Bildungsroman
Bildungsroman (Jerman: [ˈbɪldʊŋs.ʁoˌmaːn]) adalah genre sastra yang menitikberatkan tema pendidikan manusia serta proses perjalanan pribadi tokoh-tokohnya dari awal pertumbuhannya menuju kedewasaan.[1] Dimulai dari karya Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre oleh Goethe, novel pertama yang secara persis menggambarkan proses perkembangan dan pendidikan manusia menuju kedewasaan,[2] Bildungsroman lahir dan berkembang dari visi humanisme Jerman di abad 18 dan menyebar ke Inggris dan Amerika di mana konsep pendidikan atau bildung individu mempengaruhi penulis seperti Thomas Carlyle, Ralph Waldo Emerson, John Stuart Mill, Walter Pater, Matthew Arnold sampai Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Henry James dan juga memengaruhi penulis abad dua puluh seperti Thomas Mann.[3] Bildungsroman juga dikenal sebagai sastra dengan tema peralihan masa muda menuju kedewasaan yang sering diamati dalam sosiologi sebagai keberanjakan dewasa (coming of age).
Istilah bildungsroman pertama kali disebut oleh Karl Morgenstern yang mengategorikan suatu karya sastra sebagai bildungsroman jika memiliki isi utama yaitu cerita pembentukan dan pendidikan (bildung) protagonis dari mulai perjalanannya sampai tingkat kesempurnaan tertentu. Narasi edukasional tersebut lalu dipakai sebagai cara menumbuhkan pendidikan bagi para pembacanya. Dalam dialektika antara isi cerita dan pembacaan ini, sastra bildungsroman hendak mendorong baik protagonis maupun pembaca menjalani proses perubahan, menuju suatu peningkatan moral dan psikologi untuk menjadi manusia yang terdidik dan mandiri dalam berpikir.[4]
Daftars
Prekursor
- Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, karya Ibn Tufail (abad ke-12)[5]
- Lazarillo de Tormes (pertengahan abad ke-16)[6]
Abad ke 18
- Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (Fanny Hill), karya John Cleland (1748)[7][8]
- The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, karya Henry Fielding (1749)[9]
- Candide, karya Voltaire (1759)[10]
- The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, karya Laurence Sterne (1759)[9]
- Geschichte des Agathon, karya Christoph Martin Wieland (1767) —sering dianggap yang pertama "benar" Bildungsroman [11]
- Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship karya Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1795–96)[12]
Abad ke-19
- The Red and The Black, karya Stendhal (1830)[13]
- Jane Eyre, karya Charlotte Brontë (1847)[14][15]
- Wuthering Heights karya Emily Brontë (1847) [16]
- Netochka Nezvanova, karya Fyodor Dostoevsky (1849)[17]
- David Copperfield, karya Charles Dickens (1850)[15]
- Green Henry, karya Gottfried Keller (1855)[18]
- Great Expectations, karya Charles Dickens (1861)[19][15]
- Little Women, karya Louisa May Alcott (1869)[20]
- Sentimental Education, karya Gustave Flaubert (1869)[15]
- What Maisie Knew, karya Henry James (1897)[21]
Abad ke-20
- Kim, karya Rudyard Kipling (1901) [22]
- Martin Eden, karya Jack London (1909)[23]
- The Book of Khalid, karya Ameen Rihani (1911)[24]
- Sons and Lovers, karya D. H. Lawrence (1913)[25]
- A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, karya James Joyce (1916)[26][15]
- This Side of Paradise karya F. Scott Fitzgerald (1920)[27]
- The Magic Mountain karya Thomas Mann (1924)[15]
- Pather Panchali, karya Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay (1929)[28]
- The Catcher in the Rye karya J. D. Salinger (1951)[29]
- Children of Violence karya Doris Lessing (1952–1969)[30]
- In the Castle of My Skin, karya George Lamming (1953)[31]
- Goodbye, Columbus, karya Philip Roth (1959)[32]
- To Kill a Mockingbird, karya Harper Lee (1960)[29]
- Wake in Fright, karya Kenneth Cook (1961)[33]
- The Emperor of Ice-Cream, karya Brian Moore (1965)[34]
- Dune, karya Frank Herbert (1965)[35]
- The Outsiders karya S. E. Hinton (1967)[36]
- A Wizard of Earthsea, karya Ursula K. Le Guin (1968)[37]
- Bright Lights, Big City karya Jay McInerney (1984)[38]
- Ender's Game karya Orson Scott Card (1985)[36]
- Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit karya Jeanette Winterson (1985)[39]
- Norwegian Wood karya Haruki Murakami (1987)[40]
- English Music karya Peter Ackroyd (1992)[41]
- The Perks of Being a Wallflower karya Stephen Chbosky (1999)[42]
- Naruto karya Masashi Kishimoto (1999)[43]
- Persepolis karya Marjane Satrapi (2000)[44]
Abad ke 21
- The Secret Life of Bees, karya Sue Monk Kidd (2002)[45]
- The Kite Runner, karya Khaled Hosseini (2003)[46]
- The Fortress of Solitude, karya Jonathan Lethem (2003)[47]
- Never Let Me Go, karya Kazuo Ishiguro (2005)[29]
- Indecision, karya Benjamin Kunkel (2005)[48]
- Black Swan Green, karya David Mitchell (2006)[49]
- Indignation, karya Philip Roth (2008)[a]
- Washington Black, karya Esi Edugyan (2018)[50]
Referensi
- ^ Jeffers, Thomas (2005). Apprenticeships: The Bildungsroman from Goethe to Santayana. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. hlm. 49. ISBN 1-4039-6607-9.
- ^ Beutin, Wolfgang; Ehlert, Klaus; Emmerich, Wolfgang; Hoffacker, Helmut; Lutz, Bernd; Meid, Volker; Schnell, Ralf; Stein, Peter; Stephan, Inge (1993). A History of German Literature: From the beginnings to the present day. London: Routledge. hlm. 181. ISBN 0-203-99322-5.
- ^ Jeffers, Thomas (2005). Apprenticeships: The Bildungsroman from Goethe to Santayana. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. hlm. 4. ISBN 1-4039-6607-9.
- ^ Bartram, Graham (2004). The Cambridge Companion to the Modern German Novel. New York: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 77-78. ISBN 978-0-511-22188-0.
- ^ Palmer, Joy; Liora Bresler; David Edward Cooper, ed. (2001). Fifty major thinkers on education: from Confucius to Dewey. Routledge Key Guides. hlm. 34. ISBN 0-415-23126-4.
- ^ "El lazarillo de Tormes" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Spain). 2004. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 24 November 2013.
- ^ Hanlon, Aaron (2019). "Fanny Hill and the Legibility of Consent". ELH. 86 (4): 941–966. doi:10.1353/elh.2019.0035.
- ^ McCracken, David (2016). "A Burkean Analysis of the Sublimity and the Beauty of the Phallus in John Cleland's Fanny Hill". ANQ. 29 (3): 138–141. doi:10.1080/0895769X.2016.1216388.
- ^ a b McWilliams, Ellen (2009). Margaret Atwood and the Female Bildungsroman. Ashgate Publishing. hlm. 14. ISBN 978-0-7546-6027-9.
The two early English Bildungsromane already mentioned, Tom Jones and The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, are examples of coming-of-age narratives that predate the generic expectations of the German tradition.
- ^ Feder, Helena (2014). Ecocriticism and the Idea of Culture : Biology and the Bildungsroman. Routledge. hlm. 30. ISBN 9781315578644.
Candide exhibits several of the traits of the “traditional” or Germanic Bildungsroman, particularly the depiction of the development of an individual through travel. As a catalogue of the horrors of the modern world, Candide — perhaps more than any of the other texts examined in this book—lives up to Moretti’s articulation of the Bildungsroman as the “‘symbolic form’ of modernity” (5). Read from an ecocultural perspective, this philosophical Bildungsroman suggests the limitations of Dialectic ’s conceptions of the Enlightenment and the subject with a model, albeit a modest one, for interaction with the world outside of rationalism’s logic of domination.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaSwales, Martin 1978 - ^ Robison, James (1 June 2016). "Wrong Move: Utter Detachment, Utter Truth". The Criterion Collection. Diakses tanggal 9 June 2016.
- ^ Stević & Prendergast 2017.
- ^ Lollar, Cortney (1996). "Jane Eyre: A Bildungsroman". The Victorian Web.
- ^ a b c d e f Stević & Prendergast 2017, hlm. 433.
- ^ Victorian Fiction as a Bildungsroman: Its Flourishing and Complexity. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2019. ISBN 9781527540798.
- ^ Frank, Joseph (2010). Dostoevsky His Life and Work
. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. hlm. 114.
- ^ "The Bildungsroman in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism". Enotes.com. Diakses tanggal 21 April 2011.
- ^ Taft, Matthew (2020). "The work of love: Great Expectations and the English Bildungsroman". Textual Practice. 34 (12): 1969–1988. doi:10.1080/0950236X.2020.1834700.
- ^ Trumpener, Katie (2020). "Actors, puppets, Girls: Little Women and the collective Bildungsroman". Textual Practice. 34 (12): 1911–1931. doi:10.1080/0950236X.2020.1834709.
- ^ Martin Coyle; et al., ed. (1990). "Formalism and the Novel: Henry James". Encyclopedia of Literature and Criticism. New York: Routledge Florence. hlm. 593.
- ^ Jed Esty (2012). "Unseasonable Youth: Modernism, Colonialism, and the Fiction of Development". Oxford Scholarship Online. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- ^ "Martin Eden Summary – Jack London – Masterplots II: American Fiction Series, Revised Edition". Enotes.com. Diakses tanggal 21 April 2011.
- ^ Geoffrey Nash (1994). "Ameen Rihani's The Book of Khalid and the Voice of Thomas Carlyle". New Comparison Journal. Colchester, UK: The British Comparative Literature Association, University of Essex (17).
- ^ "Sons and Lovers Lawrence's novel as a Bildungsroman". Enotes.com. Diakses tanggal 21 April 2011.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaWerlock2010p387 - ^ Hendriksen, Jack (1993). This side of paradise as a Bildungsroman. ISBN 0-8204-1852-8.
- ^ Mukherjee, Meenakshi (1985). Realism and Reality: The Novel and Society in India. Oxford University Press. hlm. 128. ISBN 0-19-561648-0.
- ^ a b c "The Top 13 Coming-of-Age Novels". The Top 13. 9 December 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 25 December 2010. Diakses tanggal 21 April 2011.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007 – Bio-bibliography". www.nobelprize.org. Diakses tanggal 19 March 2018.
- ^ "George Lamming, West Indian author", Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Kercheval, Jesse Lee (1997). "Continuing Conflict". Building Fiction. The Story Press. hlm. 101. ISBN 1-884910-28-9.
- ^ Peters-Little, Frances; Curthoys, Ann; Docker, John (September 2010). "Epistemological vertigo and allegory". Passionate Histories: Myth, Memory and Indigenous Australia. ANU E Press. hlm. 62. ISBN 9781921666650.
- ^ Hicks, Patrick (July–December 1999). "History and Masculinity in Brian Moore's 'The Emperor of Ice-Cream'". The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies. 25 (1/2): 400–413. doi:10.2307/25515283. JSTOR 25515283.
- ^ McGregor, Gaile (1987). "The Technomyth in Transition: Reading American Popular Culture". Journal of American Studies. 21 (3): 387–409. doi:10.1017/S0021875800022891.
- ^ a b Melanie Kinchen; et al. (13 July 2006). "Bildungsroman Novels for Young Adults". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 April 2012. Diakses tanggal 12 April 2012.
- ^ Griffin, Jan M. "Ursula LeGuin's Magical World of Earthsea". The ALAN Review. 23 (3). Diakses tanggal 10 June 2013.
- ^ Jay McInerney. "The Good Life". transcript of podcast.
- ^ "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit: Context". Sparknotes. 27 August 1959. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 May 2011. Diakses tanggal 21 April 2011.
- ^ Rosenberg, Alyssa (30 July 2010). "Norwegian Wood: On Having a Girl, and Losing Her". The Atlantic Monthly.
- ^ Lewis, Barry (2007). My Words Echo Thus: Possessing the Past in Peter Ackroyd. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1570036682.
- ^ Marty Beckerman. "An Interview with Stephen Chbosky". Word Riot. Word Riot. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2005-01-13. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2012.
- ^ "Naruto is the quintessential Bildungsroman". The Lawrentian. February 2, 2018. Diakses tanggal June 7, 2020.
- ^ Tara Ann Carter (6 October 2013). "Reading Persepolis: Defining and Redefining Culture, Gender and Genre" (PDF). John Bartram High School. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 28 January 2018. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2013.
- ^ "Secret Life of Bees-Character Analysis". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 May 2011. Diakses tanggal 21 April 2011.
- ^ Khaled Hosseini (4 March 1965). "Katherine C. (Berwyn, PA)'s review of The Kite Runner". Goodreads.com. Diakses tanggal 21 April 2011.
- ^ Kurth, Peter (2003-09-12). "The dreamer of Brooklyn". Salon (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2018-03-19.
- ^ Mcinerney, Jay (28 August 2005). "Indecision: Getting It Together". The New York Times.
- ^ "Wonder Year (Black Swan Green by David Mitchell)". The New York Times. 16 April 2006.
- ^ Sholes, Lucy (18 August 2018). "Washington Black is a slave story told with a fresh sense of urgency". The National.
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