terakhir kemudian menjadi pelopor Wangsa Karoling. Cucu Karl, Charlemagne, memperluas Kerajaan Franka dan memasukkan banyak dari Barat, dan menjadi Kaisar pertama di Barat sejak runtuhnya Roma.^[5]

Referensi

^ This sculpture was located in the Palace of Versailles as of this publication date. By Debaye, pere, sculpted marble, 1839, first displayed at the Salon in 1839. Height 2.09m. Soulié (1855), op. cit.
^ Eudore Soulié (1855) Notice des peintures et sculptures composant le musée impérial de Versailles, Versailles, FRA: Montalant-Bougleux, see [1], accessed 2 August 2015.
^ Schulman, Jana K. (2002). The Rise of the Medieval World, 500–1300: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 101. ISBN 0-313-30817-9.
^ Cawthorne, Nigel (2004). Military Commanders: The 100 Greatest Throughout History. Enchanted Lion Books. hlm. 52–53. ISBN 1-59270-029-2.
^ ^a ^b Fouracre, Paul (2000) The Age of Charles Martel, London, GBR: Longman, see ISBN 0582064759, see [2], accessed 2 August 2015.^{[halaman dibutuhkan]}
^ Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A. (1995). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. hlm. 205–206. ISBN 0-8240-4444-4.
^ Lewis, David Levering (2008). God's crucible: Islam and the making of Europe, 570 – 1215. New York, New York: W. W. Norton. hlm. 157 ff.
^ The location is near the present village of Moussais-la-Bataille, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Poitiers; hence, the location of the battle was close to the border between the Frankish realm and then-independent Aquitaine. Lewis, David Levering (2008). God's crucible: Islam and the making of Europe, 570 – 1215. New York, New York: W. W. Norton. hlm. 160.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Christian Pfister, 1910, "Charles Martel," in The Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes, Constituting… the Twelfth Edition of that Work, and Also Supplying… , Vol. 5, pp. 942–943, Chicago, IL, USA: Encyclopædia Britannica Company, see [3], accessed 2 August 2015. Christian Pfister, D. ès. L. (1857–1933), was a professor at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and recipient of the Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.
^ Quote from Pfister, 1910, op. cit, regarding this text statement: "Besides establishing a certain unity in Gaul, Charles saved it from a great peril. In 711 the Arabs had conquered Spain. In 720 they crossed the Pyrenees, seized Narbonensis, a dependency of the kingdom of the Visigoths, and advanced on Gaul. By his able policy Odo succeeded in arresting their progress for some years; but a new vali, Abdur Rahman, a member of an extremely fanatical sect, resumed the attack, reached Poitiers, and advanced on Tours, the holy town of Gaul. In October 732—just 100 years after the death of Mahomet—Charles gained a brilliant victory over Abdur Rahman, who was called back to Africa by revolts of the Berbers and had to give up the struggle. This was the last of the great Arab invasions of Europe. After his victory, Charles took the offensive, and endeavoured to wrest Narbonensis from the Musselmans. Although he was not successful in his attempt to recover Narbonne (737), he destroyed the fortresses of Agde, Be'ziers and Maguelonne, and set fire to the amphitheatre at Nimes."
^ "Charles's victory has often been regarded as decisive for world history, since it preserved western Europe from Muslim conquest and Islamization." [4]
^ Durant, Will (1950) [1939] The Age of Faith, p. 461, New York, NY, USA: Simon and Schuster, OCLC 225699907, ISBN 9780671418007.
^ Per Pfister, op. cit., Abdur Rahman was called back to North Africa to deal with Berber revolts, and gave up the struggle in Europe at that battle.
^ Lewis, David Levering (2008). God's crucible: Islam and the making of Europe, 570 – 1215. New York, New York: W. W. Norton. hlm. 183.
^ White, Jr., Lynn (1962). Medieval technology and social change. London, England: Oxford University Press. hlm. 2–14.
^ Anon., 2001, "The Frankish Kingdom," in The Encyclopedia of World History.
^ Thomas Dell, curator (2014) "Charles Martel," Notable Names Database (NNDB), see [5], accessed 2 August 2015.^{[butuh sumber yang lebih baik]}
^ Quote from Pfister (1910), op. cit, regarding this text statement: "Pope Gregory III, menaced by the Lombards, invoked the aid of Charles in 739, sent him a deputation with the keys of the Holy Sepulchre and the chains of St. Peter, and offered to break with the emperor and Constantinople, and to give Charles the Roman consulate (ut a partibus imperatoris recederet et Romanum consulatum Carolo sanciret). This proposal, though unsuccessful, was the starting point of a new papal policy."

Gelar
Karl Martell Wangsa Karoling Lahir: 686 Meninggal: 741
Didahului oleh: Pippin II	Mayordomo Austrasia 717–741	Diteruskan oleh: Karlmann
Didahului oleh: Raganfrid	Mayordomo Neustria 717–741	Diteruskan oleh: Pippin
Didahului oleh: Theuderich IV	Raja Franka (Bertindak) 737–741	Diteruskan oleh: Childerich III

[1] This sculpture was located in the Palace of Versailles as of this publication date. By Debaye, pere, sculpted marble, 1839, first displayed at the Salon in 1839. Height 2.09m. Soulié (1855), op. cit.

[Soulie1855-2] Eudore Soulié (1855) Notice des peintures et sculptures composant le musée impérial de Versailles, Versailles, FRA: Montalant-Bougleux, see [1], accessed 2 August 2015.

[3] Schulman, Jana K. (2002). The Rise of the Medieval World, 500–1300: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 101. ISBN 0-313-30817-9.

[4] Cawthorne, Nigel (2004). Military Commanders: The 100 Greatest Throughout History. Enchanted Lion Books. hlm. 52–53. ISBN 1-59270-029-2.

[Fouracre00-5] Fouracre, Paul (2000) The Age of Charles Martel, London, GBR: Longman, see ISBN 0582064759, see [2], accessed 2 August 2015.^{[halaman dibutuhkan]}

[6] Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A. (1995). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. hlm. 205–206. ISBN 0-8240-4444-4.

[7] Lewis, David Levering (2008). God's crucible: Islam and the making of Europe, 570 – 1215. New York, New York: W. W. Norton. hlm. 157 ff.

[8] The location is near the present village of Moussais-la-Bataille, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Poitiers; hence, the location of the battle was close to the border between the Frankish realm and then-independent Aquitaine. Lewis, David Levering (2008). God's crucible: Islam and the making of Europe, 570 – 1215. New York, New York: W. W. Norton. hlm. 160.

[PfisterEncBrit10-9] Christian Pfister, 1910, "Charles Martel," in The Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes, Constituting… the Twelfth Edition of that Work, and Also Supplying… , Vol. 5, pp. 942–943, Chicago, IL, USA: Encyclopædia Britannica Company, see [3], accessed 2 August 2015. Christian Pfister, D. ès. L. (1857–1933), was a professor at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and recipient of the Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.

[10] Quote from Pfister, 1910, op. cit, regarding this text statement: "Besides establishing a certain unity in Gaul, Charles saved it from a great peril. In 711 the Arabs had conquered Spain. In 720 they crossed the Pyrenees, seized Narbonensis, a dependency of the kingdom of the Visigoths, and advanced on Gaul. By his able policy Odo succeeded in arresting their progress for some years; but a new vali, Abdur Rahman, a member of an extremely fanatical sect, resumed the attack, reached Poitiers, and advanced on Tours, the holy town of Gaul. In October 732—just 100 years after the death of Mahomet—Charles gained a brilliant victory over Abdur Rahman, who was called back to Africa by revolts of the Berbers and had to give up the struggle. This was the last of the great Arab invasions of Europe. After his victory, Charles took the offensive, and endeavoured to wrest Narbonensis from the Musselmans. Although he was not successful in his attempt to recover Narbonne (737), he destroyed the fortresses of Agde, Be'ziers and Maguelonne, and set fire to the amphitheatre at Nimes."

[11] "Charles's victory has often been regarded as decisive for world history, since it preserved western Europe from Muslim conquest and Islamization." [4]

[12] Durant, Will (1950) [1939] The Age of Faith, p. 461, New York, NY, USA: Simon and Schuster, OCLC 225699907, ISBN 9780671418007.

[13] Per Pfister, op. cit., Abdur Rahman was called back to North Africa to deal with Berber revolts, and gave up the struggle in Europe at that battle.

[14] Lewis, David Levering (2008). God's crucible: Islam and the making of Europe, 570 – 1215. New York, New York: W. W. Norton. hlm. 183.

[15] White, Jr., Lynn (1962). Medieval technology and social change. London, England: Oxford University Press. hlm. 2–14.

[16] Anon., 2001, "The Frankish Kingdom," in The Encyclopedia of World History.

[17] Thomas Dell, curator (2014) "Charles Martel," Notable Names Database (NNDB), see [5], accessed 2 August 2015.^{[butuh sumber yang lebih baik]}

[18] Quote from Pfister (1910), op. cit, regarding this text statement: "Pope Gregory III, menaced by the Lombards, invoked the aid of Charles in 739, sent him a deputation with the keys of the Holy Sepulchre and the chains of St. Peter, and offered to break with the emperor and Constantinople, and to give Charles the Roman consulate (ut a partibus imperatoris recederet et Romanum consulatum Carolo sanciret). This proposal, though unsuccessful, was the starting point of a new papal policy."

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