Mengambinghitamkan

Mengkambinghitamkan adalah praktek melakukan tuduhan tak menyenangkan dan kemudian perlakuan negatif terhadap seseorang atau kelompok. Mengkambinghitamkan dilakukan oleh seseorang melawan seseorang (contohnya, "ia melakukannya, bukan aku!"), seseorang melawan kelompok (contoh, "Aku tak dapat melihat apapun karena semua orang tinggi"), kelompok melawan seseorang (contoh, "Jane adalah sebab dari tim kita tak menang"), dan kelompok melawan kelompok.

Kambing hitam dapat merupakan orang dewasa, anak-anak, saudara, karyawan, murid, etnis, kelompok politik atau agama, atau negara.

Referensi

Bacaan tambahan

Buku

Colman, A.D. Up from Scapegoating: Awakening Consciousness in Groups (1995)
Douglas, Tom Scapegoats: Transferring Blame (1995)
Dyckman, JM & Cutler JA Scapegoats at Work: Taking the Bull's-Eye Off Your Back (2003)
Girard, René: Violence and the Sacred (1972)
Girard, René: The Scapegoat (1986)
Jasinski, James: "Sourcebook on Rhetoric" (2001)
Perera, Sylvia Brinton, The Scapegoat Complex: Toward a Mythology of Shadow and Guilt (Toronto: Inner City 1986), Studies in Jungian Psychology By Jungian Analysts
Pillari V Scapegoating in Families: Intergenerational Patterns of Physical and Emotional Abuse (1991)
Quarmby K Scapegoat: Why We Are Failing Disabled People (2011)
Wilcox C.W. Scapegoat: Targeted for Blame (2009)
Zemel, Joel: Scapegoat, the extraordinary legal proceedings following the 1917 Halifax Explosion (2012)

Artikel akademik

Binstock, R. H. (1983). "The Aged as Scapegoat". The Gerontologist. 23 (2): 136–143. doi:10.1093/geront/23.2.136. PMID 6862222.
Boeker, Warren (1992). "Power and Managerial Dismissal: Scapegoating at the Top". Administrative Science Quarterly. 37 (3): 400–421. doi:10.2307/2393450. JSTOR 2393450.
Gemmill, G. (1989). "The Dynamics of Scapegoating in Small Groups". Small Group Research. 20 (4): 406–418. doi:10.1177/104649648902000402.
Katz, Irwin; Class, David C.; Cohen, Sheldon (1973). "Ambivalence, guilt, and the scapegoating of minority group victims". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 9 (5): 423–436. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(73)80006-X.
Khanna, Naveen; Poulsen, Annette B. (1995). "Managers of Financially Distressed Firms: Villains or Scapegoats?". The Journal of Finance. 50 (3): 919–940. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb04042.x.
Maybee, Janet (2010). "The Persecution of Pilot Mackey" (PDF). The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord. XX (2): 149–173. ISSN 1183-112X.
Schopler, Eric (1971). "Parents of psychotic children as scapegoats". Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. 4 (1): 17–22. doi:10.1007/BF02110269.
Vogel, E. F.; Bell, N. W. (1960). "The emotionally disturbed child as the family scapegoat". Psychoanalysis and the Psychoanalytic Review. 47 (2): 21–42. ISSN 0885-7830.

Buku rujukan

Glick, Peter (2010). "Scapegoating". Dalam Weiner, Irving B.; Craighead, W. Edward. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology (edisi ke-4th). John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 1498–1499. doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0817. ISBN 9780470479216.
Hammer, Elliott D. (2007). "Scapegoat Theory". Dalam Baumeister, Roy; Vohs, Kathleen. Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. SAGE Publications. doi:10.4135/9781412956253.n465. ISBN 9781412916707.
Miller, Norman; Pollock, Vicki (2007). "Displaced Aggression". Dalam Baumeister, Roy; Vohs, Kathleen. Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. SAGE Publications. doi:10.4135/9781412956253.n155. ISBN 9781412916707.