Raga (musik)
Tampilan
Raga atau raag (IAST: rāga; juga raaga atau ragam[1][2]) adalah sebuah kerangka melodi untuk improvisasi mode melodi dalam musik klasik India.[3] Rāga adalah sebuah unsur unik dan utama dari tradisi musik India klasik, dan tak memiliki terjemahan langsung untuk konsep dalam musik Eropa klasik.[4][5] Setiap rāga adalah serangkaian struktur melodi dengan motif msuikal, yang dianggap dalam tradisi India memiliki kemampuan untuk "mewarnai pikiran" dan berdampak pada emosi para pendengarnya.[1][2][5]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b Titon et al. 2008, hlm. 284.
- ^ a b Wilke & Moebus 2011, hlm. 222 with footnote 463.
- ^ Lochtefeld 2002, hlm. 545.
- ^ Kaufmann 1968, hlm. v.
- ^ a b Nettl et al. 1998, hlm. 65–67.
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Beck, Guy (1993). Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0872498556.
- Beck, Guy L. (2012). Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-61117-108-2.
- Bhatkhande, Vishnu Narayan (1968–73). Kramika Pustaka Malika. Hathras: Sangeet Karyalaya.
- Bor, Joep; Rao, Suvarnalata; Van der Meer, Wim; Harvey, Jane (1999). The Raga Guide. Nimbus Records. ISBN 978-0-9543976-0-9.<
- Brown, Sara Black (2014). "Krishna, Christians, and Colors: The Socially Binding Influence of Kirtan Singing at a Utah Hare Krishna Festival". Ethnomusicology. 58 (3): 454–80. doi:10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454.
- Caudhurī, Vimalakānta Rôya (2000). The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1708-1.
- Dace, Wallace (1963). "The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory". Educational Theatre Journal. 15 (3): 249–254. doi:10.2307/3204783. JSTOR 3204783.
- Daniélou, Alain (1949). Northern Indian Music, Volume 1. Theory & technique; Volume 2. The main rāgǎs. London: C. Johnson. OCLC 851080.
- Dalal, Roshen (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.
- Dehejia, Vidya (2013). The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51266-4.
- Fabian, Dorottya; Renee Timmers; Emery Schubert (2014). Expressiveness in music performance: Empirical approaches across styles and cultures. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-163456-7.
- Forster, Cris (2010). Musical Mathematics: On the Art and Science of Acoustic Instruments. Chronicle. ISBN 978-0-8118-7407-6. Indian Music: Ancient Beginnings – Natyashastra
- Hast, Dorothea E.; James R. Cowdery; Stanley Arnold Scott (1999). Exploring the World of Music: An Introduction to Music from a World Music Perspective. Kendall Hunt. ISBN 978-0-7872-7154-1.
- Jairazbhoy, Nazir Ali (1995). The Rāgs of North Indian Music: Their Structure & Evolution (edisi ke-first revised Indian). Bombay: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7154-395-3.
- Kane, Pandurang Vaman (1971). History of Sanskrit Poetics. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0274-2.
- Kaufmann, Walter (1968). The Ragas of North India. Oxford & Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253347800. OCLC 11369.
- Khan, Hazrat Inayat (1996). The Mysticism of Sound and Music. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-0-8348-2492-8.
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- Monier-Williams, Monier (1899), A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
- Moutal, Patrick (2012). Hindustani Raga Index. Major bibliographical references (descriptions, compositions, vistara-s) on North Indian Raga-s. ISBN 978-2-9541244-3-8.
- Moutal, Patrick (2012). Comparative Study of Selected Hindustani Ragas. ISBN 978-2-9541244-2-1.
- Nettl, Bruno (2010). "Raga, Indian Musical Genre". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Nettl, Bruno; Ruth M. Stone; James Porter; Timothy Rice (1998). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8240-4946-1.
- Powers, Harold S. (1984). "Review: Sangita-Ratnakara of Sarngadeva, Translated by R.K. Shringy". Ethnomusicology. 28 (2): 352–355. doi:10.2307/850775. JSTOR 850775.
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- Ries, Raymond E. (1969). "The Cultural Setting of South Indian Music". Asian Music. 1 (2): 22–31. doi:10.2307/833909. JSTOR 833909.
- Rowell, Lewis (2015). Music and Musical Thought in Early India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73034-9.
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- Sastri, S.S., ed. (1943). Sangitaratnakara of Sarngadeva. Adyar: Adyar Library Press. ISBN 978-0-8356-7330-3.
- Schwartz, Susan L. (2004). Rasa: Performing the Divine in India. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13144-5.
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- Te Nijenhuis, Emmie (1974). Indian Music: History and Structure. BRILL Academic. ISBN 978-90-04-03978-0.
- Tenzer, Michael (2006). Analytical Studies in World Music. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517789-3.
- Titon, Jeff Todd; Cooley; Locke; McAllester; Rasmussen (2008), Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples, Cengage, ISBN 978-0-534-59539-5
- van der Meer, W. (2012). Hindustani Music in the 20th Century. Springer. ISBN 978-94-009-8777-7.
- Vatsyayan, Kapila (1977). Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts. Sangeet Natak Akademi. OCLC 233639306., Table of Contents
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- Wilke, Annette; Moebus, Oliver (2011). Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-024003-0.
- Winternitz, Maurice (2008). History of Indian Literature Vol 3 (Original in German published in 1922, translated into English by VS Sarma, 1981). New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120800564.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Raga.
- A step-by-step introduction to the concept of rāga for beginners
- Rajan Parrikar Music Archive – detailed analyses of rāgas backed by rare audio recordings
- Comprehensive reference on rāgas
- Hindustani Raga Sangeet Online A rare collection of more than 800 audio & video archives from 1902. Radio programs dedicated to famous ragas.
- Online quick reference of rāgams Diarsipkan 2015-01-14 di Wayback Machine. in Carnatic music.