Daftar situs monolit raksasa
Daftar situs monolit raksasa ini dikelompokkan menurut ukuran batu paling besar pada situs tersebut. Suatu monolit adalah batu besar yang digunakan untuk membangun monumen atau bangunan, baik sendirian maupun bersama batu-batu lain. Daftar ini memuat batu-batu raksasa yang ditambang, dipindahkan dan diangkat untuk membuat stuktur atau monumen.
Monolit yang ditambang
Daftar ini hanya memuat monolit yang ditambang (quarried), tetapi tidak dipindahkan.
| Berat | Nama/Situs | Jenis | Lokasi | Pembangun | Catatan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8,799 t (est) | Yangshan Stele | Stele (body) | Yangshan Quarry, Tiongkok | Dinasti Ming | 49.4 m panjangnya, 10.7 m wide, 4.4 m thick[1] |
| 1,650 t[2] | Unnamed monolith | Block | Baalbek, Lebanon | Roman Empire | 19.6 m panjangnya, 6 m wide, ≥5.5 m high |
| 1,242 t[3] | Unnamed monolith | Block | Baalbek, Lebanon | Roman Empire | 19.5–20.5 m panjangnya, 4.34–56 m wide, 4.5 m high |
| 1,100 t[4] | Unfinished obelisk | Obelisk | Aswan, Egypt | Ancient Egypt | 41.75 m panjangnya, 2.5–4.4 m wide |
| 1,000.12 t[5] | Stone of the South | Block | Baalbek, Lebanon | Roman Empire | 20.31–76 m panjangnya, 4–5.29 m wide, 4.21–32 m high |
| 207 t[6] | Granite column | Column | Mons Claudianus, Egypt | Roman Empire | Ca. 17.7 m (59 feet) long[7] |
Monolit yang dipindah
Daftar ini hanya memuat monolit yang ditambang dan dipindahkan.
| Berat | Nama/Situs | Jenis | Lokasi | Pembangun | Catatan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,250 t[8] | Thunder Stone | Boulder, Statue pedestal | Saint Petersburg, Russia | Russian Empire, 1770 | Moved 6 km overland for shipment,[8] and cut from 1,500 t to current size while on transport[9] |
| 1,000 t[10][11] | Ramesseum | Statue | Thebes, Egypt | Ancient Egypt | Transported 170 mil (270 km) by ship from Aswan |
| 800 t each[12] | Trilithon (3×) | Blocks | Baalbek, Lebanon | Roman Empire | Plus about 24 blocks 300 tons each[13] |
| 700 t each | Colossi of Memnon (2×) | Statues | Thebes, Mesir | Mesir kuno | Transported 420 mil (680 km) from el-Gabal el-Ahmar (near modern-day Cairo) over land without using the Nile.[10][11][14] |
| 550 to 600 t[15][16] | Western Stone, Jewish Holy Temple | Block | Yerusalem, Israel [17] | Herodes, Raja orang Yahudi pada zaman Bait Kedua | |
| 520 tons, 170 tons, and 160 tons | Great Stele, King Ezana's Stele, Obelisk of Axum | Stelae | Axum, Etiopia | The stelae were moved about 26 mil (42 km).[10] | |
| 400–600 t | Gomateshwara | Statue | Hassan district negara bagian Karnataka, India | 60 kaki (18 m) tingginya x 30 kaki (9 m) lebarnya | |
| 400 t[18] | Kuil dalam kompleks Khafre's Pyramid | Giza, Mesir | |||
| 300–500 t[19] | Masuda no iwafune | Asuka, Nara, Jepang | Large stone structure approximately 11 meters in length, 8 meters in width, and 4.7 meters In height | ||
| 340 t[20] | Levitated Mass | Los Angeles, California, United States | Moved 106 miles.[21] | ||
| 300 t[10] | Broken Menhir of Er Grah | Brittany, France | Dipindahkan 75 mil (121 km). | ||
| 285 t[22] | Pompey's Pillar | Kolom | Alexandria, Egypt | Kekaisaran Romawi | |
| 230 t[23] | Mausoleum of Theodoric | Roof slab | Ravenna, Italia | Ostrogothic Kingdom | |
| 220 t[24] | Menkaure's Pyramid | Giza, Egypt | Largest stones in mortuary temple | ||
| 200 t[25] | Sahure's pyramid | Saqqara, Egypt | Largest stones over king's chamber | ||
| 200 t[26] | Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites | Korea | Largest stone | ||
| Berat | Nama/Situs | Jenis | Lokasi | Pembangun | Catatan |
- Cueva de Menga, di Antequera, Spanyol. Dolmen made of megaliths, weighing up to 180 tons, built in 2500 BC.
- Colossal statue of Tlaloc, in Coatlinchan. Made of basalt, weighing 168 tons.[27][28][29]
- The Kerloas menhir, Brittany, France. Largest, 150 tons.[30]
- Dol-de-Bretagne, France. Menhir, almost 150 tons.[butuh rujukan]
- Pyramid of Khendjer at Saqqara, Egypt. 150-ton, one-piece quartzite burial chamber.[31][32]
- Tiwanaku, Bolivia. Several ashlars, 100 to 130 tons, were transported 6 mil (9,7 km).[33][34]
- Sacsayhuamán, wall near Cusco, Peru. Largest stones over 125 tons.[35][36]
- Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae, Greece. Largest lintel stone, 120 tons.[35]
- The Pyramid of Amenemhet III, at Hawara, Egypt. 110-ton, one piece quartzite burial chamber.[37][38][39]
- Luxor, Egypt. Obelisk, 227 tons. The largest colossal statue of Ramses, well over 100 tons.[butuh rujukan]
- Ollantaytambo, Peru. Perhaps 6 stones well over 100 tons.[butuh rujukan]
- Brownshill Dolmen, weighing an estimated 100 metric tons.[40]
- Baths of Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Granite columns close to 100 tons.[35]
- Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey. Columns close to, if not more than, 100 tons.[butuh rujukan]
- Fortress of Mycenae, Greece. Largest stones close to 100 tons.[35]
- Pyramid of Nyuserre Ini. 12 megalithic limestone beams 10 meters long weighing 90 tons each, forming the roof of burial chamber and antechamber.[41]
- Moai at Easter Island. Largest Moai 70 to 86 tons. The tallest one, Paro, was moved 375 mil (604 km).[42]
- Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. Largest slabs on burial chamber, 80 tons. The granite was transported 580 mil (930 km) from Aswan by barge on the Nile river.[35]
- Karnak, Egypt. Obelisk, 328 tons. Largest architraves, 70 tons. Sandstone transported from Gebel Silsila 100 mil (160 km).[43][44]
- Trajan's Column, Rome, Italy. Pedestal blocks: 77 t[45]
- Ishibutai Kofun in Asuka, Nara, Japan. Largest stone, 75 tons.[46]
- Quirigua, Guatemala. Largest stele, 65 tons.[butuh rujukan]
- Osireion Abydos, Egypt. Columns and lintels, about 60 tons.[butuh rujukan]
- Pantheon, Rome, Italy. Granite columns, 39 feet (11.8 m) tall, five feet (1.5 m) in diameter, and 60 tons in weight were transported from Egypt by barge.[35][47]
- Olmec heads, Mexico, gulf coast. Largest Olmec head, almost 50 tons. Transported 37 to 62 mil (100 km).[35]
- Ħaġar Qim, one of the Megalithic Temples of Malta. Its largest stone weighs 57 tons and measures approximately 19 kaki (5,8 m) long by 9 kaki (2,7 m) tall by 2 kaki (0,61 m) thick.[48] The Maltese temples are the oldest free standing structures on Earth.[49]
- Ashoka Pillars, weighing up to about 50 tons, were transported throughout India to territory ruled by Ashoka.[50]
- Machu Picchu, Peru. Largest stones 20 to 50 tons.[butuh rujukan]
- Göbekli Tepe, Turkey. Megaliths from 10 to a 50 ton pillar still in its quarry[51] transported up to a 1/4 mile.[52]
- Nevalı Çori, Turkey. Megalithic site.[butuh rujukan]
- Avebury stone circle, England. Largest stone over 40 tons.[butuh rujukan]
- Stonehenge, England. Largest stones over 40 tons were moved 18 mil (29 km), smaller bluestones up to 5 tons were moved 130 mil (210 km).[35]
- Trajan's column Rome, Italy. Forty-ton drums. The capital block of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons.[53]
- Rameses IV reopened the stone quarries of Wadi Hammamat and had stones dragged 60 mil (97 km) across land to the Nile, then barged to Temples and his tomb in Thebes. Some of these weighed over 40 tons.[54]
- Dur-Sharrukin, Iraq. Largest colossal Bull, 40 tons.[55]
- Nineveh, Iraq. Largest colossal Bulls, 30 tons each, were transported 30 miles (48 km) from quarries at Balatai, then lifted 65 feet (20 m) once they arrived at the site.[35]
- Nimrud, Iraq. Largest colossal Bull, 30 tons.[56]
- Maeshowe Orkney Islands, Scotland. Largest flagstone, 30 tons.[57]
- Temple of Olympian Zeus (Athens), Greece.[butuh rujukan]
- Caesarea Maritima, Israel Harbor of Caesarea. Largest stone 20 tons.[35]
- Persepolis, Iran[butuh rujukan]
- Teotihuacan, Mexico. 22-ton water deity on top of the Pyramid of the Moon.[58]
- Aztec calendar stone at Tenochtitlan, Mexico. Weight, 24 tons.[59]
- Hattusas, Turkey. Largest stones, 20 tons.[butuh rujukan]
- List of Egyptian pyramids - most, if not all, Egyptian pyramids have monoliths over 20 tons, including monolithic roof slabs, plugs and burial vaults, some of which weigh over 100 tons.
- Nemrud Dagi, Turkey.[butuh rujukan]
- Palenque, Mexico. The largest stones weigh 12 to 15 tons.[35]
- Zorats Karer also called Karahunj, Armenia. The heights of the stones range from 0.5 to 3 m (above ground) and weight up to 10 tons.
- Ha'amonga 'a Maui, in the Kingdom of Tonga.[butuh rujukan]
- The Parthenon in Athens, Greece. Largest stones 10 tons.[35]
- Nubian pyramids. Sarcophagus, weighing 15.5 tons, and heavier granite statues up to at least 18 feet tall.[60]
- Copan Ruinas.[butuh rujukan]
- Dolmens of Russia.[butuh rujukan]
- Carnac stones.[butuh rujukan]
- Stećak tombstone monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Daorson ancient Illyrian city near Stolac in Bosnia and Herzegovina, built around central acropolis and surrounded with cyclopean walls made of large stone megaliths.
- Khajuraho, India.[butuh rujukan]
- Konark Sun Temple in India.[butuh rujukan]
- Vijayanagara, India.[butuh rujukan]
- Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom and other Angkor temples, Cambodia. Five million tons of sandstone were transported 25 mil (40 km) along the river just for Angkor Wat.[35][61]
- Didyma, Turkey.[butuh rujukan]
- Stone spheres of Costa Rica. Largest sphere weighs 16 tons.[butuh rujukan]
- Plain of Jars. Over 400 monolithic jars weighing from 5 to 15 tons, ranging from the Khorat Plateau in Thailand in the south, through Laos and to the North Cachar Hills of Dima Hasao district, Northerneastern India.[butuh rujukan]
- Newgrange, Ireland. Built in 3200 BC.[butuh rujukan]
- Callanish Stones, Western Isles of Scotland.[butuh rujukan]
- San Agustín, Huila, Colombia.[butuh rujukan]
- El Infiernito, pre-Columbian Muisca site. Colombia.[butuh rujukan]
- Gallardet dolmen or Pouget dolmen in Languedoc, France. Consists of a 12 metre long alley within a large tumulus. The main chamber is sill covered by three large capstones, and entry is made through a superb "oven door" entrance stone.[butuh rujukan]
- Puma Punku is part of a large temple complex or monument group that is part of the Tiwanaku Site near Tiwanaku, Bolivia.[butuh rujukan]
- Huge blocks, some weighing over 100 tons, at the Valley Temple.[62]
- 45 Degrees, 90 Degrees, 180 Degrees at Rice University [63]
Monolit yang diangkat
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Daftar ini hanya memuat monolit yang ditambang, dipindahkan dan diangkat.
Didirikan tegak
Monolit yang diketahui telah diangkat sampai berdiri tegak:
| Berat | Nama/Situs | Jenis | Lokasi | Pembangun | Catatan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 600 t[64] | Alexander Column | Column | Saint Petersburg, Russia | Russian Empire | Lifted in upright position in 1832 |
| 361 t[65] | Vatican Obelisk | Obelisk | Rome, Italy | Pope Sixtus V | Relocated and lifted in upright position by Domenico Fontana in 1586 |
| 250 t | Luxor Obelisk | Obelisk | Paris, France | Louis-Philippe I | Relocated and lifted in upright position by Apollinaire Lebas in 1836 |
Lifted clear off the ground
Monoliths known or assumed to have been lifted clear off the ground by cranes into their position:
| Weight | Height | Name/Site | Type | Location | Builder | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 108 t[66] | 19 m | Jupiter temple | Cornice block | Baalbek, Lebanon | Roman Empire | |
| 63 t[66] | 19 m | Jupiter temple | Architrave-frieze block | Baalbek, Lebanon | Roman Empire | |
| 53.3 t[67] | ~34 m | Trajan's Column | Capital block | Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | Dedicated in 113 AD |
Daftar upaya memindahkan atau memasang batu-batu
Daftar ini diurutkan dari proyek terbesar. Detail tambahan dapat dilihat pada halaman yang bersangkutan.
- Marinos Carburis, letnan kolonel Tentara Rusia, mengorganisasi pemindahan batu besar yang disebut "Thunder Stone" (Bahasa Rusia, Камень-Гром) dari Gulf of Finland pada tahun 1768 ke Saint Petersburg, Rusia
- Roger Hopkins dan Vince Lee keduanya berteori bagaimana batu-batu megalit dipindahkan ke Baalbek; teori ini meliputi cara menarik atau membalikkan batu itu.[68]
- Vince Lee berpartisipasi dalam eksperimen untuk menguji teorinya mengenai bagaimana tembok-tembok Sacsayhuamán dibangun.[68]
Lihat pula
Referensi
- ^ Yang, Xinhua (杨新华); Lu, Haiming (卢海鸣) (2001), 南京明清建筑 (Ming and Qing architecture of Nanjing), 南京大学出版社 (Nanjing University Press), ISBN 7-305-03669-2
- ^ "Archaeologists Discover The World's Largest Ancient Stone Block". io9. Diakses tanggal 2014-11-29.
- ^ Ruprechtsberger 1999, hlm. 17
- ^ Klemm & Klemm 1993, hlm. 323f.
- ^ Ruprechtsberger 1999, hlm. 15
- ^ Maxfield 2001, hlm. 158
- ^ Scaife 1953, hlm. 37
- ^ a b Adam 1977, hlm. 42−45
- ^ "Transport du piédestal de la statue de Pierre le Grand". La Nature magazine, second semester 1882. (dalam bahasa Prancis). Diakses tanggal 22 April 2007.
- ^ a b c d "The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World" edited by Chris Scarre 1999
- ^ a b "Giant Statue of Ancient Egypt Queen Found". News.nationalgeographic.com. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ Adam 1977, hlm. 52
- ^ Alouf, Michael M., 1944: History of Baalbek. American Press. p. 129
- ^ Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993)
- ^ The History Channel cited the 16.5 depth 567 ton estimate in "Lost Worlds of King Herod"
- ^ Dan Bahat: Touching the Stones of our Heritage, Israeli ministry of Religious Affairs, 2002
- ^ http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf
- ^ Siliotti, Alberto, Zahi Hawass, 1997 "Guide to the Pyramids of Egypt" p.62
- ^ "Text Browse by Country, County and Type of Site : The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map:". Megalithic.co.uk. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ "Levitated Mass FAQ" (PDF). Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Diakses tanggal 2012-03-13.
- ^ "Mass movers". Observatoire du Land Art. Diakses tanggal 2012-11-19.
- ^ (Adam 1977, hlm. 50f.)
- ^ Heidenreich & Johannes 1971, hlm. 63
- ^ Edwards, Dr. I.E.S.: The Pyramids of Egypt 1986/1947 p. 147-163
- ^ source: Edwards, Dr. I.E.S.: The Pyramids of Egypt 1986/1947 p. 175-6, 180-1, 275
- ^ "Gochang, Hwasun, and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites - World Heritage Site - Pictures, info and travel reports". World Heritage Site. 2010-01-01. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ Time Life Lost Civilizations series:Aztecs: Reign of Blood and Splendor (1992) p.45-47
- ^ "Non-Western - Rain God, Tlaloc". Instructional1.calstatela.edu. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ "Mexico'S Lord Of The Waters". Chapala.com. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ "Kerloas menhir - Menhir de Kerloas [Sophie's maze]". Sophie-g.net. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ Edwards, Dr. I.E.S.: The Pyramids of Egypt 1986/1947 p. 246-9
- ^ "Egypt: The Pyramid of Khendjer at South Saqqara". Touregypt.net. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ Browman, D. L., 1981, New light on Andean Tiwanaku. New Scientist. vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 408-419.
- ^ Coe, Michael, Dean Snow, and Elizabeth Benson, 1986 "Atlas of Ancient America" p. 190
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World" edited by Chris Scarre 1999
- ^ Readers Digest: "Mysteries of the Ancient Americas" The New World Before Columbus 1986 p. 220-1
- ^ Edwards, Dr. I.E.S.: The Pyramids of Egypt 1986/1947 p. 237-240
- ^ "Egypt: Amenemhet III's Pyramid at Hawara". Touregypt.net. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ Siliotti, Alberto, Zahi Hawass, 1997 "Guide to the Pyramids of Egypt"
- ^ Weir, A (1980), Early Ireland. A Field Guide, Belfast: Blackstaff Press, hlm. p101
- ^ Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997)p. 148-9 ISBN 0-500-05084-8
- ^ "NOVA Online | Secrets of Easter Island | Paro". Pbs.org. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ Walker, Charles, 1980 "Wonders of the Ancient World" p24-7
- ^ Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993) p. 53-54
- ^ Lancaster 1999, hlm. 430
- ^ "ASUKA/isibutai kofun". Asukanet.gr.jp. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ Parker, Freda (2009-05-12). "The Pantheon - Rome - 126 AD | Monolithic". Static.monolithic.com. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/malta/hq7.html
- ^ "The Prehistoric Archaeology of the Temples of Malta". Bradshawfoundation.com. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ "KING ASHOKA: His Edicts and His Times". Cs.colostate.edu. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ Taracha, Piotr (2009). Religions of second millennium Anatolia. Eisenbrauns. hlm. 12. ISBN 978-3-447-05885-8.
- ^ "The World's First Temple". Archaeology.org. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-12.
- ^ Lynne Lancaster,“Building Trajan's Column,” American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 103, No. 3. (Jul., 1999) p.426
- ^ Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993)p. 133
- ^ Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings p118-119
- ^ Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings. (1995) p. 112-121
- ^ Lost Worlds: The Pagans (of Britain) History Channel series with contributions from historian Prof. Ronald Hutton, Archeologists Erika Guttmann and Martin Carruthers
- ^ Walker, Charles, 1980 "Wonders of the Ancient World" p. 150-3
- ^ Aztecs: Reign of Blood and Splendor. Virginia:Time Life, 1992.
- ^ Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997)p.196-7 ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
- ^ Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Southeast Asia: A Past Regained (1995)
- ^ Siliotti, Alberto, Zahi Hawass, 1997 "Guide to the Pyramids of Egypt" p.63-9
- ^ http://timeline.centennial.rice.edu/entry/415/
- ^ http://kolonna.e812.ru/construction/installation.html
- ^ Lancaster 1999, hlm. 428
- ^ a b Coulton 1974, hlm. 19
- ^ Lancaster 1999, hlm. 419, 426
- ^ a b History Channel "Mega Movers: Ancient Mystery Moves"
Sumber
- Adam, Jean-Pierre (1977), "À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes", Syria, 54 (1/2): 31–63, doi:10.3406/syria.1977.6623
- Coulton, J. J. (1974), "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture", The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 94: 1–19, doi:10.2307/630416
- Heidenreich, Robert; Johannes, Heinz (1971), Das Grabmal Theoderichs zu Ravenna, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner
- Klemm, Rosemarie; Klemm, Dietrich D. (1993), Steine und Steinbrüche im Alten Ägypten, Berlin: Springer, ISBN 3-540-54685-5
- Lancaster, Lynne (1999), "Building Trajan's Column", American Journal of Archaeology, 103 (3): 419–439, doi:10.2307/506969
- Maxfield, Valerie A. (2001), "Stone Quarrying in the Eastern Desert with Particular Reference to Mons Claudianus and Mons Porphyrites", dalam Mattingly, David J.; Salmon, John, Economies Beyond Agriculture in the Classical World, Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society, 9, London: Routledge, hlm. 143–170, ISBN 0-415-21253-7
- Ruprechtsberger, Erwin M. (1999), "Vom Steinbruch zum Jupitertempel von Heliopolis/Baalbek (Libanon)", Linzer Archäologische Forschungen, 30: 7–56
- Scaife, C. H. O. (1953), "The Origin of Some Pantheon Columns", The Journal of Roman Studies, 43: 37, doi:10.2307/297777