Lompat ke isi

Volvo S80

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Volvo S80

1999-2003 Volvo S80 2.9 (AS)
Informasi
ProdusenVolvo Cars
Masa produksi1998–2013
PerakitanTorslanda, Swedia
Ghent, Belgia[1]
Halifax, Kanada (VHA)
Samutprakarn, Thailand[2]
Shah Alam, Malaysia[3]
Bodi & rangka
KelasMobil mewah ukuran mid-size
Bentuk kerangka4-pintu sedan
Tata letakMesin transverse depan, penggerak roda depan, penggerak seluruh roda
Kronologi
PendahuluVolvo S90
PenerusVolvo S90 II

Volvo S80 merupakan kendaraan sedan yang diproduksi oleh perusahaan Swedia, Volvo sejak tahun 1998 untuk pasaran global. Volvo S60 pertama kali diluncurkan tahun 1998 dengan kendaraan 4 pintu. Mobil ini dirakit di Ghent, Belgia dan Jakarta, Indonesia.

Generasi pertama (1998–2006)

Generasi pertama
2004 Volvo S80 (AS)
Informasi
Masa produksi1998–2006
Model untuk tahun1999–2006[4]
Perakitan
Perancang
Bodi & rangka
PlatformVolvo P2 platform[6]
Mobil terkait
Penyalur daya
Mesin
Transmisi
Dimensi
Jarak sumbu roda2.791 mm (109,9 in)
Panjang
  • 1998-2004: 4.822 mm (189,8 in)
  • 2004-2006: 4.849 mm (190,9 in)
Lebar1.831 mm (72,1 in)
Tinggi1.435 mm (56,5 in)
Kerb kosong1.605–1.712 kg (3.538–3.774 pon)[8][9][10][11]

The design takes styling cues from the Volvo ECC concept. The first-generation S80 is based on the Volvo P2 platform. Over 368,000 first-generation S80s were built.[12] This S80 was equipped with numerous safety systems, including Side Impact Protection System (SIPS) and Whiplash Protection System WHIPS.[13] The S80 featured a straight-six engine in a transverse engine mounting. No existing manual gearbox would fit in the engine bay with the six-cylinder engine, so Volvo had to develop their own, the M65. It featured also an environmental specification, covering aspects such as allergens from textiles, fuel economy and the life cycle of the car from production to dismantling.[14]

The S80 used CAN bus multiplexing wiring.[15]

The S80 was initially available with four different engines. Starting the range was a detuned 2.4-litre 104 kW (141 PS; 139 bhp) five-cylinder. This was also available as a compressed natural gas (CNG) and as a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) version. The fully tuned version produced 125 kW (170 PS; 168 bhp). Next up was a 2.9-litre 144 kW (196 PS; 193 bhp) six-cylinder, then 200 kW (272 PS; 268 bhp) T6, and finally, the 103 kW (140 PS; 138 bhp) 2.5-litre Volkswagen-sourced Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel engine. The 2.9 has a straight-six engine, while the T6 was powered by a destroked twin-turbocharged version.[13]

In 2000, there was the addition of the 149 kW (203 PS; 200 bhp) 2.5T, available with standard all-wheel drive. The 2.5T model featured a light-pressure turbocharger. and addition of the 149 kW (203 PS; 200 bhp) 2.3T, available in Thailand Version.

Late 2001 introduced the 120 kW (163 PS; 161 bhp) five-cylinder common rail diesel D5, detuned to 96 kW (131 PS; 129 bhp) and sold as 2.4D in some markets.[7][16]

In some European countries, the entry level S80 came with a 2.0-litre five-cylinder turbocharged engine producing 182 PS (134 kW; 180 bhp) and a T5 badged S80 with the same engine but tuned to 226 PS (166 kW; 223 bhp) with the help of the Mitsubishi TD04-16t high pressure turbo also found in the early S60 T5s. These were sold in countries such as Portugal where larger capacity engines were penalized by heavy taxes.

Minor exterior design changes occurred between 2003 and 2004 versions, notably front grille styling.

  • Volvo S80 pre-facelift (AU)
    Volvo S80 pre-facelift (AU)
  • Volvo S80 pre-facelift (AU)
    Volvo S80 pre-facelift (AU)
  • Volvo S80 post facelift (UK)
    Volvo S80 post facelift (UK)
  • Volvo S80 post facelift (UK)
    Volvo S80 post facelift (UK)
  • Pre-facelift interior (UK)
    Pre-facelift interior (UK)

Engines

Petrol engines
Model Engine code Year(s) Power at rpm Torque at rpm Displacement Engine configuration Fuel Consumption (l/100km)
2.4 B5244S[17] 1998–2006 103 kW (140 PS; 138 bhp) at 4500 220 N⋅m (162 lb⋅ft) at 3300 2.435 cc (148,6 in3) Straight five City: 12.3

Open road: 6.9

Combined:8.9

2.4i B5244S 1998–2006 125 kW (170 PS; 168 bhp) at 6000 225 N⋅m (166 lb⋅ft) at 4500 2.435 cc (148,6 in3) Straight five City: 12.3

Open road: 7

Combined: 8.4

2.0T B5204T5 2000–2006 120 kW (163 PS; 161 bhp) at 5100 230 N⋅m (170 lb⋅ft) at 1800-5000 1.984 cc (121,1 in3) Straight five LPT City: 12.5

Open road: 7.4

Combined: 9.4

2.3T B5234T7 2000–2004 147 kW (200 PS; 197 bhp) at 5000 285 N⋅m (210 lb⋅ft) at 2000–5000 2.319 cc (141,5 in3) Straight five LPT City:

Open road:

Combined:

2.4T B5244T3 2001–2003 147 kW (200 PS; 197 bhp) at 6000 285 N⋅m (210 lb⋅ft) at 1800–5000 2.435 cc (148,6 in3) Straight five LPT City: 12.8

Open road: 7.2

Combined: 9.3

2.5T B5254T2 2003–2006 154 kW (209 PS; 207 bhp) at 5000 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) at 1500–4500 2.521 cc (153,8 in3) Straight five LPT City: 12.3

Open road: 6.8

Combined: 9.3

2.9 B6294S 1998–2001 147 kW (200 PS; 197 bhp) 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) at 2.922 cc (178,3 in3) Straight six City: 15.3

Open road: 7.6

Combined: 10.4

2.9 B6294S2 2001–2004 144 kW (196 PS; 193 bhp) at 5200 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) at 3900 2.922 cc (178,3 in3) Straight six City: 15.2

Open road: 8.4

Combined: 10.9

T6 B6284T 1998–2001 200 kW (272 PS; 268 bhp) 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft) at 2000–5000 2.783 cc (169,8 in3) Straight six twin-turbo City: 16.6

Open road: 8.2

Combined: 11.3

T6 B6294T 2002–2006 200 kW (272 PS; 268 bhp) at 5200 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft) at 1800–5000 2.922 cc (178,3 in3) Straight six twin-turbo City: 16

Open road: 8.3

Combined: 11.1

Diesel engines
Model Engine code Year(s) Power at rpm Torque at rpm Displacement Engine configuration Fuel Consumpton (l/100km)
2.5 TDI* D5252T (MSA 15.8) 1998–2001 140 PS (103 kW; 138 bhp) at 4000 290 N⋅m (214 lb⋅ft) at 1900 2.461 cc (150,2 in3) Straight five turbocharged City: 8.8

Open road: 4.9

Combined: 6.4

2.4D D5244T2 2001–2006 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp) at 4000 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) at 1750–3000 2.401 cc (146,5 in3) Straight five turbocharged common rail City: 8.8

Open road: 5.1

Combined: 6.5

D5 D5244T 2001–2006 163 PS (120 kW; 161 hp) at 4000 340 N⋅m (251 lb⋅ft) at 1750–3000 2.401 cc (146,5 in3) Straight five turbocharged common rail City: 9

Open road: 5.1

Combined: 6.5

Safety

EuroNCAP tested the first generation Volvo S80, running from 1998 to 2003. They tested a left-hand drive, 4-door saloon, registered in 2000, with front seatbelt pretensioners, seatbelt load limiters, as well as front, side, body, and head airbags:

Test Score Points
Overall: N/A N/A
Adult occupant: 4/5 stars 29
Pedestrian: 2/4 stars 14

Scores given for the car showed pedestrians' legs facing a very aggressive front end, resulting in only 2 stars of 4 for pedestrian safety. Despite this EuroNCAP did state "This large Volvo is very safe and gave a good all round performance" due to the good adult protection inside the car in the event of a collision.[18]

Generasi kedua (2006–2016)

Generasi kedua
Volvo S80 3.2 pra-pembaharuan (AS)
Informasi
Masa produksi2006–2016
Model untuk tahun2007–2016
Perakitan
PerancangTodd Levy (2004)[20][21]
Bodi & rangka
PlatformVolvo P3 platform[22][23]
Mobil terkait
Penyalur daya
Mesin
Transmisi
Dimensi
Jarak sumbu roda
  • 2.835 mm (111,6 in)
  • 2.975 mm (117,1 in)[25] (S80L)
Panjang
  • 4.854 mm (191,1 in)
  • 4.991 mm (196,5 in) (S80L)
Lebar1.861 mm (73,3 in)
Tinggi1.490 mm (58,7 in)
Kerb kosong1.565–1.860 kg (3.450–4.101 pon)[26][27][28]

The second generation S80 was unveiled at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show[29] on 28 February, with sales beginning in June 2006. The new S80 features a new 3.2-litre straight-six engine or 4.4-litre V8 engine, in combination with available four-wheel drive. The second-generation S80 is the first Volvo saloon model to become available with Volvo's compact, transversely fitted B8444S V8 with a power output of 315 PS (232 kW; 311 hp) and 440 N⋅m (325 lbf⋅ft) of torque developed jointly by Volvo Cars engine unit Skövde and Yamaha, but built by Yamaha of Japan. The engine features four catalytic converters and advanced electronics. The structure featured high strength boron steel for safety.

The second generation S80 received the IIHS 2007 Top Safety Pick Award in overall safety protection. Also again in November the IIHS awarded the 2008 Volvo S80 with Top Safety Award.

The new S80 is based on the Ford EUCD platform, also used for vehicles including the Ford S-Max, third generation Ford Mondeo, and Ford Galaxy large MPVs.[30] Volvo's Personal Car Communicator (PCC) remote control will also be an optional feature with the new S80.

The S80 is available with optional adaptive cruise control (ACC) with collision warning with auto brake (CWAB). Brake support offers additional assistance by preparing the braking system so that the car can begin stopping faster and preparing for panic brake application. S80 is also equipped with an adaptive brake light as standard which is active at speeds above 30 mph (48 km/h), and can sense the difference between normal and panic braking. Ready alert brakes (RAB) are also available to anticipate severe braking. It prepares for this by moving the brake pads closer to the discs.

The S80 is available with a Blind Spot Information System as well as Lane Departure Warning, it can be turned on from 40 mph (64 km/h).

The T4 variant features the 1.6L turbocharged EcoBoost engine and is exclusively available in Asia and parts of Europe.

Second generation models

S80

  • Rear passenger side view of black S80
    Volvo S80 pre-facelift (DE)
  • Volvo S80 post first-facelift (US)
    Volvo S80 post first-facelift (US)
  • Volvo S80 post second-facelift (UK)
    Volvo S80 post second-facelift (UK)

S80L

The S80L is a long-wheelbase variant designed and sold only in China. Wheelbase and overall length have been increased by 14 cm.[31] The 2011 version has a wheelbase of 2.975 mm (117,1 in) and is powered by a turbocharged 2.0 or 3.0L engine.[32] The S80L is one of two Volvo models produced under a joint-venture with Changan Ford Mazda Automobile (CFMA).[33][19] CFMA production of the S80L commenced in 2009 and ceased in late 2015 when the joint-venture ended.[19] The S80L has since been succeeded by the S90L.

  • Volvo S80L (CN)
    Volvo S80L (CN)

2010 update

New features for 2010 include a choice of five-cylinder 2.4-litre D5 twin-turbo diesel, 2.4-litre diesel, or 1.6-litre diesel engine. Also the 2.5T and 2.5FT were modified to produce more power and have a lower fuel consumption. The update also came with the discontinuation of the Yamaha-based V8 engine. An option was added for California on the 3.2L Inline-6 to meet PZEV emissions standards. It had 225 bhp, 10 less than the non-PZEV engine.[34] The car's exterior was modified to give the S80 a lower, longer and wider stance. More chrome trim was added to the front, the rear end, and the doors to look like the S80 Executive. The 2010 Volvo S80 facelift also comes with a choice between a comfort-enhancing standard chassis, or a sport one that offers better handling dynamics. The 2010 S80 will be available with a S80 R-design interior package to give the inside a sportier look. The interior package contains a new sports steering wheel, sports pedals, Dynamic leather seats, sports gearshift knob, and a new instrument with blue background.

The car was unveiled in 2009 at the Geneva Motor Show.[35]

2011

The 2011 Volvo S80 lineup now includes the Inscription Package. Features Include: Sovereign Hide leather seats, high gloss walnut wood inlays, and special trim. The 3.2L was re-tuned, power and engine speed differ. The Dynaudio Premium Sound option is downgraded to 'Premium Sound'.[36]

2012

The 2012 Volvo S80 now features turn signals on the outside mirrors, a new 7-inch Sensus infotainment system in the center of the dash, genuine wood interior trim and Bluetooth audio streaming. Volvo's City Safety technology is also now standard. Premier Plus and Platinum trims are added for the 2012 model year.[37]

2013 update

The 2013 Volvo S80 now features standard headlight washers, rain sensing wipers, and push button start ignition. The Premium Plus edition adds xenon headlamps.

2014 update

The 2nd half of year 2014 introduced a new facelift with new front and rear bumpers, new lower front fascia, new grille style, the 7-inch infotainment system becomes standard, City Safety becomes standard, new optional digital gauge cluster, and additional interior ambient lighting.

2015

The base 2015 Volvo S80 is powered by a new turbocharged 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine with 240 horsepower, which is the same output as the 3.2-liter six-cylinder in the 2014 model. A new eight-speed automatic transmission comes standard, and the base S80 also gets a new auto start/stop feature, which turns the engine off when the car is stopped to conserve fuel. The 2015 S80 achieves an EPA-estimated 25/37 mpg city/highway, which is a notable improvement over the 2014 model's 20/29 mpg rating. T6 AWD models come with a turbocharged 3.0-liter six-cylinder engine that produces 300 horsepower. A six-speed automatic transmission and all-wheel drive are also standard on T6 models. The T6 gets slightly better fuel economy than the 2014 model T6.

An optional climate package includes heated front and rear seats, a heated windshield and a heated steering wheel. The 2015 Volvo S80 went on sale in early 2014 and starts at $40,500 in the US.

2015.5

Introduced in late 2014, midyear changes introduced for the 2015.5 model include new standard Sensus Connect and Volvo On-Call with 6-month complimentary subscriptions, new Sensus Navigation with Map Care, and a new optional Harman/Kardon Premium Sound System. Most notably, the new 2015.5 model has significantly better fuel economy due to the more efficient "Drive-E" engine, new 8-speed "Geartronic" automatic transmission, and new ECO+ functionality with modified Start/Stop technology, ECO-coast and ECO-climate. The 2015.5 Volvo S80 starts at $41,450 in the US.

2016

The Volvo S80 offered an expanded array of standard features for 2016 which includes heated front seats, Interior Air Quality System (IAQS), power glass sunroof, and 18-inch "Magni" alloy wheels. The S80 T5 Drive-E Platinum trim gains Volvo's Blind Spot Information System (BLIS) as standard. New S80 options include a wood steering wheel and 19-inch "Bor" alloy wheels with a lowered Sport Chassis. The T6 six-cylinder engine and all-wheel-drive model have been discontinued for the 2016 model year. The 2016 Volvo S80 T5 FWD Drive-E started at $43,450 in the US. 2016 was the last model year for the S80. The S80s successor, the S90, was unveiled at the Detroit Auto Show in January 2016.[38]

Engines

Petrol engines
Model Engine code Year(s) Power Torque at rpm Displacement Engine configuration!
2.0 B4204S3 2007–2010 107 kW (145 PS; 143 bhp) at 6000 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4500 1.999 cc (122,0 in3) Inline-four
2.0F B4204S4 2007–2010 107 kW (145 PS; 143 bhp) at 6000 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4500 1.999 cc (122,0 in3) at 4500 Inline-four
Flexifuel
2.0T B4204T6 2010-2011 149 kW (203 PS; 200 bhp) at 6000 300 N⋅m (220 lb⋅ft) at 1750-4000 1.999 cc (122,0 in3) Inline-four with turbocharger
2.5T B5254T6 2006–2009 147 kW (200 PS; 197 bhp) at 4800 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) at 1500–4500 2.521 cc (153,8 in3) Inline-five LPT
2.5FT B5254T8 2008–2009 147 kW (200 PS; 197 bhp) at 4800 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) at 1500-4500 2.521 cc (153,8 in3) Inline-five LPT
Flexifuel
2.5T B5254T10 2009–2010 170 kW (231 PS; 228 bhp) at 4800 340 N⋅m (251 lb⋅ft) at 1700–4800 2.521 cc (153,8 in3) Inline-five LPT
2.5FT B5254T11 2009–2010 170 kW (231 PS; 228 bhp) at 4800 340 N⋅m (251 lb⋅ft) at 1700-4800 2.521 cc (153,8 in3) Inline-five LPT
Flexifuel
  • 3.2
  • 3.2 AWD
 B6324S[39] 2006–2010 175 kW (238 PS; 235 bhp) at 6200 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) at 3200 3.192 cc (194,8 in3) Inline-six
3.2 B6324S5 2011 179 kW (243PS; 240 bhp) at 6400 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) at 3200 3.192 cc (194,8 in3) Inline-six
3.2 PZEV B6324S2 2010 168 kW (228PS; 225 bhp) at 6200 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) at 3400 3.192 cc (194,8 in3) Inline-six
3.2 PZEV B6324S4 2011 171 kW (233PS; 230 bhp) at 6500 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) at 3300 3.192 cc (194,8 in3) Inline-six
T4 B4164T 2011–2016 134 kW (182 PS; 180 bhp) 240 N⋅m (177 lb⋅ft) at 1.596 cc (97,4 in3) Inline-four turbocharged
T5 B4204T7 2013–2016 180 kW (245 PS; 241 bhp) 350 N⋅m (258 lb⋅ft) at 1.969 cc (120,2 in3) Inline-four turbocharged
T5 B4204T11 2014–2016 180 kW (245 PS; 241 bhp) 350 N⋅m (258 lb⋅ft) at 1.969 cc (120,2 in3) Inline-four turbocharged
T6 AWD B6304T2 2008–2010 2.095 kW (2.848 PS; 2.809 bhp) 400 N⋅m (295 lb⋅ft) at 1500–4800 2.953 cc (180,2 in3) Inline-six turbocharged
T6 AWD B6304T4 2010–2013 224 kW (305 PS; 300 bhp) 440 N⋅m (325 lb⋅ft) at 2.953 cc (180,2 in3) Inline-six turbocharged
  • V8
  • V8 AWD
[40]		 B8444S 2006–2010 232 kW (315 PS; 311 bhp) 440 N⋅m (325 lb⋅ft) at 3950 4.414 cc (269,4 in3) V8
Diesel engines
Model Engine Code Year(s) Power Torque at rpm Displacement Engine configuration!
1.6D DRIVe D4164T 2009– 80 kW (109 PS; 107 bhp) 240 N⋅m (177 lb⋅ft) at 1750[41] 1.560 cc (95,2 in3) Inline-four turbocharged common rail
2.0D D4204T 2008– 100 kW (136 PS; 134 bhp) 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) at 2000[41] 1.997 cc (121,9 in3) Inline-four turbocharged common rail
2.4D D5244T5 2006–2009 120 kW (163 PS; 161 bhp) 340 N⋅m (251 lb⋅ft) at 2.400 cc (146,5 in3) Inline-five turbocharged common rail
2.4D D5244T14 2009– 129 kW (175 PS; 173 bhp) 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft) at 1500–2750[41] 2.400 cc (146,5 in3) Inline-five turbocharged common rail
D4 D5204T3[42] −2014 120 kW (163 PS; 161 bhp) 400 N⋅m (295 lb⋅ft) at 1.984 cc (121,1 in3) Inline-five turbocharged common rail
D4 D4204T5[42] 2014–2016 133 kW (181 PS; 178 bhp) 400 N⋅m (295 lb⋅ft) at 1.969 cc (120,2 in3) Inline-four turbocharged common rail
  • D5
  • D5 AWD
 D5244T4 2006–2009 136 kW (185 PS; 182 bhp) 400 N⋅m (295 lb⋅ft) at 2.400 cc (146,5 in3) Inline-five turbocharged common rail
  • D5
  • D5 AWD
 D5244T10 2009–2010 151 kW (205 PS; 202 bhp) 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft) at 1500–3250 2.400 cc (146,5 in3) Inline-five twin-turbo common rail
  • D5
  • D5 AWD
 D5244TX 201X–201X 158 kW (215 PS; 212 bhp) 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft) at 2.400 cc (146,5 in3) Inline-five twin-turbo common rail

Safety

IIHS S80:[43]
Moderate overlap frontal offset Good
Small overlap frontal offset Good1
Side impact Good
Roof strength Good2
1 vehicle structure rated "Good"
2 strength-to-weight ratio: 4.26

Referensi

  1. ^ "Volvo. Volvo In Belgium". Car-cat.com. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09. 
  2. ^ "Volvo. Volvo In Thailand". Car-cat.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-04-04. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09. 
  3. ^ "Volvo. Volvo In Malaysia". Car-cat.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-12-22. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09. 
  4. ^ a b c "SB-10037893-7638" (PDF). static.nhtsa.gov (SB) (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 4 October 2012. hlm. 4–5. Diarsipkan dari versi asliAkses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan (PDF) tanggal 2018-01-02. Diakses tanggal 2018-01-30. 
  5. ^ "The Volvo S80 combines innovative design, leading safety in world terms and a high technology level" (PDF). www.volvoclub.org.uk (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 1998. hlm. 8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2018-01-30. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 
  6. ^ "Volvo S80. Ultra Modern Process With New Sophisticated Electrical System : Press release". volvoclub.org.uk (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 1998. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-01-30. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 
  7. ^ a b "Volvo 2003 S80 Specification" (PDF). volvoclub.org.uk (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2003. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09. 
  8. ^ "1999 Volvo S80 owner's manual". new.volvocars.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 1998. hlm. 119. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-01-30. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-30. 
  9. ^ "2002 Volvo S80 owner's manual". new.volvocars.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 2001. hlm. 125. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-01-30. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-30. 
  10. ^ "2005 Volvo S80 owner's manual". new.volvocars.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 2004. hlm. 145. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-01-30. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-30. 
  11. ^ "2006 Volvo S80 owner's manual". new.volvocars.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 2005. hlm. 151. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-30. 
  12. ^ "Volvo S80 production data". volvoclub.org.uk (dalam bahasa Inggris). 31 December 2009. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09. 
  13. ^ a b "Volvo Owners Club UK Summary of S80 Launch Press Release". www.volvoclub.org.uk (dalam bahasa Inggris). 1998. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09. 
  14. ^ "Volvo Owners Club UK S80 Environment Press Release". www.volvoclub.org.uk (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 1998. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09. 
  15. ^ "Volvo Early S80 Press Release" (PDF). volvoclub.org.uk (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 1998. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09. 
  16. ^ "Volvo S80 1999 Specifications" (PDF). www.volvoclub.org.uk (dalam bahasa Inggris). 1998. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09. 
  17. ^ "Volvo S80: Technical specification" (PDF). www.volvoclub.org.uk (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2003. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09. 
  18. ^ "Volvo S80 | Euro NCAP – For safer cars crash test safety rating" (dalam bahasa Inggris). Euro NCAP. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-12-19. Diakses tanggal 2012-01-06. 
  19. ^ a b c Glenn Brooks (18 January 2016). "Volvo Cars and Changan dissolve China JV". www.just-auto.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-07-01. Diakses tanggal 2017-07-01. 
  20. ^ Todd Levy (12 May 2003). "Volvo S80 Development". media.volvocars.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (JPG) tanggal 2018-05-25. Diakses tanggal 2018-05-25. Publishing date: 12 April 2006 
  21. ^ "Todd Levy (LinkedIn Profile)". se.linkedin.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 
  22. ^ agarberg. "P3 designation being used in official Volvo literature". i548.photobucket.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asliAkses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan (JPG) tanggal 2018-01-03. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 
  23. ^ "Archived copy" (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-11-20. Diakses tanggal 2015-03-21. 
  24. ^ Chris Davies (5 September 2014). "2015 Volvo S80 D4 Geartronic SE Lux review – Updated Swedish Exec Gets Greener". www.carproductstested.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-11-07. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. Layout in archive is slightly messed up 
  25. ^ "All New Volvo S80L – launch and start of production in China". www.media.volvocars.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 13 March 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-12-22. Diakses tanggal 2017-10-20. 
  26. ^ "Volvo S80 owner's manual MY08". new.volvocars.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 2007. hlm. 269. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-10-01. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 
  27. ^ "Volvo S80 owner's manual MY07". new.volvocars.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 2007. hlm. 243. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 
  28. ^ "Volvo S80 price list MY09" (PDF). www.volvoclub.org.uk (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car UK Ltd. May 2008. hlm. 20–21. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-10-01. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 
  29. ^ "Heritage - Volvo S80 - Volvo Car Group Global Media Newsroom". www.media.volvocars.com. Diakses tanggal 2019-08-04. 
  30. ^ Wim Oude Weernink; Bradford Wernle (30 March 2006). "Building Blocks: Ford learns a lesson from Lego". AutoWeek (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-05-28. Diakses tanggal 2006-03-30. 
  31. ^ Ralf Bücheler (18 November 2008). "Volvo S80L: Verlängerte Limousine für China" [Volvo S80L: Lengthened sedan for China]. www.auto-motor-und-sport.de (dalam bahasa Jerman). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-18. Diakses tanggal 2017-07-06. 
  32. ^ "2011 Volvo S80L Employs Smaller, GTDi Engine". Chinaautoweb.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). 3 December 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-21. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-10. 
  33. ^ Joey Wang (6 June 2013). "Facelifted Volvo S80L debuts in China". www.carnewschina.com. Diakses tanggal 2017-11-26. 
  34. ^ "Volvo S80 2010 Manual" (PDF). Volvo Cars. 2009. Diakses tanggal 2018-09-23. 
  35. ^ Damon Lavrinc (26 February 2009). "Geneva Preview: Volvo readies updated S80 for Swiss debut". www.autoblog.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09. 
  36. ^ "2011 Volvo S60 T6 AWD: Audio Review". www.edmunds.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 
  37. ^ "2012 Volvo S80: What's New". cars.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 
  38. ^ Viknesh Vijayenthiran (12 January 2016). "2017 Volvo S90 preview". www.motorauthority.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 
  39. ^ "Search result" (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-12-23. Diakses tanggal 2015-12-22. 
  40. ^ "Volvo S80 MY09" (PDF). www.myvolvolibrary.info (brochure) (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Cars of North America. 2008. hlm. 34. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2018-05-25. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 
  41. ^ a b c "Volvo S80: 2009 Specifications" (PDF). www.volvoclub.org.uk (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 2008. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 
  42. ^ a b "2014 Volvo S80 specifications". www.media.volvocars.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volvo Car Corporation. 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2018-01-27. 
  43. ^ "Vehicle details". www.iihs.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Iihs. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-10-20. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-13. 

Pranala luar

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Volvo S80.
Ikon rintisan

Artikel bertopik otomotif ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Volvo_S80&oldid=20793447"