Ritus Sarum
Tata Cara Sarum, Tata Cara Salisbury, atau Ritus Sarum adalah ragam tata ibadat Gereja Latin yang tumbuh dan berkembang di Gereja Katedral Salisbury sejak akhir abad ke-11 sampai pada zaman Reformasi Inggris.[1] Tata ibadat ini sangat mirip dengan Ritus Romawi, dan hanya sekitar 10 persen dari unsur-unsurnya yang bersal dari luar Ritus Romawi.[2] Tata ibadat katedral ini dihormati secara luas selama kurun waktu Abad Pertengahan Akhir, dan gereja-gereja di seluruh Kepulauan Inggris maupun beberapa daerah di Eropa Barat Laut mengadopsi amalan-amalannya dalam perayaan Ekaristi dan pelaksanaan ibadat harian. Tata Cara Sarum menempati posisi ekumenis yang unik, karena mempengaruhi dan mendapatkan pengakuan dari Gereja Katolik, Gereja Ortodoks Timur, dan gereja-gereja Anglikan.
Sumber
Pada tahun 1078, William Sang Penakluk mengangkat Osmund, seorang menak Norman, menjadi uskup kota Salisbury, tempat yang kini menjadi situs reruntuhan Sarum Lama.[3] Selaku uskup, Osmund berusaha meluruskan tata ibadat Kelt-Angli-Saksen maupun ragam-ragam tata ibadat hasil adaptasi lokal atas Ritus Romawi yang dipakai kala itu, dengan memanfaatkan unsur-unsur yang diserap dari tradisi Norman maupun tradisi Angli-Saksen.
Para ahli liturgi abad ke-19 berteori bahwa amalan-amalan liturgi di Rouen, kawasan utara Prancis, adalah sumber ilham di balik penyusunan buku-buku liturgi Sarum. Orang Norman menyingkirkan dan mengganti sebagian besar dari usukup-uskup berkebangsaan Angli-Saksen dengan uskup-uskup berkebangsaan Norman. Osmund adalah salah satunya. Mengingat tata ibadat di Rouen sangat mirip dengan tata ibadat di Sarum, agaknya orang Norman juga mengimpor buku-buku liturgi dari Prancis.[4]
Penyebaran
Usaha pelurusan yang dilakukan pada masa jabatan Osmund menghasilkan satu kumpulan baru misale, brevir, dan buku-buku petunjuk ibadat lainnya, yang dipakai di seluruh kawasan selatan Inggris, Wales, dan beberapa daerah di Irlandia.[5]
Sejumlah keuskupan menerbitkan misale sendiri, terinspirasi oleh Ritus Sarum, tetapi dengan doa-doa dan upacara-upacara khas mereka sendiri. Tata ibadat dalam beberapa misale tersebut sangat berbeda dari Tata Cara Sarum, sehingga dapat dianggap sebagai ragam tersendiri, misalnya Tata Cara Hereford, Tata Cara York, Tata Cara Bangor, dan Tata Cara Aberdeen. Misale-misale selebihnya (misalnya misale Gereja Katedral Lincoln dan misale Gereja Biara Westminster) tampak jelas disusun berdasarkan Ritus Sarum dengan sedikit perbedaan kecil di sana sini.[6]Many of the ornaments and ceremonial practices associated with the Sarum rite—though not the full liturgy itself—were revived in the Anglican Communion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as part of the Anglo-Catholic Oxford Movement in the Church of England. Some Anglo-Catholics wanted to find a traditional formal liturgy that was characteristically "English" rather than "Roman." They took advantage of the 'Ornaments Rubric' of 1559, which directed that English churches were to use "...such Ornaments of the Church, and of the Ministers thereof, at all Times of their Ministration, shall be retained, and be in use, as were in this Church of England, by the Authority of Parliament, in the Second Year of the Reign of Edward VI of England, i.e. January 1548 - January 1549, before the First Prayer Book came into effect in June of the latter year (which authorized the use of traditional vestments and was quite explicit that the priest shall wear an alb, vestment (=chasuble) or cope and that the deacons shall be vested in albs and tunicles (dalmatics). However, there was a tendency to read back Victorian centralizing tendencies into mediaeval texts, and so a rather rubrical spirit was applied to liturgical discoveries.
It was asserted, for instance, that Sarum had a well-developed series of colours of vestments for different feasts. There may have been tendencies to use a particular colour for a particular feast (red, for instance, was used on Sundays, as in the Ambrosian rite), but most churches were simply too poor to have several sets of vestments, and so used what they had. There was considerable variation from diocese to diocese, or even church to church, in the details of the rubrics: the place where the Epistle was sung, for instance, varied enormously; from a lectern at the altar, from a lectern in the quire, to the feature described as the 'pulpitum', a word used ambiguously for the place of reading (a pulpit) or for the rood screen. Some scholars thought that the readings were proclaimed from the top of the rood screen, which was most unlikely given the tiny access doors to the rood loft in most churches. This would not have permitted dignified access for a vested Gospel procession.
Chief among the proponents of Sarum customs was the Anglican priest Percy Dearmer, who put these into practice (according to his own interpretation) at his parish of St Mary the Virgin, Primrose Hill, in London. He explained them at length in The Parson's Handbook, which ran through several editions.[7] This style of worship has been retained in some present-day Anglican churches and monastic institutions, where it is known as "English Use" (Dearmer's term) or "Prayer Book Catholicism".-->
Rujukan
- ^ Sandon, Nicholas (2001). "Salisbury, Use of". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24611.
- ^ Renwick, William. "About". The Sarum Rite. McMaster University. Diakses tanggal 20 June 2020.
- ^ Webber, Teresa (2011). "Osmund [St Osmund] (d. 1099), bishop of Salisbury". Oxford Dictionary of Biography (dalam bahasa Inggris). doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20902.
- ^ Pfaff, Richard W. (2009). "Old Sarum: the beginnings of Sarum Use". The liturgy in medieval England: A history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 350–364. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511642340.016. ISBN 978-0-521-80847-7.
- ^ Cheung Salisbury, Matthew (2015). The secular liturgical office in late medieval England. Turnhout. doi:10.1484/M.MCS-EB.5.112246. ISBN 978-2-503-54806-7. OCLC 895714142.
- ^ Pfaff, Richard W. (2009). "New Sarum and the spread of Sarum Use". The liturgy in medieval England: A history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 365–387. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511642340.016. ISBN 978-0-521-80847-7.
- ^ Bates, J. Barrington (2004). "Extremely beautiful, but eminently unsatisfactory: Percy Dearmer and the healing rites of the Church, 1909–1928". Anglican and Episcopal History. 73 (2): 196–207. ISSN 0896-8039. JSTOR 42612398.
Pranala luar
- The Use of Sarum, commonly known as the Sarum Rite: ongoing edition and English translation of the complete Sarum Use
- The Experience of Worship: films and resources for the general public on worship in late medieval England produced in 2009–13