Daftar bintang paling masif
Berikut ini adalah daftar bintang paling masif yang pernah ditemukan, dalam satuan Massa Matahari (M☉).
Ketidakpastian
[sunting | sunting sumber]Kebanyakan massa yang didaftarkan dibawah masih diperdebatkan, dan, karena masih menjadi subjek penelitian masa kini, masih dalam peninjauan dan sering direvisi massa maupun karakteristiknya yang lain.
Daftar
[sunting | sunting sumber]![]() | Daftar ini belum tentu lengkap. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya. (January 2016) |
Nama | Lokasi | Massa (M☉, Matahari = 1) |
Jarak kurang lebih (ly) |
Appt. vis. mag. | suhu efektif (K) |
Metode
pengukuran massa |
Pranala | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BAT99-98 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 226[a] | 165,000 | 13.37 | 45,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [1][2] |
R136a1 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 196+34 −27 |
163,000 | 12.23 | 46,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [3][4] |
Melnick 42 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 189 | 163,000 | 12.78 | 47,300 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
VFTS 1022 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 178 | 164,000 | 13.47 | 42,200 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
Westerhout 51-57 | Westerhout 51 | 160 | 20,000 | 16.66
J band |
42,700 | evolusi | [6] | |
R136a3 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 155 | 163,000 | 12.97 | 50,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [3][4] |
VFTS 682 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 153 | 164,000 | 16.08 | 52,200 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [7][2] |
HD 15558 A | IC 1805 di Heart Nebula | ≥152±51 | 24,400 | 7.87
gabungan |
39,500 | biner | SIMBAD | [8][9] |
R136a2 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 151 | 163,000 | 12.34 | 50,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [3][4] |
Westerhout 51-3 | Westerhout 51 | 148+105 −82 |
20,000 | 17.79
J band |
39,800 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [6] |
Melnick 34 A | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 147±22 | 163,000 | 13.09
gabungan |
53,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [10][2] |
VFTS 482 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 145 | 164,000 | 12.95 | 42,200 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
R136c | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 142 | 163,000 | 13.43 | 51,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [11][2] |
VFTS 1021 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 141 | 164,000 | 13.35 | 39,800 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
LH 10-3209 A | NGC 1763 di LMC | 140 | 160,000 | 11.859
gabungan |
42,500 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [12][13][b] |
Melnick 34 B | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 136±20 | 163,000 | 13.09
gabungan |
53,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [10][2] |
Westerhout 51d | Westerhout 51 | 135 | 20,000 | 15.11
J band |
42,700 | evolusi | [6] | |
VFTS 545 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 133 | 164,000 | 13.32 | 47,300 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
HD 97950 B | WR 43b in HD 97950 di NGC 3603 | 132 | 24,800 | 11.33 | 42,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
HD 269810 | NGC 2029 di LMC | 130 | 163,000 | 12.22 | 52,500 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [16][17] |
R136a7 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 127 | 163,000 | 13.97 | 54,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
WR 42e | HD 97950 di NGC 3603 | 123 | 25,000 | 14.53 | 43,000 | Ejection | SIMBAD | [19][c] |
VFTS 506 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 122 | 164,000 | 13.31 | 47,300 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [7][2] |
HD 97950 A1a | WR 43a A in HD 97950 di NGC 3603 | 120 | 24,800 | 11.18
gabungan |
42,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
LSS 4067 | HM 1 | 120 | 11,000 | 11.44 | 40,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [20][21] |
WR 93 | Pismis 24 di NGC 6357 | 120 | 5,900 | 10.68 | 71,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [20][9] |
Sk -69° 212 | NGC 2044 di LMC | 119 | 160,000 | 12.416 | 45,400 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
Sk -69° 249 A | NGC 2074 di LMC | 119 | 160,000 | 12.02
gabungan |
38,900 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][23] |
ST5-31 | NGC 2074 di LMC | 119 | 160,000 | 12.273 | 50,700 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][24] |
R136a5 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 116 | 157,000 | 13.71 | 48,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
MSP 183 | Westerlund 2 | 115 | 20,000 | 13.878 | 46,300 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [25][26] |
WR 24 | Collinder 228 di Nebula Carina | 114 | 14,000 | 6.48 | 50,100 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [27][28] |
HD 97950 C1 | WR 43c A in HD 97950 di NGC 3603 | 113 | 24,800 | 11.89
gabungan |
44,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [14][15][b] |
Arches-F9 | WR 102ae in Arches Cluster | 111.3 | 25,000 | 16.1
J band |
36,600 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [29][30] |
Cygnus OB2 #12 A | Cygnus OB2 | 110 | 5,200 | 11.702
gabungan |
13,700 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [31][32][b] |
HD 93129 Aa | Trumpler 14 di Nebula Carina | 110 | 7,500 | 6.9
gabungan |
42,500 | trinary | SIMBAD | [33][9] |
HSH95-36 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 110 | 163,000 | 14.41 | 49,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
R146 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 109 | 164,000 | 13.11 | 63,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [1][2] |
R136a4 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 108 | 157,000 | 13.41 | 50,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
VFTS 621 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 107 | 164,000 | 15.39 | 54,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
R136a6 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 105 | 157,000 | 13.35 | 52,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
Westerhout 49-3 | Westerhout 49 | 105 | 36,200 | 16.689
J band |
40,700 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [34][35] |
WR 21a A | Bintang kabur dari Westerlund 2 | 103.6 | 26,100 | 12.661 gabungan | 45,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [36][17] |
R99 | N44 di LMC | 103 | 164,000 | 11.52 | 28,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [1][9] |
Arches-F6 | WR 102ah in Arches Cluster | 101 | 25,000 | 15.75
J band |
33,900 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [29][30] |
Sk -65° 47 | NGC 1923 di LMC | 101 | 160,000 | 12.466 | 47,800 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
Arches-F1 | WR 102ad in Arches Cluster | 100.9 | 25,000 | 16.3
J band |
33,200 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [29][30] |
Peony Star | WR 102ka in Peony Nebula near Galactic Center | 100 | 26,000 | 12.978
J band |
25,100 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [37][35] |
VFTS 457 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 100 | 164,000 | 13.74 | 39,800 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
η Carinae A | Trumpler 16 di Nebula Carina | 100 | 7,500 | 4.3
gabungan |
9,400–35,200 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [38][39] |
Mercer 30-1 A | WR 46-3 A di Mercer 30 di Nebula Dragonfish | 99 | 40,000 | 10.33
J band |
32,200 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [40][d][b] |
Sk -68° 137 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 99 | 160,000 | 13.346 | 50,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [12][13] |
WR 25 A | Trumpler 16 di Nebula Carina | 98 | 6,500 | 8.8
gabungan |
50,100 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [27][9][b] |
BI 253 | runaway star from Tarantula Nebula di LMC | 97.6 | 164,000 | 13.76 | 54,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [11][41] |
R136a8 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 96 | 157,000 | 14.42 | 49,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][42] |
HD 38282 B | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 95 | 163,000 | 11.11
gabungan |
47,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [43][17] |
HM 1-6 | HM 1 | 95 | 11,000 | 11.64 | 44,700 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [20][44] |
NGC 3603-42 | HD 97950 di NGC 3603 | 95 | 25,000 | 12.86 | 50,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [12][15] |
R139 A | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 95 | 163,000 | 11.94
gabungan |
35,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [1][2] |
BAT99-6 | NGC 1747 di LMC | 94 | 165,000 | 11.95 | 56,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [1][13] |
Sk -66° 172 | N64 di LMC | 94 | 160,000 | 13.1 | 46,300 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [12][13][e] |
ST2-22 | NGC 2044 di LMC | 94 | 160,000 | 14.3 | 51,300 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][45] |
VFTS 259 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 94 | 164,000 | 13.65 | 37,600 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
VFTS 562 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 94 | 164,000 | 13.66 | 42,200 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
VFTS 512 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 93 | 164,000 | 14.28 | 47,300 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
HD 97950 A1b | WR 43a B in HD 97950 di NGC 3603 | 92 | 24,800 | 11.18
gabungan |
40,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
R136b | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 92 | 163,000 | 13.24 | 35,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
VFTS 16 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 91.6 | 164,000 | 13.55 | 50,600 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [11][2] |
HD 97950 A3 | HD 97950 di NGC 3603 | 91 | 24,800 | 12.95 | 50,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [12][15] |
NGC 346-W1 | NGC 346 di SMC | 91 | 200,000 | 12.57 | 43,400 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][46] |
Westerhout 49-2 | Westerhout 49 | 90–240, 250±120 | 36,200 | 18.246
J band |
35,500 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [34][35] |
R127 | NGC 2055 di LMC | 90 | 160,000 | 10.15 | 10,000–27,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [47][17] |
VFTS 333 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 90 | 164,000 | 12.49 | 37,600 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
VFTS 267 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 89 | 164,000 | 13.49 | 44,700 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
VFTS 64 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 88 | 164,000 | 14.621 | 39,800 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][13] |
BAT99-80 A | NGC 2044 di LMC | 87 | 165,000 | 13
gabungan |
45,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [22][45] |
R140b | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 87 | 165,000 | 12.66 | 47,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [1][2] |
VFTS 542 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 87 | 164,000 | 13.47 | 44,700 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
VFTS 599 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 87 | 164,000 | 13.8 | 44,700 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
WR 89 | HM 1 | 87 | 11,000 | 11.02 | 39,800 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [27][17] |
Arches-F7 | WR 102aj in Arches Cluster | 86.3 | 25,000 | 15.74
J band |
32,900 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [29][30] |
Sk -69° 104 | NGC 1910 di LMC | 86 | 160,000 | 12.1 | 39,900 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
VFTS 1017 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 86 | 164,000 | 14.5 | 50,100 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
LH 10-3061 | NGC 1763 di LMC | 85 | 160,000 | 13.491 | 52,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [12][13] |
Sk 80 | NGC 346 di SMC | 85 | 200,000 | 12.31 | 38,900 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][48] |
VFTS 603 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 85 | 164,000 | 13.99 | 42,200 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
Sk -70° 91 | BSDL 1830 di LMC | 84.09 | 165,000 | 12.78 | 48,900 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [49][13][f] |
R147 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 84 | 164,000 | 12.993 | 47,300 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][50] |
HD 93250 A | Trumpler 16 di Nebula Carina | 83.3 | 7,500 | 7.5
gabungan |
46,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [51][9][b] |
Melnick 33Na A | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 83 | 163,000 | 13.79
gabungan |
50,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [52][53] |
WR 20a A | Westerlund 2 | 82.7 | 20,000 | 13.28
gabungan |
43,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [54] |
TIC 276934932 A | NGC 2048 di LMC | 82 | 160,000 | 14.05
gabungan |
45,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [12][13] |
WR 20a B | Westerlund 2 | 81.9 | 20,000 | 13.28
gabungan |
43,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [54] |
Trumpler 27-27 | Trumpler 27 | 81 | 3,900 | 13.31 | 37,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [20][17] |
BAT99-96 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 80 | 165,000 | 13.76 | 42,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [1][2] |
HD 15570 | IC 1805 di Heart Nebula | 80 | 7,500 | 8.11 | 46,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [8][9] |
HD 38282 A | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 80 | 163,000 | 11.11
gabungan |
47,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [43][17] |
HSH95-46 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 80 | 163,000 | 14.56 | 47,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
Arches-F15 | Arches Cluster | 79.7 | 25,000 | 16.12
J band |
35,600 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [29][30] |
BI 237 | BSDL 2527 di LMC | 79.66 | 165,000 | 13.83 | 51,300 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [49][13][g] |
VFTS 94 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 79 | 164,000 | 14.161 | 42,200 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][13] |
VFTS 151 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 79 | 164,000 | 14.13 | 42,200 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
LH 41-32 | NGC 1910 di LMC | 78 | 160,000 | 13.086 | 48,200 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
Pismis 24-17 | Pismis 24 di NGC 6357 | 78 | 5,900 | 11.84 | 42,700 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [55][44] |
VFTS 404 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 78 | 164,000 | 14.14 | 44,700 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
Westerhout 51-2 | Westerhout 51 | 77+26 −22 |
20,000 | 13.68
J band |
42,700 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [6] |
BAT99-68 | BSDL 2505 di LMC | 76 | 165,000 | 14.13 | 45,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [1][13][h] |
HD 93632 | Collinder 228 di Nebula Carina | 76 | 10,000 | 8.23 | 45,400 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [20][9] |
NGC 346-W3 | NGC 346 di SMC | 76 | 200,000 | 12.8 | 52,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][46] |
VFTS 169 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 76 | 164,000 | 14.437 | 47,300 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][13] |
VFTS 440 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 76 | 164,000 | 12.046 | 39,800 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][13] |
AB1 | DEM S10 di SMC | 75 | 197,000 | 15.238 | 79,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [56][46][i] |
WR 22 A | Bochum 10 di Nebula Carina | 75 | 8,300 | 6.42
gabungan |
44,700 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [27][9][j] |
Pismis 24-1NE | Pismis 24 di NGC 6357 | 74 | 6,500 | 11 | 42,500 | biner | SIMBAD | [55][57] |
VFTS 608 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 74 | 164,000 | 14.22 | 42,200 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
HSH95-31 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 73 | 163,000 | 14.12 | 47,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
Mercer 30-3 | Mercer 30 di Dragonfish Nebula | 73 | 40,000 | 12.62
J band |
39,300 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [40][d] |
Mercer 30-11 | Mercer 30 di Dragonfish Nebula | 73 | 40,000 | 12.33
J band |
36,800 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [40][d] |
VFTS 566 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 73 | 164,000 | 14.05 | 44,700 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
LH 64-16 | NGC 2001 di LMC | 72 | 160,000 | 13.666 | 50,900 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][24] |
NGC 2044-W35 | NGC 2044 di LMC | 72 | 160,000 | 14.1 | 48,200 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
VFTS 216 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 72 | 164,000 | 14.389 | 44,700 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][13] |
ST2-1 | NGC 2044 di LMC | 71 | 160,000 | 14.3 | 44,100 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][45] |
VFTS 3 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 71 | 164,000 | 11.56 | 21,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [58][2] |
Arches-F12 | WR 102af in Arches Cluster | 70 | 25,000 | 16.4
J band |
36,900 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [29][30] |
HD 15629 | IC 1805 di Heart Nebula | 70 | 7,500 | 8.42 | 45,900 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [8][9] |
HD 37974 | N135 di LMC | 70 | 163,000 | 10.99 | 22,500 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [59][17][k] |
HD 93129 Ab | Trumpler 14 di Nebula Carina | 70 | 7,500 | 7.31
gabungan |
44,000 | trinary | SIMBAD | [33][60] |
M33 X-7 B | Triangulum Galaxy | 70 | 2,700,000 | 18.7 | 35,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [61][62] |
Sk -69° 194 A | NGC 2033 di LMC | 70 | 160,000 | 12.131
gabungan |
45,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][50][b] |
VFTS 125 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 69.6 | 164,000 | 16.6 | 55,200 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [11][45] |
HD 46150 | NGC 2244 di Rosette Nebula | 69 | 5,200 | 6.73 | 44,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [12][9] |
HD 229059 | Berkeley 87 | 69 | 3,000 | 8.7 | 26,300 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [20][9] |
ST2-3 | NGC 2044 di LMC | 69 | 160,000 | 14.264 | 44,900 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
ST2-32 | NGC 2044 di LMC | 69 | 160,000 | 13.903 | 45,400 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
W28-23 | NGC 2033 di LMC | 69 | 160,000 | 13.702 | 51,300 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][24] |
HD 93403 A | Trumpler 16 di Nebula Carina | 68.5 | 10,400 | 8.27
gabungan |
39,300 | biner | SIMBAD | [63][17] |
HD 93130 | Collinder 228 di Nebula Carina | 68 | 10,000 | 8.04 | 39,900 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [20][9] |
HM 1-8 | HM 1 | 68 | 11,000 | 12.52 | 46,100 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [20][44] |
HSH95-47 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 68 | 163,000 | 14.72 | 43,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
HSH95-48 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 68 | 163,000 | 14.75 | 46,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][42] |
Westerhout 51-61 | Westerhout 51 | 68 | 20,000 | 18.16
J band |
38,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [6][35] |
BAT99-93 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 67 | 165,000 | 13.446 | 45,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [1][13] |
Sk -69° 200 | NGC 2033 di LMC | 67 | 160,000 | 11.18 | 26,300 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
Arches-F18 | Arches Cluster | 66.9 | 25,000 | 16.7
J band |
36,900 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [29][30] |
Arches-F4 | WR 102al in Arches Cluster | 66.4 | 25,000 | 15.63
J band |
36,800 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [29][30] |
BAT99-59 A | NGC 2020 di LMC | 66 | 165,000 | 13.186
gabungan |
71,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [1][13][b] |
BAT99-104 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 66 | 165,000 | 12.5 | 63,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [1][13] |
HD 5980 B | NGC 346 di SMC | 66 | 200,000 | 11.31
gabungan |
45,000 | trinary | SIMBAD | [64][60] |
HD 190429 A | near Barnard 146 | 66 | 7,800 | 6.63
gabungan |
46,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [65][9] |
LH 31-1003 | NGC 1858 di LMC | 66 | 160,000 | 13.186 | 41,900 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
LH 114-7 | N70 di LMC | 66 | 160,000 | 13.66 | 50,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [12][13][l] |
Pismis 24-1SW | Pismis 24 di NGC 6357 | 66 | 6,500 | 11.1 | 40,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [55][57] |
BAT99-126 | NGC 2081 di LMC | 65 | 165,000 | 13.166 | 71,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [1][13] |
HSH95-40 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 65 | 163,000 | 14.56 | 47,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
HSH95-58 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 65 | 163,000 | 14.8 | 47,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
HSH95-89 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 65 | 163,000 | 14.76 | 44,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [42] |
VFTS 63 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 65 | 164,000 | 14.4 | 42,200 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][45] |
VFTS 145 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 65 | 164,000 | 14.3 | 39,800 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
VFTS 518 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 65 | 164,000 | 15.11 | 44,700 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
Westerhout 49-8 | Westerhout 49 | 65 | 36,200 | 15.617
J band |
40,700 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [34][35] |
BD+43° 3654 | Bintang kabur dari Cygnus OB2 | 64.6 | 5,400 | 10.06 | 40,400 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [66][60] |
BAT99-129 A | DEM L294 di LMC | 64 | 165,000 | 14.701
gabungan |
79,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [1][13][m][b] |
HSH95-50 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 64 | 163,000 | 14.65 | 47,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
Sk -69° 25 | NGC 1748 di LMC | 64 | 160,000 | 11.886 | 43,600 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
Trumpler 27-23 | Trumpler 27 | 64 | 3,900 | 10.09 | 27,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [20][17] |
Westerhout 49-5 | Westerhout 49 | 64 | 36,200 | 15.623
J band |
42,700 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [34][35] |
HD 46223 | NGC 2244 di Nebula Rosette | 63 | 5,200 | 7.28 | 46,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [12][9] |
HD 64568 | NGC 2467 di Puppis OB2 | 63 | 16,000 | 9.39 | 54,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [12][17] |
HD 303308 | Trumpler 16 di Nebula Carina | 63 | 9,200 | 8.17 | 51,300 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [20][17] |
HR 6187 A | NGC 6193 di Ara OB1 | 63 | 4,300 | 5.54
gabungan |
46,500 | Septenary | SIMBAD | [67][9] |
LH 10-3058 | NGC 1763 di LMC | 63 | 160,000 | 14.089 | 54,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [12][13] |
ST5-71 | NGC 2074 di LMC | 63 | 160,000 | 13.266 | 45,400 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
AB9 | DEM S80 di SMC | 62 | 197,000 | 15.431 | 100,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [56][46][n] |
Brey 32 B | NGC 1966 di LMC | 62 | 165,000 | 12.32
gabungan |
43,600 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][17] |
HD 93160 | Trumpler 14 di Nebula Carina | 62 | 8,000 | 7.6 | 42,700 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [20][9] |
HSH95-35 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 62 | 163,000 | 14.43 | 47,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
LH 41-1017 | NGC 1910 di LMC | 62 | 160,000 | 12.266 | 42,700 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
Mercer 30-6a A | WR 46-4 A in Mercer 30 di Dragonfish Nebula | 62 | 40,000 | 10.39
J band |
29,900 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [40][d][b] |
ST4-18 | NGC 2081 di LMC | 62 | 160,000 | 13.639 | 44,800 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
VFTS 664 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 62 | 164,000 | 13.937 | 39,900 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][13] |
HD 229196 | Cygnus OB9 | 61.6 | 5,000 | 8.59 | 40,900 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [66][44] |
AB8 B | NGC 602 di SMC | 61 | 197,000 | 12.83
gabungan |
45,000 | biner | SIMBAD | [64][68] |
BAT99-79 A | NGC 2044 di LMC | 61 | 165,000 | 13.486
gabungan |
42,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [1][13][b] |
HD 5980 A | NGC 346 di SMC | 61 | 200,000 | 11.31
gabungan |
21,000–53,000 | trinary | SIMBAD | [64][60] |
LH 41-18 | NGC 1910 di LMC | 61 | 160,000 | 12.586 | 38,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13] |
Mercer 30-9 A | Mercer 30 di Dragonfish Nebula | 61 | 40,000 | 12.25
J band |
34,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [40][d][b] |
ST5-25 | NGC 2074 di LMC | 61 | 160,000 | 13.551 | 48,600 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][24] |
VFTS 422 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 61 | 164,000 | 15.14 | 39,800 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
WR 102hb | Quintuplet cluster | 61 | 26,000 | 13.9
J band |
25,100 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [69][70] |
Sk -67° 166 | GKK-A144 di LMC | 60.68 | 160,000 | 12.22 | 41,800 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [49][13][o] |
Sk -67° 167 | GKK-A144 di LMC | 60.68 | 160,000 | 12.586 | 41,800 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [49][13][o] |
Sk -71° 46 | BSDL 2242 di LMC | 60.68 | 160,000 | 13.241 | 41,800 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [49][13][p] |
Brey 10 | NGC 1770 di LMC | 60 | 165,000 | 12.69 | 117,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][17] |
Brey 94 A | NGC 2081 di LMC | 60 | 165,000 | 12.996
gabungan |
83,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][13][b] |
Brey 95a A | NGC 2081 di LMC | 60 | 165,000 | 12.2
gabungan |
83,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][71][b] |
HSH95-55 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 60 | 163,000 | 14.74 | 47,500 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [18][2] |
Mercer 30-7 A | WR 46-5 A in Mercer 30 di Dragonfish Nebula | 60 | 40,000 | 11.516
J band |
41,400 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [40][d][b] |
R134 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 60 | 164,000 | 12.75 | 39,800 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [5][2] |
R142 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 60 | 164,000 | 11.82 | 18,000 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [58][2] |
R143 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 60 | 160,000 | 12.014 | 18,000–36,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [47][13] |
Sk -69° 142a | NGC 1983 di LMC | 60 | 160,000 | 11.093 | 34,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [47][50] |
Sk -69° 259 | NGC 2081 di LMC | 60 | 160,000 | 11.93 | 23,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [22][17] |
Var 83 | Galaksi Triangulum | 60 | 3,000,000 | 16.027 | 18,000–37,000 | evolusi | SIMBAD | [72][73] |
VFTS 430 | Nebula Tarantula di LMC | 60 | 164,000 | 15.11 | 24,500 | spektroskopi | SIMBAD | [58][2] |
Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Mass is estimated from hydrogen abundance and luminosity, making it very uncertain.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o This is a binary system but the secondary is much less massive than the primary.
- ^ This unusual measurement was made by assuming the star was ejected from a three-body encounter in NGC 3603. This assumption also means that the current star is the result of a merger between two original close binary components. The mass is consistent with evolutionary mass for a star with the observed parameters.
- ^ a b c d e f Mercer 30 is an open cluster in Dragonfish Nebula.
- ^ N64 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ BSDL 1830 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ BSDL 2527 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ BSDL 2505 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ DEM S10 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ Bochum 10 is an open cluster in Carina Nebula.
- ^ N135 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ N70 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ DEM L294 is a H II region in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ DEM S80 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ a b GKK-A144 is a stellar association in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ BSDL 2242 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; et al. (May 2014). "The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. A comprehensive analysis of the WN class". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 565: A27. arXiv:1401.5474
. Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Doran, E.I.; Crowther, P.A.; de Koter, A.; Evans, C.J.; McEvoy, C.; Walborn, N.R.; et al. (October 2013). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XI. A census of the hot luminous stars and their feedback in 30 Doradus". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 558: A134. arXiv:1308.3412
. Bibcode:2013A&A...558A.134D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321824. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; de Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz; Herrero, Artemio; Langer, Norbert; Lennon, Daniel J. (2020-12-01). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS - II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 499 (2): 1918–1936. arXiv:2009.05136
. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.499.1918B. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2801. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ a b c Kalari, Venu M.; Horch, Elliott P.; Salinas, Ricardo; Vink, Jorick S.; Andersen, Morten; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Rubio, Monica (2022-07-26). "Resolving the Core of R136 in the Optical". The Astrophysical Journal. 935 (2): 162. arXiv:2207.13078
. Bibcode:2022ApJ...935..162K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8424
.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Bestenlehner, J.M.; Gräfener, G.; Vink, J.S.; Najarro, F.; de Koter, A.; Sana, H.; et al. (October 2014). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XVII. Physical and wind properties of massive stars at the top of the main sequence". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 570: A38. arXiv:1407.1837
. Bibcode:2014A&A...570A..38B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423643. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e Bik, A.; Henning, Th.; Wu, S.-W.; Zhang, M.; Brandner, W.; Pasquali, A.; Stolte, A. (April 2019). "Near-infrared spectroscopy of the massive stellar population of W51: evidence for multi-seeded star formation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 624: A63. arXiv:1902.05460
. Bibcode:2019A&A...624A..63B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935061. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b Bagnulo, S.; Wade, G.A.; Nazé, Y.; Grunhut, J.H.; Shultz, M.E.; Asher, D.J.; et al. (March 2020). "A search for strong magnetic fields in massive and very massive stars in the Magellanic Clouds". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 635: A163. arXiv:2002.12061
. Bibcode:2020A&A...635A.163B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937098. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c De Becker, M.; Rauw, G.; Manfroid, J.; Eenens, P. (September 2006). "Early-type stars in the young open cluster IC 1805: II. The probably single stars HD 15570 and HD 15629, and the massive binary/triple system HD 15558". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 456 (3): 1121–1130. arXiv:astro-ph/0606379
. Bibcode:2006A&A...456.1121D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065300. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ducati, J.R. (2002). VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system (Laporan). Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2237. CDS/ADC. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D.
- ^ a b Tehrani, Katie A.; Crowther, Paul A.; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Littlefair, Stuart P.; Pollock, A.M.T.; Parker, Richard J.; Schnurr, Olivier (1 April 2019). "Weighing Melnick 34: the most massive binary system known". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 484 (2): 2692–2710. arXiv:1901.04769
. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.484.2692T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz147. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ a b c d Schneider, F.R.N.; Sana, H.; Evans, C.J.; Bestenlehner, J.M.; Castro, N.; Fossati, L.; et al. (5 January 2018). "An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 359 (6371): 69–71. arXiv:1801.03107
. Bibcode:2018Sci...359...69S. doi:10.1126/science.aan0106. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29302009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Walborn, Nolan R.; Howarth, Ian D.; Lennon, Daniel J.; Massey, Philip; Oey, M. S.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; et al. (May 2002). "A New Spectral Classification System for the Earliest O Stars: Definition of Type O2". The Astronomical Journal. 123 (5): 2754–2771. Bibcode:2002AJ....123.2754W. doi:10.1086/339831
. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Bonanos, A.Z.; Massa, D.L.; Sewilo, M.; Lennon, D.J.; Panagia, N.; Smith, L.J.; et al. (1 October 2009). "Spitzer SAGE Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal. 138 (4): 1003–1021. arXiv:0905.1328
. Bibcode:2009AJ....138.1003B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/4/1003. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ a b c d Crowther, Paul A.; Schnurr, Olivier; Hirschi, Raphael; Yusof, Norhasliza; Parker, Richard J.; Goodwin, Simon P.; Kassim, Hasan Abu (21 October 2010). "The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 408 (2): 731–751. arXiv:1007.3284
. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408..731C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ a b c d e f Melena, Nicholas W.; Massey, Philip; Morrell, Nidia I.; Zangari, Amanda M. (1 March 2008). "The massive star content of NGC 3603". The Astronomical Journal. 135 (3): 878–891. arXiv:0712.2621
. Bibcode:2008AJ....135..878M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/3/878. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ Evans, C.J.; Walborn, N.R.; Crowther, P.A.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Massa, D.; Taylor, W.D.; et al. (1 June 2010). "A massive runaway star from 30 Doradus". The Astrophysical Journal. 715 (2): L74–L79. arXiv:1004.5402
. Bibcode:2010ApJ...715L..74E. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/715/2/L74. ISSN 2041-8205.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Zacharias, N.; Finch, C.T.; Girard, T.M.; Henden, A.; Bartlett, J.L.; Monet, D.G.; Zacharias, M.I. (July 2012). "VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: UCAC4 Catalogue". VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: I/322A. Originally Published in: 2012yCat.1322....0Z; 2013AJ....145...44Z. 1322. Bibcode:2012yCat.1322....0Z.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Brands, S.; de Koter, A.; Bestenlehner, J.; Crowther, P.; Sundqvist, J.; Puls, J.; et al. (7 April 2022). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. III. The most massive stars and their clumped winds". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 663: A36. arXiv:2202.11080
. Bibcode:2022A&A...663A..36B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142742. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Roman-Lopes, A.; Franco, G.A.P.; Sanmartim, D. (26 May 2016). "SOAR Optical and Near-infrared Spectroscopic Survey of Newly Discovered Massive Stars in the Periphery of Galactic Massive Star Clusters I-NGC 3603". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (2): 96. arXiv:1604.01096
. Bibcode:2016ApJ...823...96R. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/2/96
. ISSN 1538-4357.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Massey, Philip; DeGioia-Eastwood, Kathleen; Waterhouse, Elizabeth (February 2001). "The progenitor masses of Wolf-Rayet stars and luminous blue variables determined from cluster turnoffs. II. Results from 12 galactic clusters and OB associations". The Astronomical Journal. 121 (2): 1050–1070. arXiv:astro-ph/0010654
. Bibcode:2001AJ....121.1050M. doi:10.1086/318769. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ Vázquez, R.A.; Baume, G. (June 2001). "The open cluster Havlen-Moffat no. 1 revisited". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 371 (3): 908–920. Bibcode:2001A&A...371..908V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010410
. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Massey, Philip; Waterhouse, Elizabeth; DeGioia-Eastwood, Kathleen (May 2000). "The progenitor masses of Wolf-Rayet stars and luminous blue variables determined from cluster turnoffs. I. Results from 19 OB associations in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (5): 2214–2241. arXiv:astro-ph/0002233
. Bibcode:2000AJ....119.2214M. doi:10.1086/301345. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ Fabricius, C.; Høg, E.; Makarov, V.V.; Mason, B.D.; Wycoff, G.L.; Urban, S.E. (March 2002). "The Tycho double star catalogue". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 384 (1): 180–189. Bibcode:2002A&A...384..180F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011822
. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d Zaritsky, Dennis; Harris, Jason; Thompson, Ian B.; Grebel, Eva K. (October 2004). "The Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: The Large Magellanic Cloud Stellar Catalog and Extinction Map". The Astronomical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 128 (4): 1606–1614. arXiv:astro-ph/0407006
. Bibcode:2004AJ....128.1606Z. doi:10.1086/423910. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ Drew, J.E.; Herrero, A.; Mohr-Smith, M.; Monguió, M.; Wright, N.J.; Kupfer, T.; Napiwotzki, R. (21 October 2018). "Massive stars in the hinterland of the young cluster, Westerlund 2". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 480 (2): 2109–2124. arXiv:1807.06486
. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2109D. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1905. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ Vargas Álvarez, Carlos A.; Kobulnicky, Henry A.; Bradley, David R.; Kannappan, Sheila J.; Norris, Mark A.; Cool, Richard J.; Miller, Brendan P. (25 March 2013). "The distance to the massive galactic cluster Westerlund 2 from a spectroscopic and HST photometric study". The Astronomical Journal. 145 (5): 125. arXiv:1302.0863
. Bibcode:2013AJ....145..125V. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/5/125. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ a b c d Hamann, W.-R.; Gräfener, G.; Liermann, A.; Hainich, R.; Sander, A.a.C.; Shenar, T.; et al. (1 May 2019). "The galactic WN stars revisited - impact of Gaia distances on fundamental stellar parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics (dalam bahasa Inggris). 625: A57. arXiv:1904.04687
. Bibcode:2019A&A...625A..57H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834850. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Samus, N.N.; Kazarovets, E.V.; Durlevich, O.V.; Kireeva, N.N.; Pastukhova, E.N. (January 2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2017ARep...61...80S; 2017AZh....94...87S. 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gräfener, G.; Vink, J.S.; de Koter, A.; Langer, N. (November 2011). "The Eddington factor as the key to understand the winds of the most massive stars: Evidence for a Γ-dependence of Wolf-Rayet type mass loss". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 535: A56. arXiv:1106.5361
. Bibcode:2011A&A...535A..56G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116701. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Figer, Donald F.; Najarro, Francisco; Gilmore, Diane; Morris, Mark; Kim, Sungsoo S.; Serabyn, Eugene; et al. (10 December 2002). "Massive Stars in the Arches Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 581 (1): 258–275. arXiv:astro-ph/0208145
. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..258F. doi:10.1086/344154. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ Clark, J. S.; Najarro, F.; Negueruela, I.; Ritchie, B. W.; Urbaneja, M. A.; Howarth, I. D. (May 2012). "On the nature of the galactic early-B hypergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 541: A145. arXiv:1202.3991
. Bibcode:2012A&A...541A.145C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117472. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Laur, Jaan; Kolka, Indrek; Eenmäe, Tõnis; Tuvikene, Taavi; Leedjärv, Laurits (February 2017). "Variability survey of brightest stars in selected OB associations". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 598: A108. arXiv:1611.02452
. Bibcode:2017A&A...598A.108L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629395. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b Nelan, Edmund P.; Walborn, Nolan R.; Wallace, Debra J.; Moffat, Anthony F.J.; Makidon, Russell B.; Gies, Douglas R.; Panagia, Nino (July 2004). "Resolving OB systems in the Carina nebula with the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor". The Astronomical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 128 (1): 323–329. Bibcode:2004AJ....128..323N. doi:10.1086/420716
. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ a b c d Wu, Shi-Wei; Bik, Arjan; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Henning, Thomas; Pasquali, Anna; Brandner, Wolfgang; Stolte, Andrea (May 2016). "The massive stellar population of W49: A spectroscopic survey". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 589: A16. arXiv:1602.05190
. Bibcode:2016A&A...589A..16W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527823. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e f Cutri, Roc M.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Beichman, Charles A.; Carpenter, John M.; Chester, Thomas; et al. (2003). VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003) (Laporan). Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2246. CDS/ADC. hlm. II/246. Bibcode:2003yCat.2246....0C.
- ^ Tramper, F.; Sana, H.; Fitzsimons, N.E.; de Koter, A.; Kaper, L.; Mahy, L.; Moffat, A. (11 January 2016). "The mass of the very massive binary WR21a". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 455 (2): 1275–1281. arXiv:1510.03609
. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.455.1275T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2373. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ Oskinova, L. M.; Steinke, M.; Hamann, W.-R.; Sander, A.; Todt, H.; Liermann, A. (21 December 2013). "One of the most massive stars in the Galaxy may have formed in isolation". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 436 (4): 3357–3365. arXiv:1309.7651
. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.436.3357O. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1817. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ Clementel, N.; Madura, T.I.; Kruip, C.J.H.; Paardekooper, J.-P.; Gull, T.R. (1 March 2015). "3D radiative transfer simulations of Eta Carinae's inner colliding winds - I. Ionization structure of helium at apastron". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 447 (3): 2445–2458. arXiv:1412.7569
. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447.2445C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2614. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ Hamaguchi, Kenji; Corcoran, Michael F.; Pittard, Julian M.; Sharma, Neetika; Takahashi, Hiromitsu; Russell, Christopher M.P.; et al. (September 2018). "Non-thermal X-rays from colliding wind shock acceleration in the massive binary Eta Carinae". Nature Astronomy (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2 (9): 731–736. arXiv:1904.09219
. Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..731H. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0505-1. ISSN 2397-3366.
- ^ a b c d e f de la Fuente, D.; Najarro, F.; Borissova, J.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Hanson, M.M.; Trombley, C.; et al. (May 2016). "Probing the Dragonfish star-forming complex: The ionizing population of the young massive cluster Mercer 30". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 589: A69. arXiv:1602.02503
. Bibcode:2016A&A...589A..69D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201528004. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Rivero González, J.G.; Puls, J.; Najarro, F.; Brott, I. (January 2012). "Nitrogen line spectroscopy of O-stars: II. Surface nitrogen abundances for O-stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 537: A79. arXiv:1110.5148
. Bibcode:2012A&A...537A..79R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117790. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, S.M.; Bostroem, K.A.; Apellániz, J. Maíz; Schneider, F.R.N.; Walborn, N.R.; et al. (1 May 2016). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope / STIS. I. Far-ultraviolet spectroscopic census and the origin of He{{supii}} λ1640 in young star clusters". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 458 (1): 624–659. arXiv:1603.04994
. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458..624C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw273. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ a b Sana, H.; van Boeckel, T.; Tramper, F.; Ellerbroek, L. E.; de Koter, A.; Kaper, L.; et al. (15 March 2013). "R144 revealed as a double-lined spectroscopic binary". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters (dalam bahasa Inggris). 432 (1): L26–L30. arXiv:1304.4591
. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.432L..26S. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt029. ISSN 1745-3933.
- ^ a b c d Reed, B. Cameron (May 2003). "Catalog of Galactic OB Stars". The Astronomical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 125 (5): 2531–2533. Bibcode:2003AJ....125.2531R. doi:10.1086/374771
. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ a b c d e Schild, H.; Testor, G. (March 1992). "Spectral types and UBV magnitudes of stars in the 30 Doradus complex". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 92: 729–748. Bibcode:1992A&AS...92..729S. ISSN 0365-0138.
- ^ a b c d Bonanos, A.Z.; Lennon, D.J.; Köhlinger, F.; van Loon, J.Th.; Massa, D. L.; Sewilo, M.; et al. (1 August 2010). "Spitzer SAGE-SMC infrared photometry of massive stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal. 140 (2): 416–429. arXiv:1004.0949
. Bibcode:2010AJ....140..416B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/2/416. hdl:1887/61635. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ a b c Smith, Nathan; Tombleson, Ryan (11 February 2015). "Luminous blue variables are antisocial: their isolation implies that they are kicked mass gainers in binary evolution". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 447 (1): 598–617. arXiv:1406.7431
. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447..598S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2430. ISSN 1365-2966.
- ^ Evans, C.J.; Lennon, D.J.; Smartt, S. J.; Trundle, C. (September 2006). "The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: observations centered on the Magellanic Cloud clusters NGC 330, NGC 346, NGC 2004, and the N11 region". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 456 (2): 623–638. arXiv:astro-ph/0606405
. Bibcode:2006A&A...456..623E. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20064988. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e Massa, D.; Fullerton, A. W.; Prinja, R. K. (September 2017). "Mass-loss rates from mid-infrared excesses in LMC and SMC O stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 470 (3): 3765–3774. arXiv:1706.02627
. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.470.3765M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1443. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ a b c Ulaczyk, K.; Szymański, M.K.; Udalski, A.; Kubiak, M.; Pietrzyński, G.; Soszyński, I.; et al. (1 June 2013). "Variable Stars from the OGLE-III Shallow Survey in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Acta Astronomica. 63 (2): 159–179. arXiv:1306.4802
. Bibcode:2013AcA....63..159U. ISSN 0001-5237.
- ^ Weidner, C.; Vink, J.S. (December 2010). "The masses, and the mass discrepancy of O-type stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 524: A98. arXiv:1010.2204
. Bibcode:2010A&A...524A..98W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014491. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Broos, Patrick S.; Pollock, Andrew M T.; Townsley, Leisa K. (2022). "Melnick 33Na: A very massive colliding-wind binary system in 30 Doradus". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 510 (4): 6133–6149. arXiv:2112.00022
. Bibcode:2022MNRAS.510.6133B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3521.
- ^ Castro, N.; Crowther, P. A.; Evans, C.J.; Mackey, J.; Castro-Rodriguez, N.; Vink, J.S.; et al. (2018). "Mapping the core of the Tarantula Nebula with VLT-MUSE. I. Spectral and nebular content around R136". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 614: 12. arXiv:1802.01597
. Bibcode:2018A&A...614A.147C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732084. A147.
- ^ a b Rauw, G.; Crowther, P.A.; de Becker, M.; Gosset, E.; Nazé, Y.; Sana, H.; et al. (March 2005). "The spectrum of the very massive binary system WR 20a (WN6ha + WN6ha): Fundamental parameters and wind interactions". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 432 (3): 985–998. Bibcode:2005A&A...432..985R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042136
. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c Fang, M.; van Boekel, R.; King, R. R.; Henning, Th.; Bouwman, J.; Doi, Y.; et al. (March 2012). "Star formation and disk properties in Pismis 24". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 539: A119. arXiv:1201.0833
. Bibcode:2012A&A...539A.119F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015914. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b Hainich, R.; Pasemann, D.; Todt, H.; Shenar, T.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W. -R (2015). "Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud. I. Analysis of the single WN stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 581 (21): 30. arXiv:1507.04000
. Bibcode:2015A&A...581A..21H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526241.
- ^ a b Skiff, B. A. (October 2014). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Spectral Classifications (Skiff, 2009- )". VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: B/Mk. Originally Published in: Lowell Observatory (October 2014). 1. Bibcode:2014yCat....1.2023S.
- ^ a b c McEvoy, C.M.; Dufton, P.L.; Evans, C.J.; Kalari, V.M.; Markova, N.; Simón-Díaz, S.; et al. (March 2015). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XIX. B-type supergiants: Atmospheric parameters and nitrogen abundances to investigate the role of binarity and the width of the main sequence⋆". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 575: A70. arXiv:1412.2705
. Bibcode:2015A&A...575A..70M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425202. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Kastner, Joel H.; Buchanan, Catherine L.; Sargent, B.; Forrest, W. J. (10 February 2006). "Spitzer Spectroscopy of Dusty Disks around B[e] Hypergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astrophysical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 638 (1): L29–L32. Bibcode:2006ApJ...638L..29K. doi:10.1086/500804
. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ a b c d Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V.V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; et al. (March 2000). "The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 355: L27–L30. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Orosz, Jerome A.; McClintock, Jeffrey E.; Narayan, Ramesh; Bailyn, Charles D.; Hartman, Joel D.; Macri, Lucas; et al. (October 2007). "A 15.65-solar-mass black hole in an eclipsing binary in the nearby spiral galaxy M 33". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggris). 449 (7164): 872–875. arXiv:0710.3165
. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..872O. doi:10.1038/nature06218. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17943124.
- ^ Grimm, H.-J.; McDowell, J.; Zezas, A.; Kim, D.-W.; Fabbiano, G. (December 2005). "The X-Ray Binary Population in M33. I. Source List and Luminosity Function". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (dalam bahasa Inggris). 161 (2): 271–303. arXiv:astro-ph/0506353
. Bibcode:2005ApJS..161..271G. doi:10.1086/468185. ISSN 0067-0049.
- ^ Rauw, G.; Sana, H.; Gosset, E.; Vreux, J.-M.; Jehin, E.; Parmentier, G. (August 2000). "A new orbital solution for the massive binary system HD 93403". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 360: 1003–1010. Bibcode:2000A&A...360.1003R. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c Shenar, T.; Hainich, R.; Todt, H.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Moffat, A.F.J.; et al. (July 2016). "Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: II. Analysis of the binaries". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 591: A22. arXiv:1604.01022
. Bibcode:2016A&A...591A..22S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527916. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Bouret, J.-C.; Hillier, D.J.; Lanz, T.; Fullerton, A.W. (2012). "Properties of galactic early-type O-supergiants: A combined FUV-UV and optical analysis". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 544: A67. arXiv:1205.3075
. Bibcode:2012A&A...544A..67B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118594.
- ^ a b Comerón, F.; Pasquali, A. (July 2012). "New members of the massive stellar population in Cygnus". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 543: A101. Bibcode:2012A&A...543A.101C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219022
. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Krtička, J.; Kubát, J.; Krtičková, I. (July 2015). "X-ray irradiation of the winds in binaries with massive components". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 579: A111. arXiv:1505.03411
. Bibcode:2015A&A...579A.111K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525637. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Massey, Philip (July 2002). "A UBVR CCD Survey of the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (dalam bahasa Inggris). 141 (1): 81–122. arXiv:astro-ph/0110531
. Bibcode:2002ApJS..141...81M. doi:10.1086/338286. ISSN 0067-0049.
- ^ Liermann, Adriane; Hamann, Wolf-Rainer; Oskinova, Lidia M.; Todt, Helge (January 2011). "High-mass stars in the Galactic center Quintuplet cluster". Société Royale des Sciences de Liège, Bulletin. 80: 160–164. Bibcode:2011BSRSL..80..160L. ISSN 0037-9565.
- ^ Clark, J.S.; Lohr, M.E.; Patrick, L.R.; Najarro, F.; Dong, H.; Figer, D.F. (October 2018). "An updated stellar census of the Quintuplet cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 618: A2. arXiv:1805.10139
. Bibcode:2018A&A...618A...2C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833041. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Testor, G.; Niemela, V. (June 1998). "The OB associations LH 101 and LH 104 in the HII region N158 of the LMC". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 130 (3): 527–538. Bibcode:1998A&AS..130..527T. doi:10.1051/aas:1998241
. ISSN 0365-0138.
- ^ Burggraf, B.; Weis, K.; Bomans, D.J. (December 2006). "LBVs in M33: Their environments and ages". Stellar Evolution at Low Metallicity: Mass loss, explosions, cosmology. ASP Conference Series. 353. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. hlm. 245. Bibcode:2006ASPC..353..245B. ISSN 1050-3390.
- ^ Massey, Philip; Neugent, Kathryn F.; Smart, Brianna M. (19 August 2016). "A spectroscopic survey of massive stars in M31 and M33". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 62. arXiv:1604.00112
. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...62M. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/62
. ISSN 1538-3881.