Wiracarita Raja Gesar
Epos Raja Gesar (/ˈɡɛzər, ˈɡɛs-/; Tibet: གེ་སར་རྒྱལ་པོ་; Wylie: ge sar rgyal po, "Raja Gesar"; bahasa Mongol: Гэсэр Хаан, Geser Khagan, "Raja Geser", bahasa Rusia: Гесар-хан atau Кесар), juga dieja Geser (khususnya dalam konteks bahasa Mongolia) atau Kesar (/ˈkɛzər, ˈkɛs-/), adalah sebuha siklus epos, diyakini berasal dari abad ke-12, yang berhubungan dengan perbuatan heroik pahlawan budaya Gesar,[1] raja yang tidak mengenal takut dari kerajaan Ling yang legendaris (Wylie: gling). Epos ini dicatat secara beragam dalam puisi dan prosa, fabel nyanyian atau shuochang yang menjadi ragam pertunjukan tradisional,[2] dan dinyanyikan secara luas di seluruh Asia Tengah dan Timur Laut Asia Selatan. Versi klasiknya dapat ditemukan di Tibet bagian tengah.[3] Sekitar 100 orang bard dari epos ini (Wylie: sgrung, "dongeng")[4] masih aktif saat ini di sabuk Gesar di Tiongkok.[5] Para penyanyi Tibet, Mongol, Buryat, Balti, Ladakh, dan Monguor mempertahankan tradisi lisan dan epos ini telah menarik rasa ingin tahu ilmiah yang kuat sebagai salah satu dari sedikit tradisi epos lisan yang bertahan sebagai sebuah seni pertunjukan. Selain cerita yang dilestarikan oleh etnis minoritas di Tiongkok seperti Bai, Naxi, Pumi, Lisu, dan Yugur,[6] versi epos ini juga tercatat di antara masyarakat Balti di Baltistan, suku Burusho di Hunza dan Gilgit,[6] dan masyarakat Kalmuk dan Ladakh,[7][8] di Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal, dan di kalangan berbagai suku Tibeto-Burma, Turki, dan Tungus.[9] Versi cetak pertama adalah naskah berbahasa Mongol yang diterbitkan di Beijing pada tahun 1716.[10]
Catatan kaki
- ^ Samuel 1993, hlm. 68–9.
- ^ Samuel 2005, hlm. 166.
- ^ Chadwick & Chadwick 1968, hlm. 48–9,215–6.
- ^ Maconi 2004, hlm. 372.
- ^ Jiàngbiān Jiācuò 1998, hlm. 222.
- ^ a b Maconi 2004, hlm. 373.
- ^ Penick 2009, hlm. vii.
- ^ Herrmann 1990, hlm. 485.
- ^ Harvilahti 1996, hlm. 40.
- ^ Harvilahti 1996, hlm. 43.
Referensi
- 'Jam-dpal rgyal-mtsho (1990). "The Singers of the King Gesar Epic". Dalam Honko, Lauri. Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 471–484. ISBN 978-3-11-012253-4. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Beyer,, Stephan V (1992). The classical Tibetan language. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1099-8. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Chadwick, Hector Munro; Chadwick, Nora Kershaw (2010) [First published 1940]. The Growth of Literature. 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-01615-5. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Chadwick, Nora Kershaw; Zhirmunsky, Viktor (2010) [First published 1968]. Oral Epics of Central Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14828-3. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Chayet, Anne (2003). "The Potala, Symbol of the Power of the Dalai Lamas". Dalam Pommaret, Françoise. Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-12866-8. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- David-Néel, Alexandra; Yongden, Lama (2004) [First published 1933]. The Superhuman Life Of Gesar Of Ling. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7661-8686-6.
- Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). Salar: a study in Inner Asian language contact processes. Part 1: Phonology. Turcologia 31,7. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4. Diakses tanggal 17 July 2011.
- Francke, August Hermann (2000) [1905/1909]. A Lower Ladakhi Version of the Kesar Saga. Dehli: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-1507-6. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Harmatta, J.; Litvinsky, B. A. (1999). "Tokharistan and Gandhara under Western Türk rule (650-750)". Dalam Dani, Ahmad Hasan. History of civilizations of Central Asia. 3. Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 367–402. ISBN 978-81-208-1540-7. Diakses tanggal 15 July 2011.
- Harvilahti, Lauri (1996). "Epos and National Identity: Transformations and Incarnations" (PDF). Oral Tradition. Beijing. 11 (1): 37–49.
- Helffer, Mireille (1977). Les chants dans l'épopée tibétaine de Ge-sar d'après le Livre de la Course de Cheval: Version chantée de Blo-bzaṅ bstan-'jin. Paris: Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-03309-1. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Hermanns, Matthias (1965). Das National-Epos der Tibeter Gling König Ge Sar. Regensburg.: Josef Habbel Verlag. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Herrmann, Silke (1990). "The Life and History of the Epic King Gesar in Ladakh". Dalam Honko, Lauri. Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 485–501. ISBN 978-3-11-012253-4. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Hummel, Siegbert (1998). Eurasian Mythology in the Tibetan epic of Gesar. Guido Vogliotti (trans.). Dharamsala: The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. ISBN 978-81-86470-20-6.
- Jiàngbiān Jiācuò, (降邊嘉措) (1998). "Gesar in contemporary Tibetan Culture". Dalam Honko, Lauri; Handoo, Jawaharlal; Foley, John Miles. The Epic: Oral and Written. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. hlm. 220–225. ISBN 81-7342-055-6. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Kornman, Robin (2005). "The Influence of the Epic of King Gesar on Chogyam Trungpa". Dalam Midal, Fabrice. Recalling Chögyam Trungpa. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications. hlm. 347–379. ISBN 978-1-59030-207-1. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Lati Rinbochay; Paṅ-chen Sö-nam-drak-ba; Denma Lo-chö Rinbochay (1997) [First published 1983]. Zahler, Leah; Hopkins., Jeffrey, ed. Meditative States in Tibetan Buddhism. Somerville Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-119-X.
- Lopez Jr, Donald S (2007). Religions of Tibet in Practice. Princeton, Massachusetts: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12972-3.
- Lǐ Liánróng, (李連榮) (2001). "History and the Tibetan Epic Gesar" (PDF). Oral Tradition. Beijing. 16 (2): 317–342.
- Maconi, Lara. (2004). "Theatrical Gesar de Pékin? Le sort du Roi Gesar de Gling, héros épique tibétain, en Chinese (post-)maoïste". Dalam Labarthe, Judith. Formes modernes de la poésie épique: nouvelles approches. Bruxelles: Peter Lang. hlm. 371–419. ISBN 978-90-5201-196-7. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Martin, Dan (2011). "Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet". Dalam Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit. Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. hlm. 117–144. ISBN 978-0-7546-6956-2. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Needham, Joseph (1988) [First published 1954]. Science and Civilization in China. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05799-X.
- Papas, Alexandre (2011). "So Close to Samarkand, Lhasa: Sufi Hagiographies, Founder Lhasa and Sacred Space". Dalam Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit. Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. hlm. 261–280. ISBN 978-0-7546-6956-2. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Penick, Douglas J (1996). The warrior song of King Gesar. Boston, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 978-0-86171-113-0.
- Penick, Douglas J (2009). Crossings on a Bridge of Light: The Songs and Deeds of Gesar, King of Ling, as He Travels to Shambhala Through the Realms of Life and Death. Minneapolis: Mill City Press. ISBN 978-1-934937-99-0.
- Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche (2005). "The Teaching of Shambhala". Dalam Midal, Fabrice. Recalling Chögyam Trungpa. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications. hlm. 329–336. ISBN 978-1-59030-207-1. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Samuel, Geoffrey (2005). Tantric revisionings: new understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian religion. Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-2752-3.
- Samuel, Geoffrey (1993). Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-620-1.
- Shakabpa, Wangchuk Deden (2011) [First published 1976]. One Hundred Thousand Moons. Derek F. Maher (trans.). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17788-8.
- Stein, Rolf A (1956). L'épopée tibétaine dans sa version lamaïque de Ling. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- Stein, Rolf A. (1959). Recherches sur l'épopée et le Barde au Tibet. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- Vohra, Rohit (1996). "Early History of Ladakh: Mythic Lore % Fabulation: A preliminary note on the conjectural history of the 1st millennium A.D.". Dalam Osmaston, Henry; Denwood, Philip. Recent research on Ladakh 4 & 5: proceedings of the fourth and fifth international colloquia on Ladakh. Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 216–234. ISBN 978-81-208-1404-2. Diakses tanggal 16 July 2011.
- Young, Serinity (2004). Courtesans and tantric consorts: sexualities in Buddhist narrative, iconography and ritual. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91483-3.
- Сахаровска, Александра; Солоухин, Владимир Алексеевич (1986). Гэсэр: бурятский народный героический эпос (Geser: a Buryat Heldenepos.). Бурятское Книжное Издательство.
- Сэцэнмунч, Ульдзийт (2004). Исследования письменного монгольского эпоса о Гэсэре (Researches on a written version of the Mongolian Epic of Gesar). Санкт-Петербург.: Астерион. ISBN 978-5-94856-085-4.
Pranala luar
- King Gessar
- King Gessar preserved
- King Gessar and Samzhug
- English Translation of Geser Epic - Buryat version di Wayback Machine (diarsipkan tanggal 29 June 2007)
- An 1835 German translation of the Mongolian version at the Internet Archive
- The Mongolian version in Mongolian (Khalkha Cyrillic)
- The Buryat version in Russian translation
