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Pengguna:NFarras/Proyek 3

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Long COVID, juga dikenal sebagai Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), chronic COVID syndrome (CCS), dan long-haul COVID,[1][2][3] adalah kondisi yang dapat is the condition characterized by long-term sequelae—persisting after the typical convalescence period—of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Persistent symptoms include fatigue, headaches, shortness of breath, anosmia (loss of smell), muscle weakness, low fever and cognitive dysfunction (brain fog).[4]

Sufferers of long COVID are sometimes called long haulers. The exact number of people who experience long-term symptoms is unknown and varies according to the population being studied, the definition used, and the time period used in the study. However, some studies suggest that approximately 10% of people who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 experienced one or more symptoms for longer than 12 weeks.[5]

While studies into various aspects of long COVID are underway,[6][7] hingga January 2021, it is too early to draw conclusions on the mechanism. Health systems in some countries or jurisdictions[8][9][10] have been mobilized to deal with this group of patients by creating specialized clinics and providing advice.

Anyone infected with SARS-CoV-2 can suffer from long COVID after the infection is considered to have ended, including young, healthy people,[5][11] and even if the initial disease at its peak only caused minor symptoms.[12][13] While long COVID is observed after infection, it has not been reported after vaccination, with over 100,000 participants included in vaccine trials hingga Desember 2020.[14][15][16]

Terminology and definitions

Long COVID is a patient-created term which was reportedly first used in May 2020 as a hashtag on Twitter by Elisa Perego, an archaeologist at University College London.[17][18]

Sufferers are often referred to as long-haulers.[19][20][21][22][23]

Long COVID has no single, strict definition.[24] It is normal and expected that people who experience severe symptoms or complications such as post-intensive care syndrome or secondary infections will naturally take longer to recover than people who had mild illness and no such complications. This natural variation can make it difficult to determine whether a specific individual's set of ongoing symptoms represent a fundamentally normal, if long, convalescence, or if long COVID is present. One rule of thumb is that long COVID represents symptoms that have been present for longer than two months.[24]

British definition

The British National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) divides COVID-19 into three clinical definitions:

  • acute COVID-19 for signs and symptoms during the first 4 weeks after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),
  • new or ongoing symptoms 4 weeks or more after the start of acute COVID-19, which is divided into:
    • ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 for effects from 4 to 12 weeks after onset, and
    • post-COVID-19 syndrome for effects that persist 12 or more weeks after onset.

NICE describes the term long COVID, which it uses "in addition to the clinical case definitions", as "commonly used to describe signs and symptoms that continue or develop after acute COVID-19. It includes both ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 (from 4 to 12 weeks) and post-COVID-19 syndrome (12 weeks or more)".[25]

NICE defines post-COVID-19 syndrome as "Signs and symptoms that develop during or after an infection consistent with COVID‑19, continue for more than 12 weeks and are not explained by an alternative diagnosis. It usually presents with clusters of symptoms, often overlapping, which can fluctuate and change over time and can affect any system in the body. Post‑COVID‑19 syndrome may be considered before 12 weeks while the possibility of an alternative underlying disease is also being assessed".[25]

U.S. definition

In February 2021, the National Institutes of Health said symptoms of Long COVID can include fatigue, shortness of breath, "brain fog", sleep disorders, intermittant fevers, gastrointestinal symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Symptoms can persist for months and can range from mild to incapacitating, with new symptoms arising well after the time of infection. NIH Director Francis Collins said the condition can be collectively referred to as Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC).[26]

  1. ^ Baig AM (October 2020). "Chronic COVID Syndrome: Need for an appropriate medical terminology for Long-COVID and COVID Long-Haulers". Journal of Medical Virology. doi:10.1002/jmv.26624 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 33095459 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan). 
  2. ^ Staff (13 November 2020). "Long-Term Effects of COVID-19". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diakses tanggal 27 November 2020. 
  3. ^ "Overview | COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 | Guidance | NICE". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 18 December 2020. Diakses tanggal 18 December 2020. 
  4. ^ CDC (2020-02-11). "COVID-19 and Your Health". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-02-26. 
  5. ^ a b Office of National Statistics UK (December 2020). "The prevalence of long COVID symptoms and COVID-19 complications". 
  6. ^ Workshop on Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (Day 1). NIH. 
  7. ^ Workshop on Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (Day 2). NIH. 
  8. ^ "Mount Sinai Center for Post-COVID Care". 
  9. ^ "Delhi's Post-Covid Clinic For Recovered Patients With Fresh Symptoms Opens". 
  10. ^ "Post COVID-19 Rehabilitation and Recovery Program". 
  11. ^ Brito D, Meester S, Yanamala N, Patel HB, Balcik BJ, Casaclang-Verzosa G, et al. (November 2020). "High Prevalence of Pericardial Involvement in College Student Athletes Recovering From COVID-19". JACC. Cardiovascular Imaging: S1936878X20309463. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.10.023. PMC 7641597 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 33223496 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan). 
  12. ^ "A Mild COVID-19 Case May Result in Long-Term Symptoms". Healthline (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2021-01-11. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-26. 
  13. ^ MD, Robert Glatter. "Almost 50% Of Mild Covid-19 Patients Still Have Symptoms 6 Months Later, Study Finds". Forbes (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-02-26. 
  14. ^ Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. (December 2020). "Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine". The New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (27): 2603–2615. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034577. PMC 7745181 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 33301246 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan). 
  15. ^ Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Widge AT, Jackson LA, Roberts PC, Makhene M, et al. (December 2020). "Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults". The New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (25): 2427–2438. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028436. PMC 7556339 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 32991794. 
  16. ^ Mahase E (December 2020). "Covid-19: Oxford vaccine could be 59% effective against asymptomatic infections, analysis shows". BMJ. 371: m4777. doi:10.1136/bmj.m4777 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 33298405 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan). 
  17. ^ Perego, Elisa; Callard, Felicity; Stras, Laurie; Melville-Jóhannesson, Barbara; Pope, Rachel; Alwan, Nisreen A. (1 October 2020). "Why we need to keep using the patient made term "Long Covid"". The BMJ (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 18 October 2020. 
  18. ^ Callard F, Perego E (January 2021). "How and why patients made Long Covid". Social Science & Medicine. 268: 113426. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113426. PMC 7539940 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 33199035 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan). 
  19. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama HarvardOct15
  20. ^ Marshall M (September 2020). "The lasting misery of coronavirus long-haulers". Nature. 585 (7825): 339–341. Bibcode:2020Natur.585..339M. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02598-6 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 32929257. 
  21. ^ "COVID-19 (coronavirus): Long-term effects". Mayo Clinic. 18 August 2020. Diakses tanggal 19 October 2020. 
  22. ^ "What are the long-term health risks following COVID-19?". NewsGP. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP). 24 June 2020. Diakses tanggal 19 October 2020. 
  23. ^ Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F (August 2020). "Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19". JAMA. 324 (6): 603–605. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12603. PMC 7349096 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 32644129. Diakses tanggal 19 October 2020. 
  24. ^ a b Brodin, Petter (January 2021). "Immune determinants of COVID-19 disease presentation and severity". Nature Medicine (dalam bahasa Inggris). 27 (1): 28–33. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01202-8 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. ISSN 1546-170X. PMID 33442016 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan). 
  25. ^ a b "Context | COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 18 December 2020. Diakses tanggal 18 December 2020. 
  26. ^ NIH launches new initiative to study “Long COVID”
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