Perang Tiongkok–India

Perang Tiongkok-India
	; Peta sengeketa perbatasan antara Tiongkok dan India.
Tanggal	20 Oktober – 21 November 1962; (1 bulan dan 1 hari)
Lokasi	Aksai Chin, Agensi Perbatasan Timur Laut dan Assam
Hasil	Kemenangan Tiongkok China took control of Aksai Chin;
Pihak terlibat
Tiongkok	India
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Mao Zedong; (Ketua Partai Komunis Tiongkok); Liu Shaoqi; (Presiden Tiongkok); Zhou Enlai; (Perdana Menteri Tiongkok); Lin Biao; (Menteri Pertahanan); Luo Ruiqing; (Kepala Staf PLA); Zhang Guohua; (Komandan lapangan); Liu Bocheng; (Marsekal PLA)	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; (Presiden India); Jawaharlal Nehru; (Perdana Menteri India); V. K. Krishna Menon; (Menteri Pertahanan); General Pran Nath Thapar; (Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat India); Brij Mohan Kaul; (Jenderal Angkatan Darat); Letnan JenderalLionel Protip Sen; (Komandan lapangan wilayah timur); Mayor-Jenderal Anant Singh Pathania (Divisi komando lapangan)
Kekuatan
80,000	22,000
Korban
Sumber Tiongkok:; 722 tewas; 1,697 luka-luka	Sumber India:; 1,383 tewas; 1,696 hilang; 548–1,047 luka-luka ; 3,968 tertangkap; Chinese sources:; 4,897 tewas atau luka-luka; 3,968 ditawan

Perang Tiongkok-India adalah konflik bersenjata di perbatasan antara Tiongkok dan India pada tahun 1962. Konflik ini pecah hampir bersamaan waktunya dengan Konflik Kuba.

Latar belakang

Perbatasan India dan Tiongkok hampir sepanjang 2000 km, terbagi atas perbatasan sebelah barat, tengah dan timur. Tahun 1951, India menguasai secara sepihak daerah di dalam garis McMahon yang ditentukan sepihak oleh Inggris dan belum pernah diakui oleh Tiongkok. Setelah itu, di sebelah timur, India juga menguasai beberapa wilayah yang seharusnya dimiliki oleh Tiongkok. Lebih jauh pada tahun 1959, pihak militer India mendirikan 43 pos militer di perbatasan untuk menunjukkan keabsahan penguasaan mereka.

Usaha-usaha diplomatik yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Beijing tidak mendapat tanggapan dari pihak Delhi.

Pandangan Beijing

Beijing merasa bahwa garis McMahon adalah ketetapan sepihak dari Inggris atas urusan perbatasan Tiongkok dan India. Atas dasar ini, Beijing merasa bahwa wilayah yang dipersengketakan sudah seharusnya menjadi wilayah teritorial Tiongkok.

Pandangan Delhi

Delhi merasa, sejak kemerdekaannya dari Inggris pada tahun 1947, mereka berhak atas seluruh klaim teritorial Inggris semasa menguasai India, dalam hal ini wilayah yang termasuk dalam garis McMahon adalah sudah seharusnya menjadi milik India.

Hasil

Cina memenangkan perang. Tidak ada perubahan teritorial di timur (Arunachal Pradesh). Ada beberapa pos dan patroli India di barat (Aksai Chin) sebelum perang, namun setelah perang China menguasai Aksai Chin secara keseluruhan.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963). Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh. Praeger – via Questia. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)).
Himalayan Blunder by Brigadier John Dalvi. Natraj Publishers
Calvin, James Barnard (April 1984). "The China-India Border War". GlobalSecurity.org. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-14.
Lamb, Alastair (1964). The China-India Border: The Origins of the Disputed Boundaries. L. Oxford University Press.
Neville Maxwell's India's China War, Pantheon Books, USA, 1971
Gunnar Myrdal. Asian Drama; An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations. New York: Random House, 1968
History of the Conflict with China, 1962. P.B. Sinha, A.A. Athale, with S.N. Prasad, chief editor, History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India, 1992. — Official Indian history of the Sino-Indian War.
Allen S. Whiting. The Chinese Calculus of Deterrence: India and Indochina.
The Sino-Indian Boundary Question [Enlarged Edition], Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1962
Woodman, Dorothy (1969). Himalayan Frontiers. London: Barrie & Rockliff, The Cresset Press.
Okoth, Pontian Godfrey (2015). USA, India, Africa During and After the Cold War. University of Nairobi Press. hlm. 98. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 September 2016.

Pranala luar

Sino-Indian Border Dispute (Top Secret CIA report, 1964, Declassified 2007) Diarsipkan 2007-07-01 di Wayback Machine.
Sino-Indian War (1962)
Remembering a War: The 1962 India-China Conflict — Rediff.com.
Neville Maxwell: Henderson Brooks Report Diarsipkan 2008-08-22 di Wayback Machine.
1962 Sino-Indian War, Hindustan Times
Why India lost the 1962 border war? – Tejas Patel
War in the Himalayas: 1962 Indo-Sino Conflict Diarsipkan 2005-05-07 di Wayback Machine. (includes official war history) from History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India
Critical Asian Studies Article: Sino Indian War 1962 Diarsipkan 2007-03-04 di Wayback Machine.
India, China to speed up border dispute talks: 2005 Xinhuanet
The Rediff Special/Claude Arpi
1962 War and Its Implications For Sino-India Relations Diarsipkan 2007-09-28 di Wayback Machine.
Historical maps of the Sino-Indian border Diarsipkan 2006-05-30 di Wayback Machine.
Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA; [[University of California, Berkeley Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list]
Frontier India India-China Section
China, India, and the fruits of Nehru's folly by Venkatesan Vembu, Daily News & Analysis, 6 June 2007

Artikel bertopik perang ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

^ Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English language: Chronology of Major Dates in History, p. 1686. Dilithium Press Ltd., 1989
^ India lost war with China but won Arunachal's heart – Times of India Diarsipkan 30 November 2016 di Wayback Machine.
^ Prabhash K Dutta (22 June 2020). "How China captured Aksai Chin". India Today. Diakses tanggal 18 December 2020. through 1950s, China captured Aksai Chin and consolidated its position in 1962 war.
^ Lu, Rey-ching (2011). Chinese Democracy and Elite Thinking - Mao Zedong's Rule (1949–1976). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. hlm. 47-60. doi:10.1057/9780230117617_4. ISBN 978-0-230-11761-7.
^ "1969: Liu Shaoqi dies under torture". ExecutedToday. 2013-11-12. In 1959 Liu succeeded Mao as President of the People’s Republic of China, and led the walkback from the Great Leap's destructive stab at modernization.
^ ^a ^b Garver, John W. (2006), "China's Decision for War with India in 1962" (PDF), dalam Robert S. Ross, New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy, Stanford University Press, hlm. 86–, ISBN 978-0-8047-5363-0
^ Eric S. Margolis (2002). War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 288. ISBN 978-0-415-93468-8.
^ 刘振起 (2017). 毛泽东精神. 中国民主法制出版社. hlm. 121. ISBN 978-7516214862.
^ ^a ^b ^c Feng, Cheng; Wortzel, Larry M. (2003). "PLA Operational Principles and Limited War". Dalam Mark A. Ryan; David Michael Finkelstein; Michael A. McDevitt. Chinese warfighting: The PLA experience since 1949. M.E. Sharpe. hlm. 188–. ISBN 978-0-7656-1087-4. Diakses tanggal 14 April 2011.
^ Wortzel 2003, hlm. 340–341. The source says Indian wounded were 1,047 and attributes it to Indian Defence Ministry's 1965 report, but this report also included a lower estimate of killed.
^ Malik, V. P. (2010). Kargil from Surprise to Victory (edisi ke-paperback). HarperCollins Publishers India. p. 343, note 134. ISBN 978-9350293133.

[webster_chronological_dates-1] Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English language: Chronology of Major Dates in History, p. 1686. Dilithium Press Ltd., 1989

[2] India lost war with China but won Arunachal's heart – Times of India Diarsipkan 30 November 2016 di Wayback Machine.

[3] Prabhash K Dutta (22 June 2020). "How China captured Aksai Chin". India Today. Diakses tanggal 18 December 2020. through 1950s, China captured Aksai Chin and consolidated its position in 1962 war.

[Chairman_Mao-4] Lu, Rey-ching (2011). Chinese Democracy and Elite Thinking - Mao Zedong's Rule (1949–1976). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. hlm. 47-60. doi:10.1057/9780230117617_4. ISBN 978-0-230-11761-7.

[President_Liu_Shaoqi-5] "1969: Liu Shaoqi dies under torture". ExecutedToday. 2013-11-12. In 1959 Liu succeeded Mao as President of the People’s Republic of China, and led the walkback from the Great Leap's destructive stab at modernization.

[Garver-6] Garver, John W. (2006), "China's Decision for War with India in 1962" (PDF), dalam Robert S. Ross, New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy, Stanford University Press, hlm. 86–, ISBN 978-0-8047-5363-0

[7] Eric S. Margolis (2002). War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 288. ISBN 978-0-415-93468-8.

[8] 刘振起 (2017). 毛泽东精神. 中国民主法制出版社. hlm. 121. ISBN 978-7516214862.

[Wortzel-9] Feng, Cheng; Wortzel, Larry M. (2003). "PLA Operational Principles and Limited War". Dalam Mark A. Ryan; David Michael Finkelstein; Michael A. McDevitt. Chinese warfighting: The PLA experience since 1949. M.E. Sharpe. hlm. 188–. ISBN 978-0-7656-1087-4. Diakses tanggal 14 April 2011.

[10] Wortzel 2003, hlm. 340–341. The source says Indian wounded were 1,047 and attributes it to Indian Defence Ministry's 1965 report, but this report also included a lower estimate of killed.

[Kargil_from_Surprise_to_Victory-11] Malik, V. P. (2010). Kargil from Surprise to Victory (edisi ke-paperback). HarperCollins Publishers India. p. 343, note 134. ISBN 978-9350293133.

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