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Khmer Merah

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Khmer Merah
ខ្មែរក្រហម
PemimpinPol Pot
Waktu operasi1951–1999
MarkasPhnom Penh, Kamboja
IdeologiAutarky[1]:xix-xx
Nasionalisme khmer[1]:xx[2]:
Marxisme–Leninisme (hingga 1981)[3]
Komunisme (hingga 1981)[1]:xix[2]:
Posisi politikHingga 1981:
Far-left[4][5]
Sekutu Tiongkok
 Korea Utara
 Rumania
 Thailand (setelah 1979)
FUNCINPEC (hingga 1989)
Front Liberasi Nasional Rakyat Khmer
 Vietnam Utara (hingga 1976)
Viet Cong (hingga 1976)
Pathet Lao (hingga 1976)
 Amerika Serikat (1983-1989)
Lawan Uni Soviet
 Vietnam (setelah 1976)
 Republik Rakyat Kamboja
 Laos (setelah1976)
 Republik Khmer (until 1975)
 Jerman Timur
 Kuba
 Bulgaria
 Cekoslowakia
 Vietnam Selatan (hingga 1975)
 Amerika Serikat (1970-1975)
Artikel ini mengandung teks Khmer. Tanpa dukungan perenderan yang baik, Anda mungkin akan melihat tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain, bukan aksara Khmer.

Khmer Merah (/kəˌmɛər ˈruːʒ/, bahasa Prancis: [kmɛʁ ʁuʒ]; bahasa Khmer: ខ្មែរក្រហម [kʰmae krɑˈhɑːm]; "Merah Khmer") adalah nama yang populer yang merujuk kepada anggota Partai Komunis Kamboja (CPK) dan dengan perluasan rezim di mana CPK memerintah Kamboja antara tahun 1975 dan 1979. Nama tersebut diciptakan pada tahun 1960 oleh Norodom Sihanouk untuk menggambarkan pemberontak negaranya yang heterogen dan komunis, yang dengan siapa ia bersekutu setelah penggulingan pemerintahan tahun 1970-an.[6]

The Khmer Rouge army was slowly built up in the jungles of eastern Cambodia during the late 1960s, supported by the North Vietnamese army, the Viet Cong, the Pathet Lao, and the Communist Party of China (CPC).[7][8][9][10] Although it originally fought against Sihanouk, on the advice of the CPC, the Khmer Rouge changed its position and supported Sihanouk after he was overthrown in a 1970 coup by Lon Nol who established the pro-American Khmer Republic.[10][11] Despite a massive American bombing campaign against them, the Khmer Rouge won the Cambodian Civil War when they captured the Cambodian capital and overthrew the Khmer Republic in 1975. Following their victory, the Khmer Rouge who were led by Pol Pot, Nuon Chea, Ieng Sary, Son Sen, and Khieu Samphan, immediately set about forcibly evacuating the country's major cities. In 1976 they renamed the country Democratic Kampuchea.

The Khmer Rouge regime was highly autocratic, totalitarian, xenophobic, paranoid, and repressive. Many deaths resulted from the regime's social engineering policies and the "Maha Lout Ploh", an imitation of China's Great Leap Forward which caused the Great Chinese Famine.[7]:[12][13] The Khmer Rouge's attempts at agricultural reform through collectivisation similarly led to widespread famine, while its insistence on absolute self-sufficiency even in the supply of medicine led to the death of many thousands from treatable diseases such as malaria. The Khmer Rouge regime murdered hundreds of thousands of their perceived political opponents, and its racist emphasis on national purity resulted in the genocide of Cambodian minorities. Arbitrary executions and torture were carried out by its cadres against perceived subversive elements, or during genocidal purges of its own ranks between 1975 and 1978.[14] Ultimately, the Cambodian genocide led to the death of 1.5 to 2 million people, around 25% of Cambodia's population.

In the 1970s, the Khmer Rouge were largely supported and funded by the CPC, receiving approval from Mao Zedong; it is estimated that at least 90% of the foreign aid which was provided to the Khmer Rouge came from China.[7]:[8][11][15][16][17]:[18] The regime was removed from power in 1979 when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and quickly destroyed most of the Khmer Rouge's forces. The Khmer Rouge then fled to Thailand, whose government saw them as a buffer force against the communist Vietnamese. The Khmer Rouge continued to fight against the Vietnamese and the government of the new People's Republic of Kampuchea until the end of the war in 1989. The Cambodian governments-in-exile (including the Khmer Rouge) held onto Cambodia's United Nations seat (with considerable international support) until 1993, when the monarchy was restored and the name of the Cambodian state was changed to the Kingdom of Cambodia. A year later, thousands of Khmer Rouge guerrillas surrendered themselves in a government amnesty.

In 1996, a new political party called the Democratic National Union Movement was formed by Ieng Sary, who was granted amnesty for his role as the deputy leader of the Khmer Rouge.[19] The organisation was largely dissolved by the mid-1990s and finally surrendered completely in 1999.[20] In 2014, two Khmer Rouge leaders, Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan, were jailed for life by a United Nations-backed court which found them guilty of crimes against humanity for their roles in the Khmer Rouge's genocidal campaign.

Etimologi

Istilah "Khmers rouges" diambil dari bahasa Prancis yang berarti Khmer merah, istilah tersebut diciptakan oleh oleh Raja Norodom Sihanouk[21]:100 dan kemudian diadopsi oleh penutur bahasa Inggris (dalam bentuk versi rusak Khmer Merah). Istilah itu kemudian digunakan untuk merujuk pada anggota partai-partai komunis di Kamboja yang berkembang menjadi "Partai Komunis Kamboja" dan kemudian berganti menjadi "Partai Demokratik Kamboja". Militernya secara berturut-turut dikenal sebagai Tentara Revolusioner Kamboja dan Tentara Nasional Demokratik Kamboja.[22]

Referensi

  1. ^ a b c Kiernan, Ben (2004). How Pol Pot Came to Power: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Communism in Cambodia, 1930–1975Perlu mendaftar (gratis). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300102628. 
  2. ^ a b Cook, Susan; Rowley, Kelvin (2017). Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda: New Perspectives (PDF). Routledge. ISBN 9781351517775. 
  3. ^ Chandler, David P. (1999). Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot. ISBN 978-0813335100. 
  4. ^ Martin, Gus (2008). Essentials of Terrorism: Concepts and Controversies. SAGE Publications, Inc. hlm. 80. ISBN 978-1412953139. 
  5. ^ Hartman, Tom (1985). A World Atlas of Military History, 1945–1984. Hippocrene Books. hlm. 81. ISBN 0870520008. 
  6. ^ https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/southeast-asia-history/khmer-rouge
  7. ^ a b c Chandler, David P. (2018). Brother Number One: A Political Biography Of Pol Pot. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-98161-6. 
  8. ^ a b Strangio, Sebastian. "China's Aid Emboldens Cambodia". Yale Global Online. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-12. 
  9. ^ "The Chinese Communist Party's Relationship with the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s: An Ideological Victory and a Strategic Failure". Wilson Center. 2018-12-13. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-26. 
  10. ^ a b Hood, Steven J. (1990). "Beijing's Cambodia Gamble and the Prospects for Peace in Indochina: The Khmer Rouge or Sihanouk?". Asian Survey. 30 (10): 977–991. doi:10.2307/2644784. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2644784. 
  11. ^ a b "China-Cambodia Relations". www.rfa.org. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-26. 
  12. ^ McLellan, Janet (April 1, 1999). "5". Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto (edisi ke-1st). University of Toronto Press. hlm. 137. ISBN 978-0-8020-8225-1. 
  13. ^ Chandler, David (2007). A History of Cambodia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1578566969. 
  14. ^ Ratner, Steven R.; Abrams, Jason S. (2001). Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy (edisi ke-2nd). OUP Oxford. hlm. 272. ISBN 978-0-19-829871-7. 
  15. ^ Levin, Dan (2015-03-30). "China Is Urged to Confront Its Own History". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-26. 
  16. ^ "How Red China Supported the Brutal Khmer Rouge". Vision Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2018-01-28. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-26. 
  17. ^ Kiernan, Ben (2008). The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300142990. 
  18. ^ Laura, Southgate (2019-05-08). ASEAN Resistance to Sovereignty Violation: Interests, Balancing and the Role of the Vanguard State. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-5292-0221-2. 
  19. ^ "Cambodia profile". BBC News. January 17, 2012. Diakses tanggal July 30, 2019. 
  20. ^ "No Redemption – The Failing Khmer Rouge Trial By Allan Yang". Harvard International Review. 2008. 
  21. ^ Becker, Elizabeth (1998). When the War was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1891620003. 
  22. ^ DeRouen, Karl R. (2007). "Cambodia (1970–1975 and 1979–1991)". Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 231. ISBN 9781851099191. 
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