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Daftar keturunan Nuh

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Revisi sejak 4 Maret 2017 16.20 oleh JohnThorne (bicara | kontrib) (Artikel baru)
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"Table of Nations" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk a list of countries, lihat list of sovereign states.
This T and O map, from the first printed version of Isidore's Etymologiae, identifies the three known continents as populated by descendants of Sem (Shem), Iafeth (Japheth) and Cham (Ham).
The world according to the Mosaic account (1854 map)

Daftar keturunan Nuh (bahasa Inggris: Generations of Noah) juga Tabel Bangsa-bangsa (bahasa Inggris: Table of Nations (Kejadian 10:9 dalam Alkitab Ibrani atau Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen) merupakan suatu silsilah keturunan putra-putra Nuh serta penyebarannya ke berbagai tanah dan negeri setelah Air Bah,[1] berfokus pada kelompok masyarakat utama pada zaman penulisan catatan tersebut. Istilah "bangsa-bangsa" merupakan terjemahan kata Ibrani "goy", yang kemudian pada tahun 400 M pada terjemahan Alkitab bahasa Latin, Vulgata ditulis sebagai "nationes" / "nationibus", selanjutnya menjadi "nations" dalam bahasa Inggris, tetapi tidak mempunyai konotasi politik yang sama dengan arti kata saat ini.[2]

Daftar yang terdiri dari 70 nama untuk pertama kalinya memperkenalkan sejumlah etonim dan toponim yang penting dalam geografi alkitabiah[3] seperti ketiga putra Nuh: Sem, Ham dan Yafet, yang menurunkan rumpun bangsa Semit, Hamit dan Yafetit, juga cucu-cucu Nuh tertentu yaitu Elam, Ashur, Aram, Kush, dan Kanaan, menurunkan bangsa Elam, Asyur, Aram, Cush dan Kanaan, juga keturunan berikutnya termasuk Eber (yang menurunkan "Ibrani"), raja-pemburu Nimrod, bangsa Filistin dan putra-putra Kanaan termasuk Het, Yebus dan Amorus, yang menurunkan bangsa Het, Yebus dan Amori.}}</ref> Both Webb and the French Jesuits belonging to the Figurist school (late 17th-early 18th century) went even further, identifying the legendary Emperor Yao of Chinese history with Noah himself.[4]

  • Ham is the forefather of Cush, Egypt, and Put, and of Canaan, whose lands include portions of Africa, Arabia, Syria-Palestine and Mesopotamia. The etymology of his name is uncertain; some scholars have linked it to terms connected with divinity, but a divine or semi-divine status for Ham is unlikely.[5]
  • Japheth is apparently the youngest son, although his line is given first.[6] His name is associated with the mythological Greek Titan Iapetos, and his sons include Javan, the Greek-speaking cities of Ionia.[7] In Genesis 9:27 it forms a pun with the Hebrew root yph: "May God make room [the hiphil of the yph root] for Japheth, that he may live in Shem's tents and Canaan may be his slave."[8]

Interpretasi Etnologi

Catatan Flavius Yosefus

Geographic identifications of Flavius Josephus, c. 100 AD

The 1st-century Jewish-Roman historian Josephus, in Antiquities of the Jews Book 1, chapter 6, was among the first of many who attempted to assign known ethnicities to some of the names listed in Genesis chapter 10. His assignments became the basis for most later authors, and were as follows:[9]

  • Gomer: "those whom the Greeks now call Galatians, [Galls,] but were then called Gomerites".
    • Aschanax (Ashkenaz): "Aschanaxians, who are now called by the Greeks Rheginians".
    • Riphath: "Ripheans, now called Paphlagonians".
    • Thrugramma (Togarmah): "Thrugrammeans, who, as the Greeks resolved, were named Phrygians".
  • Magog: "Magogites, but who are by the Greeks called Scythians".
  • Madai: "the Madeans, who are called Medes, by the Greeks".
  • Javan: "Ionia, and all the Grecians".
    • Elisa: "Eliseans... they are now the Aeolians".
    • Tharsus (Tarshish): "Tharsians, for so was Cilicia of old called". He also derives the name of their city Tarsus from Tharsus.
    • Cethimus (Kittim): "The island Cethima: it is now called Cyprus". He also derives the Greek name of their city, which he spells Citius, from Cethimus.
  • Thobel (Tubal): "Thobelites, who are now called Iberes".
  • Mosoch (Meshech): "Mosocheni... now they are Cappadocians." He also derives the name of their capital Mazaca from Mosoch.
  • Thiras (Tiras): "Thirasians; but the Greeks changed the name into Thracians".
  • Chus (Cush): "Ethiopians... even at this day, both by themselves and by all men in Asia, called Chusites".
    • Sabas (Seba): Sabeans
    • Evilas (Havilah): "Evileans, who are called Getuli".
    • Sabathes (Sabta): "Sabathens, they are now called by the Greeks Astaborans".
    • Sabactas (Sabteca): Sabactens
    • Ragmus (Raamah): Ragmeans
      • Judadas (Dedan): "Judadeans, a nation of the western Ethiopians".
      • Sabas (Sheba): Sabeans
  • Mesraim (Misraim): Egypt, which he says is called Mestre in his country.
    • "Now all the children of Mesraim, being eight in number, possessed the country from Gaza to Egypt, though it retained the name of one only, the Philistim; for the Greeks call part of that country Palestine. As for the rest, Ludieim, and Enemim, and Labim, who alone inhabited in Libya, and called the country from himself, Nedim, and Phethrosim, and Chesloim, and Cephthorim, we know nothing of them besides their names; for the Ethiopic war which we shall describe hereafter, was the cause that those cities were overthrown."
  • Phut: Libya. He states that a river and region "in the country of Moors" was still called Phut by the Greeks, but that it had been renamed "from one of the sons of Mesraim, who was called Lybyos".
  • Canaan: Judea, which he called "from his own name Canaan".
    • Sidonius (Sidon): The city of Sidonius, "called by the Greeks Sidon".
    • Amathus (Hamathite): "Amathine, which is even now called Amathe by the inhabitants, although the Macedonians named it Epiphania, from one of his posterity."
    • Arudeus (Arvadite): "the island Aradus".
    • Arucas (Arkite): "Arce, which is in Libanus".
    • "But for the seven others [sons of Canaan], Chetteus, Jebuseus, Amorreus, Gergesus, Eudeus, Sineus, Samareus, we have nothing in the sacred books but their names, for the Hebrews overthrew their cities".
  • Elam: "Elamites, the ancestors of the Persians".
  • Ashur: "Assyrians, and their city Niniveh built by Ashur.
  • Arphaxad: "Arphaxadites, who are now called Chaldeans".
    • Sala
      • Heber (Eber): "from whom they originally called the Jews Hebrews".
        • Phaleg (Peleg): He notes that he was so named "because he was born at the dispersion of the nations to their several countries; for Phaleg among the Hebrews signifies division".
        • Joctan
          • "Elmodad, Saleph, Asermoth, Jera, Adoram, Aizel, Decla, Ebal, Abimael, Sabeus, Ophir, Euilat, and Jobab. These inhabited from Cophen, an Indian river, and in part of Asia adjoining to it."
  • Aram: "Aramites, which the Greeks called Syrians".
  • Laud (Lud): "Laudites, which are now called Lydians".

Catatan Hippolytus

Woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle, showing Shem, Ham and Japheth over their corners of the world

Hippolytus of Rome, in his Diamerismos (c. 234, existing in numerous Latin and Greek copies),[10] made another attempt to assign ethnicities to the names in Genesis 10. It is thought to have been based on the Book of Jubilees.[11]

Perbedaan dengan versi Yosefus adalah:

  • Gomer – Cappadocians
    • Ashkenaz – Sarmatians
    • Riphath – Sauromatians
    • Togarmah – Armenians
  • Magog – Galatians, Celts
  • Javan
    • Elishah – Sicels (Chron Pasc: Trojans and Phrygians)
    • Tarshish – Iberians, Tyrrhenians
    • Kittim – Macedonians, Romans, Latins
  • Tubal – "Hettali" (?)
  • Meshech – Illyrians
  • Misraim
    • Ludim – Lydians
    • Anamim – Pamphylians
    • Pathrusim – Lycians (var.: Cretans)
    • Caphtorim – Cilicians
  • Put – Troglodytes
  • Canaan – Afri and Phoenicians
  • Lud – Halizones
  • Arpachshad
    • Cainan – "those east of the Sarmatians" (one variant)
  • Aram – "Etes" ?

The Chronography of 354, the Panarion by Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 375), the Chronicon Paschale (c. 627), the History of Albania by the Georgian historian Movses Kaghankatvatsi (7th century), and the Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes (c. 1057) follow the identifications of Hippolytus.

Catatan Hieronimus

Jerome, writing c. 390, provided an 'updated' version of Josephus' identifications in his Hebrew Questions on Genesis. His list is substantially identical to that of Josephus in almost all respects, but with the following notable differences:

In Isidore of Seville and later authors

The scholar Isidore of Seville, in his Etymologiae (c. 600), repeats all of Jerome's identifications, but with these minor changes:[12]

  • Joktan, son of Eber: Indians
  • Saleph, son of Joktan: Bactrians
  • Magog, son of Japheth: "Scythians and Goths"
  • Ashkenaz, son of Gomer: "Sarmatians, whom the Greeks call Rheginians".

Isidore's identifications for Japheth's sons were repeated in the Historia Brittonum attributed to Nennius. Isidore's identifications also became the basis for numerous later mediaeval scholars, remaining so until the Age of Discovery prompted newer theories, such as that of Benito Arias Montano (1571), who proposed connecting Meshech with Moscow, and Ophir with Peru.

While Genesis 10 was covered extensively by numerous Christian, Jewish and Muslim scholars over many centuries, the phrase "Table" of nations only appeared and became popular in English from the 1830s.[butuh rujukan]

Other interpretations: Descendants of Japheth

The oldest known map of Europe. Translation: Ecce sie dwiseru filu noe post diluvium (Lo thus did the sons of Noah divide the world after the Flood); Tanai. Fluv. (River Don); Nilus Fluv. (River Nile); Meotides Paludes (Sea of Azov)
Artikel utama: Japhetites

The Greek Septuagint (LXX) text of Genesis includes an additional son of Japheth, "Elisa", between Javan and Tubal; however, as this name is found in no other ancient source, nor in I Chronicles, he is almost universally agreed to be a duplicate of Elisha, son of Javan. The presence of Elisa and of Cainan son of Arpachshad (below) in the Greek Bible accounts for the traditional enumeration among early Christian sources of 72 names, as opposed to the 70 names found in Jewish sources and Western Christian sources.[butuh rujukan]

  • Gomer: the Cimmerians, a people from the northern Black Sea, made incursions into Anatolia in the eighth and early seventh centuries BCE before being confined to Cappadocia.[13]
    • Ashkenaz: A people of the Black and Caspian sea areas, much later associated with German and East European Jews.[14] The Ashkuza, who lived on the upper Euphrates in Armenia expelled the Cimmerians from their territory, and in Jeremiah 51:27 were said to march against Babylon along with two other northern kingdoms.[15]
    • Riphath (Diphath in Chronicles): Josephus identification Riphath with the Paphlagonians of later antiquity, but this appears to have been no more than a guess; the Book of Jubilees identifies the name with the "Riphean Mountains", equated with the Causcasus in Classical sources, and the general understanding seems to have been invaders from the Causcuses who were settled in Armenia or Cappadocia.[16]
    • Togarmah: Associated with Anatolia in Ezekiel.[14] Later Armenian historians claimed Togarmah as an ancestor.[16]
  • Magog: Associated in Ezekiel with Gog, a king of Lydia, and thereby with Anatolia.[14] The first century CE Jewish historian Josephus stated that Magog was identical with the Scythians, but modern scholars are sceptical of this and place Magog simply somewhere in Anatolia.[17]
  • Madai: The Medes, from an area now in northwest Iran.[14]
  • Javan: This name is universally agreed to refer to the Ionians (Greeks) of the western and southern coast of Anatolia.[18]
    • Elishah: Possibly Elaioussa, an island off the coast of Cilicia, or an old name for the island of Cyprus.[18]
    • Tarshish (Tarshishah in Chronicles): Candidates include (Tartessos) in Spain and Tharros in Sardinia, both of which appear unlikely, and Tarsus in Cilicia, which appears more likely despite some linguistic difficulties.[19]
    • Kittim: Originally the inhabitants of Kition in Cyprus, later the entire island; in the Dead Sea Scrolls the Kittim appear to be the Romans.[14]
    • Dodanim (Rodanim in Chronicles): Inhabitants of Rhodes.[14]
  • Tubal: Tubal and Meshech always appear as a pair in the Old Testament.[20] The name Tubal is connected with Tabal and Greek Tipaprivoi, a people of Cappadocia, in the north-east of Anatolia.[21]
  • Meshech: Mushki/Muski had its capital at Gordium and fused with the kingdom of Phrygia by the 8th century.[22]
  • Tiras: Josephus and late Rabbinical writers associated Tiras with Thrace, the part of Europe opposite Anatolia, but all the other sons of Japheth are located in Anatolia itself and it is possible that Tiras may refer to Thracians inhabiting westernmost Anatolia; it has also been associated with some of the Sea Peoples such as Tursha and Tyrrhenians, but this is considered unlikely.[23]

Other interpretations: Descendants of Ham

Artikel utama: Hamitic
  • Cush: The biblical transliteration of the Egyptian name for Nubia or Ethiopia; the "sons of Cush" which follow are various locations on the Arabian and possibly African coasts bordering the Red Sea.[24]
    • Seba, son of Cush. Has been connected with both Yemen and Ethiopia, with much confusion with Sheba below.
    • Havilah, son of Cush.
    • Sabtah, son of Cush.
    • Raamah, son of Cush.
    • Sabtechah, son of Cush.
    • Nimrod: Possibly connected with Naram-Sin, a 3rd millennium king of Akkad;in verses 10–12 he is the founder of a list of Mesopotamian cities, and the biblical tradition elsewhere identifies him with northern Mesopotamia or Assyria.[25] His location (Mesopotamia) is something of an anomaly, in that the other sons of Cush are connected with Africa or the Red Sea, and he is probably a late insertion resulting from a confusion between the African Cush and a quite different Cush, the eponym (ancestor) of the Kassites.[26]
  • Mizraim: Egypt.[27]
  • Phut: the Septuagint translates this as Libyans, which would be in accordance with the north–to–south progression in the listing of Ham's descendants, but some scholars have suggested Punt, the Egyptian name for Somalia.[28]
  • Canaan: The strip of land west of the Jordan River including modern Lebanon and parts of Syria, and the varied peoples who lived there.[29]

Beginning in the 9th century with the Jewish grammarian Judah ibn Quraysh, a relationship between the Semitic and Cushitic languages was seen; modern linguists group these two families, along with the Egyptian, Berber, Chadic, and Omotic language groups into the larger Afro-Asiatic language family. In addition, languages in the southern half of Africa are now seen as belonging to several distinct families independent of the Afro-Asiatic group. Some now discarded Hamitic theories have become viewed as racist; in particular a theory proposed in the 19th century by Speke, that the Tutsi were supposedly of some Hamitic ancestry and thus inherently superior.[32]

The 17th-century Jesuit, Athanasius Kircher, thought that the Chinese had also descended from Ham, via Egyptians.

Interpretasi lain: Keturunan Sem

Artikel utama: Semit
  • Cainan is listed as the son of Arpachshad and father of Shelah in the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew bible (the Masoretic text) made in the last few centuries before the modern era. The name is omitted in the Hebrew bible. The genealogy of Jesus in St. Luke 3:36, which is taken from the Septuagint rather than the Hebrew text, include the name.
  • Salah (also transcribed Shelah) son of Arpachshad (or Cainan).
  • Eber son of Shelah: The ancestor of Abraham and the Hebrews, he has a significant place as the 14th from Adam.[35]
  • Peleg: The name means "division," and may refer to the division of the peoples in the Tower of Babel incident which follows, or to Peleg and his descendants being "divided out" as the chosen people of God.[36]
  • Joktan: The name is Arabic, and his 13 "sons," so far as they can be identified, correspond to the west and southwest of the Arabian peninsula.[37]
  • Lud: The kingdom of Lydia in eastern Anatolia.[33] However, Lydia was not Semitic and not geographically near the other "sons of Shem", which makes its presence in the list difficult to explain.[34]
  • Aram: Mesopotamia and Syria.[33]

Martin of Opava (c. 1250), later versions of the Mirabilia Urbis Romae, and the Chronicon Bohemorum of Giovanni di Marignola (1355) make Janus (the Roman deity) the fourth son of Noah, who moved to Italy, invented astrology, and instructed Nimrod.

According to the monk Annio da Viterbo (1498), the Hellenistic Babylonian writer Berossus had mentioned 30 children born to Noah after the Deluge, including sons named Tuisto, Prometheus, Iapetus, Macrus, "16 titans", Cranus, Granaus, Oceanus, and Tipheus. Also mentioned are daughters of Noah named Araxa "the Great", Regina, Pandora, Crana, and Thetis. However, Annio's manuscript is widely regarded today as having been a forgery.[38] -->

Islam

Putra-putra Nuh tidak disebutkan nama-namanya dalam Quran, melainkan hanya dicatat bahwa salah satu putranya termasuk orang-orang yang tidak mengikuti Nuh, bukan tergolong orang percaya, sehingga tenggelam dalam air bah. Juga Qur'an mengindikasikan bencana besar, cukup untuk menghancurkan orang-orang pada zaman Nuh, tetapi menyelamatkan Nuh dan keturunannya.[39]

Lihatpula

Catatan

  • Dillmann, A., Genesis: Critically and Exegetically Expounded, Vol. 1, Edinburgh, UK, T. and T. Clark, 1897, 314.
  • Kautzsch, E.F.: quoted by James Orr, "The Early Narratives of Genesis," in The Fundamentals, Vol. 1, Los Angeles, CA, Biola Press, 1917.

Referensi

  1. ^ Rogers 2000, hlm. 1271.
  2. ^ Guido Zernatto and Alfonso G. Mistretta (July 1944). "Nation: The History of a Word". The Review of Politics. Cambridge University Press. 6 (3): 351–366. doi:10.1017/s0034670500021331. JSTOR 1404386. 
  3. ^ "Biblical Geography," Catholic Encyclopedia: "The ethnographical list in Genesis 10 is a valuable contribution to the knowledge of the old general geography of the East, and its importance can scarcely be overestimated."
  4. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama mungello179
  5. ^ Strawn 2000b, hlm. 543.
  6. ^ Rogers 2000, hlm. 673.
  7. ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, hlm. 158.
  8. ^ Thompson 2014, hlm. 102.
  9. ^ Antiquities of the Jews – Book I
  10. ^ Die Chronik des Hippolytus
  11. ^ [1]
  12. ^ Isidorus (Hispalensis) (2006). Stephen A. Barney, ed. Etymologiae (English translation). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 192–193. ISBN 9781139456166.  page 192 page 193
  13. ^ Gmirkin 2006, hlm. 147.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Towner 2001, hlm. 103.
  15. ^ Bøe 2001, hlm. 48.
  16. ^ a b Gmirkin 2006, hlm. 149.
  17. ^ Bøe 2001, hlm. 47–48.
  18. ^ a b Gmirkin 2006, hlm. 150.
  19. ^ Gmirkin 2006, hlm. 150–152.
  20. ^ Bøe 2001, hlm. 101.
  21. ^ Bøe 2001, hlm. 102.
  22. ^ Gmirkin 2006, hlm. 148.
  23. ^ Gmirkin 2006, hlm. 149–150.
  24. ^ Gmirkin 2006, hlm. 161.
  25. ^ a b Towner 2001, hlm. 104.
  26. ^ Uehlinger 1999, hlm. 628.
  27. ^ Matthews 1996, hlm. 452.
  28. ^ Mathews 1996, hlm. 445.
  29. ^ Mathews 1996, hlm. 445–446.
  30. ^ Towner 2001, hlm. 104–105.
  31. ^ a b Towner 2001, hlm. 105.
  32. ^ David Moshman (2005). "Theories of Self and Theories as Selves". Dalam Cynthia Lightfoot, Michael Chandler and Chris Lalonde. Changing Conceptions of Psychological Life. Psychology Press. hlm. 186. ISBN 978-0805843361. 
  33. ^ a b c d Gmirkin 2006, hlm. 141.
  34. ^ a b Gmirkin 2006, hlm. 142.
  35. ^ Matthews 1996, hlm. 497.
  36. ^ Matthews 1996, hlm. 38.
  37. ^ Tooman 2011, hlm. 160.
  38. ^ Travels of Noah into Europe
  39. ^ Surat As-Saffat Qur'an As-Saffat:75–77

Pustaka

Daniel A. Machiela (2009). "A Comparative Commentary on the Earths Division". The Dead Sea Genesis Apocryphon: A New Text and Translation With Introduction and Special Treatment of Columns 13–17. BRILL. ISBN 9789004168145. 

Jacques T. A. G. M. Ruiten (2000). Primaeval History Interpreted: The Rewriting of Genesis 1–11 in the Book of Jubilees. BRILL. ISBN 9789004116580. 

Pranala luar

Templat:Noah's Ark Templat:Religious family trees Templat:Characters and names in the Quran

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