Rumpun bahasa Melayu-Sumbawa

{{Infobox Language family |name=Melayu-Sumbawa |altname= |states=Indonesia, Kamboja, Malaysia, Vietnam |region= |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=Melayu-Polinesia (MP) |child1=Sunda |child2=Madura |child3=[[rumpun bahasa Melayik|Melayik dan Nusa Tenggara Barat

|map=

|map_caption=Bahasa Melayu-Sumbawa
Bahasa di Kamboja, Vietnam, pulau Hainan dan ujung utara pulau Sumatera adalah bahasa Chamik (ungu). Kebanyakan bahasa Ibanik (jingga) di pedalaman pulau Borneo bagian barat. Boleh jadi kawasan ini merupakan daerah asal-usul rumpun bahasa Melayik. Rumpun bahasa Malayan (merah tua) bertebar dari bagian tengah Sumatera, melalui Semenanjung Melayu, sampai ke pesisir Kalimantan. Bahasa Sunda (merah muda), Madura (warna tanah), dan kelompok bahasa Bali-Sasak (hijau) ditemukan di bagian barat dan di sebelah timur pulau Jawa.}}

Bahasa Melayu-Sumbawa adalah sekelompok bahasa yang diidentifikasi Adelaar (cit. Adelaar dan Himmelmann 2005). Kelompok ini mempersatukan kelompok Melayik dan Chamik dengan beberapa bahasa di Jawa dan di Nusa Tenggara Barat, kecuali bahasa Jawa sendiri.

There are Javanese similarities with Balinese and Sasak of the Lesser Sundas, which several classifications have taken as evidence for a relationship between them. However, the similarities are with the "high" registers (formal language/royal speech) of Balinese and Sasak; when the "low" register (commoner speech) is considered, the connection appears instead to be with Madurese and Malay. This is somewhat similar to the situation with English, where more 'refined' vocabulary suggests a connection with French, but basic language demonstrates its relationship to German.

Klasifikasi

Adelaar (2005)

Menurut Adelaar (2005), rumpun bahasa Melayu-Sumbawa terdiri dari :

Note: BSS = "Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa"

• Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan
• Sundanese (1 or 2 languages of western Java; incl. Baduy)
• Madurese (2 languages of eastern Java and Madura; incl. Kangean)
• Proto-Malayo-Chamic-BSS
  • Aceh-Chamic (a dozen languages, including Acehnese in Aceh and Cham in Vietnam)
  • Malayic (a dozen languages dispersed from either western Borneo or central Sumatra, including Malay (Malaysian/Indonesian), Minangkabau in central Sumatra, and Iban of western Borneo)
  • Proto-Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa (3 languages)
    • Balinese
    • Proto-Sasak-Sumbawa
      • Sasak
      • Sumbawa

Javanese is specifically excluded; the connections between Javanese and Bali-Sasak are said to be restricted to the 'high' register, and disappear when the 'low' register is taken as representative of the languages.

Gray, et. al. (2008)

A 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database found moderate to poor lexical support for Malayo-Sumbawan: a 60% confidence level with Chamic, rising to 75% without Chamic but keeping Bali-Sasak, and 85% without either Chamic or Bali-Sasak. However, the resulting family is broader than Andelaar's proposal, including not just Moklen and Javanese but nearly all of the languages of the Greater Sunda Islands that were considered: Lampungic, Rejang, and the various branches of Northwest Sumatran excluding the Northern Barrier Islands (Nias etc.).

The languages supported by the 2008 study, including the confidence level for each grouping, are as follows:

Chamic-Sumbawan (60%)

• Moklen-Chamic (70%)
  • Moklen
  • Aceh-Chamic
• Bali-Malayic (75%)
  • Bali-Sasak
  • Batak-Malayic (85%)
    • Batak
    • Java-Malayic (75%)
      • Gayo
      • Rejang
      • Lampungic
      • Javanese
      • Sunda-Malayic (70%)
        • Sunda-Madurese (75%)
          • Sundanese
          • Madurese
        • Banjar-Malayic (80%)
          • Banjar
          • Malayic proper (100%)

(Bahasa Enggano dan Mentawai tidak dipertimbangkan.) Kesukaran dalam menentukan wawasan Melayu-Sumbawa dapat menunjukkan bahwa, paling tidak dari segi kosa kata, the evidence may point to a Sprachbund rather than a genealogical classification. However, this gets the facts exactly backwards: Lexical similarity more reliably indicates a Sprachbund than a true genetic grouping. Lexical dissimilarity is not an argument against genetic relatedness and for Sprachbund, but rather vice versa (provided that the languages in question have already been shown to be genetically related), which makes the evidence of the database poorly suited to establishing genetic nodes.

Sumber

• K. Alexander Adelaar dan Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005
• Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database[1]