Pengawasan

Pengawasan adalah pemantauan perilaku, kegiatan atau informasi untuk tujuan mengumpulkan informasi, mempengaruhi, menaungi atau mengarahkan. Pemantauan dapat meliputi pengamatan dari jarak jauh dengan peralatan elektronik, seperti televisi sirkuit tertutup (CCTV), atau pemeriksaan informasi yang tertransmisi secara elektronik, seperti lalu lintas internet.^[1]^[2] Ini dapat mencakup pengamatan dari jarak jauh melalui peralatan elektronik, seperti televisi sirkuit tertutup (CCTV), atau penyadapan informasi yang ditransmisikan secara elektronik seperti lalu lintas Internet. Ini juga dapat mencakup metode teknis sederhana, seperti pengumpulan intelijen manusia dan intersepsi pos.

Pengawasan digunakan oleh pemerintah untuk pengumpulan intelijen, pencegahan kejahatan, perlindungan suatu proses, orang, kelompok atau objek, atau penyelidikan kejahatan. Ini juga digunakan oleh organisasi kriminal untuk merencanakan dan melakukan kejahatan, dan oleh bisnis untuk mengumpulkan intelijen tentang penjahat, pesaing, pemasok, atau pelanggan mereka. Organisasi keagamaan yang bertugas mendeteksi bidat dan heterodoksi juga dapat melakukan pengawasan.^[3] </ref>Cardwell, Harvey (2005). Principles of Audit Surveillance. R.T. Edwards, Inc. hlm. 102. ISBN 9781930217133. Diakses tanggal 14 March 2020. [...] accounts and inventories alike are generally within the area of surveillance of the auditor [...]. </ref>

Bacaan tambahan

Allmer, Thomas (2012). "Towards a Critical Theory of Surveillance in Informational Capitalism". Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-63220-8
Feldman, Jay. (2011). Manufacturing Hysteria: A History of Scapegoating, Surveillance, and Secrecy in Modern America. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-375-42534-9
Fuchs, Christian, Kees Boersma, Anders Albrechtslund, and Marisol Sandoval, eds. (2012). "Internet and Surveillance: The Challenges of Web 2.0 and Social Media". New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-89160-8
Garfinkel, Simson, Database Nation; The Death of Privacy in the 21st Century. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. ISBN 0-596-00105-3
Gilliom, John Overseers of the Poor: Surveillance, Resistance, and the Limits of Privacy, University Of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-29361-5
Haque, Akhlaque. (2015). Surveillance, Transparency and Democracy: Public Administration in the Information Age. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. ISBN 978-0-8173-1877-2
Harris, Shane. (2011). The Watchers: The Rise of America's Surveillance State. London, UK: Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 0-14-311890-0
Hier, Sean P., & Greenberg, Joshua (Eds.). (2009). Surveillance: Power, Problems, and Politics. Vancouver, CA: UBC Press. ISBN 0-7748-1611-2
Jenkins, Peter Advanced Surveillance Training Manual, Intel Publishing, UK ISBN 0-9535378-1-1
Jenkins, Peter Surveillance Tradecraft, Intel Publishing, UK ISBN 978-0-9535378-2-2
Jensen, Derrick and Draffan, George (2004) Welcome to the Machine: Science, Surveillance, and the Culture of Control Chelsea Green Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-931498-52-4
Laidler, Keith. (2008). Surveillance Unlimited: How We've Become the Most Watched People on Earth. Cambridge, AU: Icon Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84046-877-9
Lyon, David (2001). Surveillance Society: Monitoring in Everyday Life. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-335-20546-2
Lyon, David (Ed.). (2006). Theorizing Surveillance: The Panopticon and Beyond. Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84392-191-2
Lyon, David (2007) Surveillance Studies: An Overview. Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-3591-0
Matteralt, Armand. (2010). The Globalization of Surveillance. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN 0-7456-4511-9
Parenti, Christian The Soft Cage: Surveillance in America From Slavery to the War on Terror, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-05485-5
Petersen, J.K. (2012) Handbook of Surveillance Technologies, Third Edition, Taylor & Francis: CRC Press, 1020 pp., ISBN 978-1-439873-15-1
Petersen, J.K. (2012) Introduction to Surveillance Studies, Taylor & Francis: CRC Press, 416 pp., ISBN 978-1-466555-09-9
Staples, William G. (2000). Everyday Surveillance: Vigilance and Visibility in Post-Modern Life. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-0077-2

Informasi umum

Informasi sejarah

COINTELPRO—FBI counterintelligence programs designed to neutralize political dissidents
Reversing the Whispering Gallery of Dionysius – A Short History of Electronic Surveillance in the United States

Sumber hukum

^ Lyon, David (2001). Surveillance Society: Monitoring in Everyday Life. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-335-20546-2.
^ Monahan, Torin; Murakami Wood, David (2018). Surveillance Studies: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190297824.
^ Greenleaf, Richard E. (2018). "Historiography of the Mexican Inquisition: Evolution of Interpretations and Methodologies". Dalam Perry, Mary Elizabeth; Cruz, Anne J. Cultural Encounters: The Impact of the Inquisition in Spain and the New World. Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, UCLA. 24. Berleley: University of California Press. hlm. 260. ISBN 9780520301245. Diakses tanggal 14 March 2020. Studies [...] are based partially on Inquisition surveillance of foreigners and Protestants.

[1] Lyon, David (2001). Surveillance Society: Monitoring in Everyday Life. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-335-20546-2.

[2] Monahan, Torin; Murakami Wood, David (2018). Surveillance Studies: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190297824.

[3] Greenleaf, Richard E. (2018). "Historiography of the Mexican Inquisition: Evolution of Interpretations and Methodologies". Dalam Perry, Mary Elizabeth; Cruz, Anne J. Cultural Encounters: The Impact of the Inquisition in Spain and the New World. Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, UCLA. 24. Berleley: University of California Press. hlm. 260. ISBN 9780520301245. Diakses tanggal 14 March 2020. Studies [...] are based partially on Inquisition surveillance of foreigners and Protestants.

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