Daftar sultan Utsmaniyah

Bendera Kesultanan Utsmaniyah

Kesultanan Utsmaniyah

Para sultan Dinasti Utsmaniyah menguasai wilayah kekuasaan transkontinental yang sangat luas mulai dari tahun 1299 hingga 1922. Pada puncak kejayaannya, Kesultanan Utsmaniyah berkuasa mulai dari Hungaria hingga ke bagian utara Somalia di sebelah selatan, dan dari Aljazair di sebelah barat hingga Irak di sebelah timur. Ibukotanya mula-mula adalah Bursa di Anatolia, kemudian dipindahkan ke Edime pada tahun 1366 dan ke Konstantinopel atau Istanbul pada tahun 1453 setelah Kejatuhan Konstantinopel Kekaisaran Bizantium

Daftar sultan

The table below lists Ottoman sultans, as well as the last Ottoman caliph, in chronological order. The tughras were the calligraphic seals or signatures used by Ottoman sultans. They were displayed on all official documents as well as on coins, and were far more important in identifying a sultan than his portrait. The "Notes" column contains information on each sultan's parentage and fate. When a sultan's reign did not end through a natural death, the reason is indicated in bold. For earlier rulers, there is usually a time gap between the moment a sultan's reign ended and the moment his successor was enthroned. This is because the Ottomans in that era practiced what historian Quataert has described as "survival of the fittest, not eldest, son": when a sultan died, his sons had to fight each other for the throne until a victor emerged. Because of the infighting and numerous fratricides that occurred, a sultan's death date therefore did not always coincide with the accession date of his successor. In 1617, the law of succession changed from survival of the fittest to a system based on agnatic seniority (ekberiyet), whereby the throne went to the oldest male of the family. This in turn explains why from the 17th century onwards a deceased sultan was rarely succeeded by his own son, but usually by an uncle or brother. Agnatic seniority was retained until the abolition of the sultanate, despite unsuccessful attempts in the 19th century to replace it with primogeniture.

#	Sultan	Potret	Berkuasa sejak	Berkuasa hingga	Tughra	Catatan
—	Emir Gazi Ertuğrul Bey أرطغرل غازی Amîr Ghazi - The Esquire (b. 1191 - d. 1281)	Ertuğrul Bey	1230	1281	—	Son of Kaya Alp Oğlu Süleyman Şah and Haimā (Hayme) Ana; Reigned until his death. Father of Osman Ghazi and the elected leader of the Kayı clan of the Oghuz tribe.
—	Emir Gazi Osman Bey عثمان بن أرطغرل Amîr Fakhr ud-din Othman-Al Ghazi - The Esquire (b. 1258 - d. 1324)		1281	1299	—	Son of Ertuğrul Ghazi and Khālîma Khānum; Elected by the Beys and Ghazis of the Kayı tribe as chief in succession to his father Ertuğrul Ghazi, and invested as Prince (Amir) by Âlâ ud-dîn Kayqubad III, Sultan of The Anatolian Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm. Became an independent sovereign on the collapse of the Sultanate of Iconium on July 27, 1299.
Foundation of Ottoman Empire (27 July 1299 – 20 July 1402)
1	Osman I GHAZI (The Warrior) BEY (The Esquire) KARA (lit. The Land or The Black) for his bravery		1299	1324	—	Son of Ertuğrul Ghazi and Khālîma Khānum; On 27 July 1299, declared his independence from the Anatolian Seljuk Empire. Reigned until his death.
2	Orhan I GHAZI (The Warrior) BEY (The Esquire)		1324	1362		Son of Osman I and Malhun (Māl) Khātûn; Reigned until his death.
3	Murad I HÜDAVENDİGÂR - Khodāvandgār - (The God-like One) (Sultan since 1383)	Portrait of Murad I	1362	15 June 1389		Son of Orhan I and Nilufer Khātûn; Reigned until his death; Killed on the battlefield at the Battle of Kosovo on June 15, 1389.
4	Bayezid I YILDIRIM (The Thunderbolt)		15 June 1389	20 July 1402		Son of Murad I and Gül-Çiçek Khātûn; Captured on the battlefield at the Battle of Ankara (de facto end of reign); Died in captivity in Akşehir on 8 March 1403.
Ottoman Interregnum (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
—	İsa Çelebi The Co-Sultan of Anatolia		1403	1405	—	After the Battle of Ankara on July 20, 1402, İsa Çelebi defeated Musa Çelebi and began controlling the western part of Anatolian territory of the empire for approximately two years. Defeated by Mehmed Çelebi in the battle of Ulubat in 1405. Murdered in 1406.
—	Emir (Amir) Süleyman Çelebi The First Sultan of Rumelia		20 July 1402	17 February 1411	—	Acquired the title of The Sultan of Rumelia for the European portion of the empire, a short period after the Ottoman defeat of The Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402 Murdered on 17 February 1411.
—	Musa Çelebi The Second Sultan of Rumelia		18 February 1411	5 July 1413	—	Acquired the title of The Sultan of Rumelia for the European portion of the empireon 18 February 1411, just after the death of Süleyman Çelebi. Killed on 5 July 1413 by Mehmed Çelebi’s forces in the battle of Çamurlu Derbent near Samokov in Bulgaria.
—	Mehmed Çelebi The Sultan of Anatolia		1403 - 1406 (Sultan of the Eastern Anatolian Territory) 1406 - 1413 (The Sultan of Anatolia)	5 July 1413	—	Acquired the control of the eastern part of the Anatolian territory as the Co-Sultan just after the defeat of the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402. Defeated İsa Çelebi in the battle of Ulubat in 1405. Became the sole ruler of the Anatolian territory of the Ottoman Empire upon İsa’s death in 1406. Acquired the title of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I Khan upon Musa’s death on 5 July 1413.
Rise of the Ottoman Empire (5 July 1413 – 29 May 1453)
5	Mehmed I ÇELEBİ (The Affable) KİRİŞÇİ (lit. The Bowstring Maker) for his support		5 July 1413	26 May 1421		Son of Bayezid I and Devlet Khātûn; Reigned until his death.
6	Murad II KOCA (The Great)		25 June 1421	1444		Son of Mehmed I and Âminā (Emine) Khātûn; Abdicated of his own free will in favour of his son Mehmed II.
7	Mehmed II FATİH (The Conqueror)		1444	1446		Son of Murad II and Hadice Âlime Hümâ Khātûn; Surrendered the throne to his father after having asked him to return to power.
—	Murad II KOCA (The Great)		1446	3 February 1451		Second reign; Forced to return to the throne following a Janissary insurgence; Reigned until his death.
Growth of the Ottoman Empire (29 May 1453 – 11/12 September 1683)
—	Mehmed II FATİH (The Conqueror)		3 February 1451	3 May 1481		Second reign; Conquered Constantinople in 1453; Reigned until his death.
8	Bayezid II VELÎ (The Saint)		19 May 1481	25 April 1512		Son of Mehmed II and Mükrîme (Sitt-î Mû’kārîmā) Khātûn; Abdicated; Died near Didymoteicho on 26 May 1512.
9	Selim I YAVUZ (The Stern) (Caliph Of Muslims Since 1517)		25 April 1512	21 September 1520		Son of Bayezid II and Kül-Bahār Khātûn; Reigned until his death.
10	Suleiman I MUHTEŞEM (Yang Agung) or KANÛNÎ (The Lawgiver)		30 September 1520	6 or 7 September 1566		Son of Selim I and A’ishā Hafîzā (Ayşe Hafsa) Vâlidā Sultân; Reigned until his death.
11	Selim II SARI (The Yellow-The Blond)		29 September 1566	21 December 1574		Son of Suleiman I and Hürrem (Khûrrām or Kārimā) Haseki Sultân; Reigned until his death.
12	Murad III		22 December 1574	16 January 1595		Son of Selim II and Afîfe Nûr-Banû Vâlidā Sultân; Reigned until his death.
13	Mehmed III ADLÎ (The Just)		27 January 1595	20 or 21 December 1603		Son of Murad III and Sâfiyā Vâlidā Sultân; Reigned until his death;
14	Ahmed I BAKHTÎ (The Fortunate)		21 December 1603	22 November 1617		Son of Mehmed III and Handan Vâlidā Sultân; Reigned until his death.
15	Mustafa I DELİ (The Intestable)		22 November 1617	26 February 1618		Son of Mehmed III and Fûldâne Valide Sultan; Deposed due to his non-syndromic mental retardation in favour of his young nephew Osman II.
16	Osman II GENÇ (The Young)		26 February 1618	19 May 1622		Son of Ahmed I and Mâh-Firûze Hadice (Khadija) Vâlidā Sultân; Deposed in a Janissary riot on 19 May 1622; Murdered on 20 May 1622 by the Grand Vizier Kara Davud Paşa (Black Da'ud Pasha) from compression of his testicles.
—	Mustafa I DELİ (The Intestable)		20 May 1622	10 September 1623		Second reign; Returned to the throne after the assassination of his nephew Osman II; Deposed due to his syndromic mental retardation and confined until his death in Istanbul on 20 January 1639.
17	Murad IV GHAZI (The Warrior)		10 September 1623	8 or 9 February 1640		Son of Ahmed I and Mâh-Peyker Kösem Vâlidā Sultân; Reigned until his death.
18	Ibrahim I DELİ (The Arrage)		9 February 1640	8 August 1648		Son of Ahmed I and Mâh-Peyker Kösem Vâlidā Sultân; Deposed on 8 August 1648 in a coup led by the Sheikh ul-Islam; Strangled in Istanbul on 18 August 1648 at the behest of the Grand Vizier Mevlevî Mehmed Paşa (Sofu Mehmed Pasha).
19	Mehmed IV AVCI (The Hunter)		8 August 1648	8 November 1687		Son of Ibrahim I and Turhan Hadice (Khadija) Vâlidā Sultân; Deposed on 8 November 1687 following the Ottoman defeat at the Second Battle of Mohács; Died in Edirne on 6 January 1693.
Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire (11/12 September 1683 – 20 October 1827)
20	Suleiman II		8 November 1687	22 June 1691		Son of Ibrahim I and Sâliha Dil-Âşûb (Dilâshûb) Vâlidā Sultân; Reigned until his death.
21	Ahmed II KHAN GHAZI (The Warrior Prince)		22 June 1691	6 February 1695		Son of Ibrahim I and Hatice (Khadija) Mû’azzez İkinci Haseki Sultân; Reigned until his death.
22	Mustafa II GHAZI (The Warrior)		6 February 1695	22 August 1703		Son of Mehmed IV and Mâh-Pârā Ummetullah (Emetullah) Râbi’a Gül-Nûsh (Gül-Nûş) Vâlidā Sultân; Deposed on 22 August 1703 by reason of the Janissary uprising known as the Edirne Event; Died in Istanbul on 8 January 1704.
23	Ahmed III		22 August 1703	1 or 2 October 1730		Son of Mehmed IV and Mâh-Pârā Ummetullah (Emetullah) Râbi’a Gül-Nûsh (Gül-Nûş) Vâlidā Sultân; Deposed in consequence of the Janissary rebellion led by Patrona Halil; Died on 1 July 1736.
24	Mahmud I GHAZI (The Warrior) KAMBUR (The Hunchback)		2 October 1730	13 December 1754		Son of Mustafa II and Sâliha Sebkat-î Vâlidā Sultân; Reigned until his death.
25	Osman III SOFU (The Devout)		13 December 1754	29 or 30 October 1757		Son of Mustafa II and Şâh-Süvar (Shah-Sûvar) Vâlidā Sultân; Reigned until his death.
26	Mustafa III YENİLİKÇİ (The First Innovative)		30 October 1757	21 January 1774		Son of Ahmed III and Âminā Mehr-î-Shâh (Emine Mihr-î-Şâh) İkinci Kadın Efendi; Reigned until his death.
27	Abd-ul-Hamid I The Servant of God		21 January 1774	6 or 7 April 1789		Son of Ahmed III and Râbi’a Sharm-î (Şerm-î) Kadın Efendi; Reigned until his death.
28	Selim III BESTEKÂR (The Composer)		7 April 1789	29 May 1807		Son of Mustafa III and Mehr-î-Shâh (Mihr-î-Şâh) Vâlidā Sultân; Deposed as a result of the Janissary revolt led by Kabakçı Mustafa against his reforms; Assassinated in Istanbul on 28 July 1808 at the behest of Ottoman Sultan Mustafa IV.
29	Mustafa IV		29 May 1807	28 July 1808		Son of Abd-ul-Hamid I and Bash Iqbal Nushatzaza (Nüzhet-Zâde / Nükhet-Sedâ) Khānum Effendi; Deposed in an insurrection led by Alemdar Mustafa Pasha; Executed in Istanbul on 17 November 1808 by order of Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II.
30	Mahmud II ISLAHÂTÇI (The Reformer)		28 July 1808	1 July 1839		Son of Abd-ul-Hamid I and Naksh-î-Dil (Nakş-î-Dil) Haseki Vâlidā Sultân (adoptive mother of Mahmud II); Disbanded the Janissaries in consequence of the Auspicious Event in 1826; Reigned until his death.
Decline of the Ottoman Empire (20 October 1827 – 24 July 1908)
31	Abd-ul-Mejid I TANZİMÂTÇI (The Strong Reformist or The Advocate of Reorganization)		1 July 1839	25 June 1861		Son of Mahmud II and Bezm-î-Âlem Vâlidā Sultân; Proclaimed the Hatt-ı Sharif (Imperial Edict) of Gülhane (Tanzimât Fermânı) that launched the Tanzimat period of reforms and reorganization on 3 November 1839 at the behest of reformist Grand Vizier Great Mustafa Rashid Pasha; Accepted the Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümayun (Imperial Reform Edict) (Islâhat Fermânı) on 18 February 1856; Reigned until his death.
32	Abd-ul-Aziz I		25 June 1861	30 May 1876		Son of Mahmud II and Pertav-Nihâl (Pertevniyâl) Vâlidā Sultân; Deposed by his ministers; Found dead (suicide or murder) five days later.
33	Murad V		30 May 1876	31 August 1876		Son of Abd-ul-Mejid I and Shāvk-Efzâ (Şevk-Efzâ) Vâlidā Sultân; Deposed due to his efforts to implement democratic reforms in the empire; Ordered to reside in Çırağan Palace where he died on 29 August 1904.
34	Abd-ul-Hamid II ULU HAN (The Sublime Khan)		31 August 1876	27 April 1909		Son of Abd-ul-Mejid I and Tîr-î-Müjgan Üçüncü Kadın Efendi; and later the adoptive son of Rahime Perestû (Piristû) Vâlidā Sultân (adoptive mother of Abdul Hamid II). Established the First Constitutional Rule on 23 November 1876 and then suspended on 13 February 1878; Restored the Second Constitutional Rule on 3 July 1908; Deposed after the 31 March Incident (on 13 April 1909); Confined to Beylerbeyi Palace where he died on 10 February 1918.
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (24 July 1908 – 30 October 1918)
35	Mehmed V REŞÂD (The True Path Follower)		27 April 1909	3 July 1918		Son of Abd-ul-Mejid I and Gül-Cemâl Dördüncü Kadın Efendi; Reigned as a figurehead of Mehmed Talât, İsmail Enver, and Ahmed Cemal (Djemal) Pashas until his death.
Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire (30 October 1918 – 1 November 1922)
36	Mehmed VI VÂHİD-ÜD-DÎN (The Unifier of Religion (Islam) or The Oneness of Islam)		4 July 1918	1 November 1922		Son of Abd-ul-Mejid I and Gül-İstü (Gülistan Münire) Dördüncü Kadın Efendi; Sultanate abolished; Left Istanbul on 17 November 1922; Died in exile in Sanremo, Italy on 16 May 1926.
Republican Caliphate ( 18 November 1922 – 3 March 1924 )
—	Abd-ul-Mejid II HALİFE (The Last Ottoman Caliph Of Islam)		18 November 1922	3 March 1924	—	Son of Abd-ul-Aziz I and Hayrân-î-Dil Kadın Efendi; Elected caliph by the TBMM; Exiled after the abolition of the caliphate; Died in Paris, France on 23 August 1944.

Lihat pula

• Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
• Dinasti Utsmaniyah

Bibliografi

• As̜iroğlu, Orhan Gâzi (1992). Son halife, Abdülmecid. Tarihin şahitleri dizisi (dalam bahasa Turkish). Istanbul: Burak Yayınevi. ISBN 9789757645177. OCLC 32085609. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
• Duran, Tülay (1999). Padişah Portreleri (Portraits of the Ottoman Empire's Sultans) (dalam bahasa Turkish). Sirkeci: Association of Historical Research and Istanbul Research Centre. ISBN 9789756926079. OCLC 248496159. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
• Findley, Carter V. (2005). The Turks in World History. New York: Oxford University Press US. ISBN 9780195177268. OCLC 54529318. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-29. 
• Glazer, Steven A. (1996) [Research completed January 1995]. "Chapter 1: Historical Setting". Dalam Metz, Helen Chapin. A Country Study: Turkey. Country Studies (edisi ke-5th). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. ISBN 9780844408644. OCLC 33898522. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-22. 
• Kafadar, Cemal (1996). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520206007. OCLC 55849447. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-18. 
• Karateke, Hakan T. (2005). "Who is the Next Ottoman Sultan? Attempts to Change the Rule of Succession during the Nineteenth Century". Dalam Weismann, Itzchak; Zachs, Fruma. Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration: Studies in Honour of Butrus Abu-Manneb. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 9781850437574. OCLC 60416792. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-02. 
• d'Osman Han, Nadine Sultana (2001). The Legacy of Sultan Abdulhamid II: Memoirs and Biography of Sultan Selim bin Hamid Han. Foreword by Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajar. Santa Fe, NM: Sultana Pub. OCLC 70659193. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-02. 
• Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press US. ISBN 9780195086775. OCLC 243767445. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-19. 
• Quataert, Donald (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 (edisi ke-2nd). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521839105. OCLC 59280221. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-18. 
• Stavrides, Theoharis (2001). The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1453–1474). Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 9789004121065. OCLC 46640850. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-18. 
• Sugar, Peter F. (1993). Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804 (edisi ke-3rd). Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295960333. OCLC 34219399. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-18. 
• Toprak, Binnaz (1981). Islam and Political Development in Turkey. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 9789004064713. OCLC 8258992. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-19. 

• Uğur, Ali (2007). Blue Imperialism (dalam bahasa Turkish). Istanbul: Çatı Publishing. ISBN 9758845873. OCLC 221203375. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-19. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)

• Toynbee, Arnold J. (1974). "The Ottoman Empire's Place in World History". Dalam Karpat, Kemal H. The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History. Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East. 11. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 9789004039452. OCLC 1318483. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-02. 

Pranala luar

• "Website of the 700th Anniversary of the Ottoman Empire". Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
• "Official website of the immediate living descendants of the Ottoman Dynasty". Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 

— Anggota kerajaan — Dinasti Utsmaniyah
Ciptaan baru Kesultanan didirikan	Penguasa Kesultanan Utsmaniyah 1299–1922	Kesultanan dihapuskan Kekuasaan dialihkan ke Presiden Turki
Jabatan Islam Sunni
Didahului oleh: Dinasti Abbasyid in Cairo	Kalifah 1517–1924	Penghapusan Kekhalifahan