Pertahanan Van (1915)
| Pertahanan Van (1915) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bagian dari Kampanye Kaukasus dan Perang Dunia I | |||||||
_(14586438289)_restored.jpg) Pejuang Armenia memegang garis pertahanan melawan pasukan Ottoman di kota bertembok Van, Mei 1915 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Pihak terlibat | |||||||
 Kesultanan Utsmaniyah | Fedayi Armenia | ||||||
| Tokoh dan pemimpin | |||||||
|
Djevdet Bey Halil Bey Köprülü Kâzım Bey Rafael de Nogales | Aram Manukian | ||||||
| Kekuatan | |||||||
| 5,000[1] | 1,300[2] | ||||||
| Korban | |||||||
| tidak diketahui tetapi berat | tidak diketahui | ||||||
| 55.000 warga sipil Armenia dibantai[3][4] | |||||||
Pertahanan Van (bahasa Armenia: Վանի հերոսամարտ, translit. Vani herosamart) adalah perlawanan bersenjata penduduk Armenia di Van melawan upaya Kekaisaran Ottoman untuk membantai penduduk Armenia Utsmaniyah di Vilayet Van dalam genosida Armenia tahun 1915.[5][6] Beberapa pengamat kontemporer dan sejarawan kemudian menyimpulkan bahwa pemerintah Utsmaniyah dengan sengaja menghasut perlawanan bersenjata Armenia di kota[7][8] dan kemudian menggunakan pemberontakan ini sebagai dalih utama untuk membenarkan dimulainya deportasi dan pembantaian penduduk Armenia di seluruh kekaisaran.[9] Laporan saksi setuju bahwa sikap Armenia di Van adalah defensif dan tindakan perlawanan terhadap pembantaian.[10][11] Tindakan membela diri sering dikutip dalam literatur penyangkalan genosida Armenia; itu telah menjadi "alfa dan omega dari permohonan 'kebutuhan militer'" untuk memaafkan genosida dan menggambarkan penganiayaan terhadap penduduk Armenia sebagai hal yang dibenarkan.[12]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Gilbert, Sir Martin (2004). Winter, Jay, ed. America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 14. ISBN 1139450182.
- ^ Hovannisian 1997, hlm. 251.
- ^ Morgenthau 1918, hlm. 227.
- ^ Balakian 2004, hlm. 207.
- ^ Balakian 2004, hlm. 208.
- ^ Herbert Adams Gibbons, Armenia in the World War, 1926. Link Diarsipkan 2018-09-04 di Wayback Machine..
- ^ A-Dō (Ter Martirosyan), 1867-1954, Hovhannes (2017). Van 1915 : the great events of Vasbouragan. Sarafian, Ara. London: Gomidas Institute. hlm. 98–134. ISBN 9781909382374. OCLC 1013977931.
- ^ Erickson 2001, hlm. 99.
- ^ Akçam 2006, hlm. 200: 'The Van uprising deserves to be examined separately, for regardless of the fact that it took place after the secret deportation and extermination decisions were made...'
- ^ Akçam 2007, hlm. 201.
- ^ Dadrian 2002, hlm. 67.
- ^ Ihrig, Stefan (2016). Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler. Harvard University Press. hlm. 109. ISBN 978-0-674-50479-0.
Still today, this alleged uprising in Van holds a central place in the denialist and justificationalist arguments.16 It also served as a pretext and a justification for anti-Armenian measures at the time, not just in Van itself, but in general. It epitomized and once more "proved" the alleged treacherousness of the Ottoman Armenians—it became, as Vahakn Dadrian put it, "the alpha and omega of the plea of 'military necessity.' "
Sumber
[sunting | sunting sumber]- A-Do (2017), Van 1915: The Great Events of Vasbouragan, Gomidas Institute, ISBN 978-1-909382-37-4.
- Akçam, Taner (1999), İnsan Hakları ve Ermeni sorunu: İttihat ve Terakki'den Kurtuluş Savaşı'na (dalam bahasa Turki), İmge Kitabevi, ISBN 978-975-533-246-8.
- ——— (2006), A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility, New York: Metropolitan Books, ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
- ——— (2007), A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility (edisi ke-1), New York, NY: Metropolitan Books/Holt, ISBN 978-0-80508665-2 - Profile at Google Books
- Allen, William Edward David; Muratoff, Paul (2011), Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828–1921, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-108-01335-2.
- Balakian, Peter (2004), The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response, New York: Harper Collins, ISBN 0-06-055870-9.
- Bloxham, Donald (2005), The Great Game of Genocide, Oxford University Press
- Brumlik, Micha (2004), Völkermord und Kriegsverbrechen in der ersten Hälfte des 20 (dalam bahasa Jerman), Campus, ISBN 3-593-37282-7.
- McCarthy, Justin (1983), Muslims and Minorities: The Population of Ottoman Anatolia and the End of the Empire, New York Univ Press
- ———; et al. (2006), The Armenian Rebellion at Van, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, ISBN 978-0-87480-870-4.
- Charney, Israel (1994). The Widening Circle of Genocide. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 1-4128-3965-3.
- Dadrian, Vahakn (February 2002), "The Armenian Question and the Wartime Fate of the Armenians as Documented by the Officials of the Ottoman Empire's World War I Allies: Germany and Austria-Hungary", International Journal of Middle East Studies, 34 (1): 59–85, doi:10.1017/S0020743802001034
. - Erickson, Edward J. (2001). Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-31516-9.
- Gust, Wolfgang; Gust, Sigrid (2005), The Armenian Genocide during the First World War.
- Herrera, Hayden (3 January 2005). Arshile Gorky: His Life and Work. Macmillan. ISBN 1-46681708-9.
- Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I. iv. Persia: The Stepping Stone To India. New York: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0-86307-181-3.
- Hovannisian, Richard G (1967), Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918, University of California Press.
- ——— (1997), The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times
, II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, Palgrave, ISBN 978-0-312-10169-5. - ——— (1997b), The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, New York: St. Martin's Press.
- ———, ed. (2000). Armenian Van/Vaspurakan. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda. ISBN 1-56859130-6.
- Kharmandarian, Peter (11 March 2015). "Lost in Time: Armenian Heritage & Genocide". Art on the banks. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 April 2015.
- Kevorkian, Raymond H; Paboudjian, Paul B (1992), Les Arméniens dans l'Empire Ottoman à la vielle du génocide [Armenians in the Ottoman empire before the genocide] (dalam bahasa Prancis), Paris: ARHIS.
- Kloian, Richard Diran, ed. (1980), The Armenian Genocide.
- Krikorian, Mesrob K. (1978). Armenians in the Service of the Ottoman Empire, 1860–1908. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7100-8564-1.
- Mazian, Florence (1990), Why Genocide?: The Armenian and Jewish Experiences in Perspective, Iowa State University Press, ISBN 978-0-8138-0143-8
- "Fresno Armenians", by Wilson Wallace, Ph.D. 1965 M (Michael) Minassian
- Matossian, Nouritza (1998). Black angel: a life of Arshile Gorky. Chatto & Windus. hlm. 576. ISBN 978-0701153632.
- Ter Minassian, Anahide (2000), "Van 1915", dalam Hovannisian, Richard G, Armenian Van/Vaspurakan.
- Panossian, Razmik (21 April 2007), Armenian Genocide Insert, 73 (16).
- Reynolds, Joseph Francis; Churchill, Allen Leon; Miller, Francis Trevelyan, ed. (1916), The Story of the Great War: History of the European War from Official Sources; Complete Historical Records of Events to Date, 3, P.F. Collier & Son.
- Sâbis, Ali İhsan, Birinci Dünya Harbi [First World War] (dalam bahasa Turki), 2, Nehir Yayınları, ISBN 975-551-067-2.
- Schemi, Kara, Turcs ey Armeniens [Turks & Armenians], hlm. 61.
- Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press.
- Stevens (January 1916), To H.M. Principle Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Batoum, FO 371/2768.
- Walker, Christopher J (1990), Armenia: The Survival of a Nation, London: Palgrave Macmillan, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 November 2005 .
- Yayınları, T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı (1972), Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri (dalam bahasa Turki), Ankara: Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, ISBN 975-551-067-2.
