Kekaisaran Timuriyah

Gurkani

تیموریان

گورکانیان (Persia)

*Gūrkāniyān*
Gurkani; تیموریان; گورکانیان (Persia); Gūrkāniyān;
1370–1507
	Bendera
	Semboyan: راستى رستى; Rāstī rastī; "Dalam kebenaran terletak keselamatan"
	Jangkauan wilayah terluas pada masa Timur lenk (hijau) dan wilayah pertempuran dan ekspansi (hijau terang)
Ibu kota	Samarkand (1370–1405); Herat (1405–1507);
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Persian (official, court language, high literature, lingua franca); Chagatai; Arabic (academic language);
Agama	Agama Negara Islam [Sunni]] (Hanafi); Agama lainnya yang diakui Syiah Dua Belas Imam; Syah Ismailiyah; Zoroaster; Hindu; Huruf; Nestorian;
Pemerintahan	Monarki Keamiran
Amir
• 1370–1405	Timur Lenk (first)
• 1506–1507	Badi' al-Zaman (last)
Era Sejarah	Abad Pertengahan
• Timur memulai penaklukan	1363
• Pendirian Kekaisaran Timuriyah	1370
• Permulaan Ekspansi ke Barat	1380
• Pertempuran Ankara	20 Juli 1402
• Kejatuhan Samarkand	1505
• Kejatuhan Herat	1507
• Pendirian Kesultanan Mughal	1526
Luas
1405 est.	4.400.000 km2 (1.700.000 sq mi)
Didahului oleh	Digantikan oleh
	Kekhanan Chagatai
	dnsDinasti Sufi
	Jalayirid
	dnsDinasti Kurt
	Muzaffarid
	Sarbadar
	Marashi
	dnsDinasti Afrasiyab
	Kara Koyunlu
	krjKerajaan Georgia
Kekhanan Bukhara
dnsDinasti Safawiyah
Kekhanan Khiva
Kara Koyunlu
Aq Qoyunlu
kslKesultanan Mughal
krjKerajaan Georgia
	Sunting kotak info • Lihat • BicaraBantuan penggunaan templat ini

Kekaisaran Timuriyah atau Timurid (bahasa Persia: تیموریان), atau sebutan diri Gurkani (bahasa Persia: گورکانیان ), adalah Monarki Persia-Turki-Mongol ^[6]^[7] yang meliputi wilayah saat ini Uzbekistan, Iran, Kaukasus Selatan, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, seluruh Asia Tengah, juga sebagian India, Pakistan, Syria and Turkey.

Kerajaan ini didirikan oleh Timur (juga dikenal sebagai Tamerlane), seorang panglima perang dari keturunan Turki-Mongol, yang mendirikan kekaisaran, memerintah dari 1370 hingga kematiannya pada 1405. Dia membayangkan dirinya sebagai pemulih besar dari Kekaisaran Mongol dari Genghis Khan, menganggap dirinya sebagai pewaris Jenghis dan banyak berhubungan dengan Borjigin. Timur melanjutkan hubungan perdagangan yang kuat dengan Ming Tiongkok dan Golden Horde, dengan diplomat China seperti Ma Huan dan Chen Cheng secara teratur melakukan perjalanan ke barat ke Samarkanduntuk mengumpulkan upeti dan menjual barang, melanjutkan tradisi kerajaan Mongol. Kekaisaran tersebut menyebabkan Renaisans Timurid, khususnya pada masa pemerintahan astronom dan ahli matematika Ulugh Begh.

Pada tahun 1467, dinasti Timuriyah yang berkuasa, kehilangan sebagian besar Persia ke tangan Azerbaijan dan konfederasi Aq Qoyunlu. Tetapi anggota dinasti Timurid terus memerintah negara bagian yang lebih kecil, kadang-kadang dikenal sebagai Keamiran Timuriyah, di Asia Tengah dan sebagian India. Pada abad ke-16, Babur, seorang pangeran Timuriyah dari Ferghana (sekarang Uzbekistan), menginvasi Kabulistan (Afghanistan modern) dan mendirikan kerajaan kecil di sana. Dua puluh tahun kemudian, dia menggunakan kerajaan ini sebagai tempat pertempuran untuk menyerang India dan mendirikan Kerajaan Mughal.

Referensi

^ Subtelny, Maria E. (2007). Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran. Leiden: Brill. hlm. 260. ISBN 978-9004160316.
^
- Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1999). The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge University Press, p.109. ISBN 0-521-63384-2. Limited preview pada Google Books. p.109. "In almost all the territories which Temür incorporated into his realm Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled 'divan' was Persian."
- B.F. Manz, W.M. Thackston, D.J. Roxburgh, L. Golombek, L. Komaroff, R.E. Darley-Doran. "Timurids" Encyclopaedia of Islam Brill Publishers 2007; "During the Timurid period, three languages, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic were in use. The major language of the period was Persian, the native language of the Tajik (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and/or urban Turks. Persian served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry."
- Bertold Spuler. "CENTRAL ASIA v. In the Mongol and Timurid Periodse". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-14. "Like his father, Olōğ Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 ... Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible ...
- Robert Devereux (ed.) "Muhakamat Al-Lughatain (Judgment of Two Languages)" Mir 'Ali Shir Nawāi; Leiden, E.J. Brill 1966: "Nawa'i also employs the curious argument that most Turks also spoke Persian but only a few Persians ever achieved fluency in Turkic. It is difficult to understand why he was impressed by this phenomenon, since the most obvious explanation is that Turks found it necessary, or at least advisable, to learn Persian – it was, after all, the official state language – while Persians saw no reason to bother learning which was, in their eyes, merely the uncivilized tongue of uncivilized nomadic tribesmen.
- David J. Roxburgh. The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press, 2005. pg 130: "Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanama."
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama EI - Manz2
^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-14.
^ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3). p. 500. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
^ Subtelny, Maria (2007). Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran (dalam bahasa Inggris). BRILL. hlm. 40–41. ISBN 978-9004160316. Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Turko-Mongolian supporters became acculturated by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian language, culture, painting, architecture and music. [...] The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who devoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture.
^ B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006

[1] Subtelny, Maria E. (2007). Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran. Leiden: Brill. hlm. 260. ISBN 978-9004160316.

[2] 
Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1999). The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge University Press, p.109. ISBN 0-521-63384-2. Limited preview pada Google Books. p.109. "In almost all the territories which Temür incorporated into his realm Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled 'divan' was Persian."

B.F. Manz, W.M. Thackston, D.J. Roxburgh, L. Golombek, L. Komaroff, R.E. Darley-Doran. "Timurids" Encyclopaedia of Islam Brill Publishers 2007; "During the Timurid period, three languages, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic were in use. The major language of the period was Persian, the native language of the Tajik (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and/or urban Turks. Persian served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry."

Bertold Spuler. "CENTRAL ASIA v. In the Mongol and Timurid Periodse". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-14. "Like his father, Olōğ Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 ... Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible ...

Robert Devereux (ed.) "Muhakamat Al-Lughatain (Judgment of Two Languages)" Mir 'Ali Shir Nawāi; Leiden, E.J. Brill 1966: "Nawa'i also employs the curious argument that most Turks also spoke Persian but only a few Persians ever achieved fluency in Turkic. It is difficult to understand why he was impressed by this phenomenon, since the most obvious explanation is that Turks found it necessary, or at least advisable, to learn Persian – it was, after all, the official state language – while Persians saw no reason to bother learning which was, in their eyes, merely the uncivilized tongue of uncivilized nomadic tribesmen.

David J. Roxburgh. The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press, 2005. pg 130: "Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanama."

[3] Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1999). The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge University Press, p.109. ISBN 0-521-63384-2. Limited preview pada Google Books. p.109. "In almost all the territories which Temür incorporated into his realm Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled 'divan' was Persian."

[4] B.F. Manz, W.M. Thackston, D.J. Roxburgh, L. Golombek, L. Komaroff, R.E. Darley-Doran. "Timurids" Encyclopaedia of Islam Brill Publishers 2007; "During the Timurid period, three languages, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic were in use. The major language of the period was Persian, the native language of the Tajik (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and/or urban Turks. Persian served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry."

[5] Bertold Spuler. "CENTRAL ASIA v. In the Mongol and Timurid Periodse". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-14. "Like his father, Olōğ Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 ... Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible ...

[6] Robert Devereux (ed.) "Muhakamat Al-Lughatain (Judgment of Two Languages)" Mir 'Ali Shir Nawāi; Leiden, E.J. Brill 1966: "Nawa'i also employs the curious argument that most Turks also spoke Persian but only a few Persians ever achieved fluency in Turkic. It is difficult to understand why he was impressed by this phenomenon, since the most obvious explanation is that Turks found it necessary, or at least advisable, to learn Persian – it was, after all, the official state language – while Persians saw no reason to bother learning which was, in their eyes, merely the uncivilized tongue of uncivilized nomadic tribesmen.

[7] David J. Roxburgh. The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press, 2005. pg 130: "Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanama."

[EI_-_Manz2-3] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama EI - Manz2

[4] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-14.

[5] Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3). p. 500. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.

[6] Subtelny, Maria (2007). Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran (dalam bahasa Inggris). BRILL. hlm. 40–41. ISBN 978-9004160316. Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Turko-Mongolian supporters became acculturated by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian language, culture, painting, architecture and music. [...] The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who devoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture.

[EI-7] B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006

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