Townland

Townland (bahasa Irlandia: baile fearainn; Ulster-Scots: toonlann^[1]) adalah unit administratif tradisional yang digunakan di Irlandia dan Kepulauan Barat di Skotlandia, biasanya mencakup wilayah seluas 100–500 acre (40–202 ha).^[2] Sistem townland berasal dari Gaelik, sebelum invasi Norman,^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] dan sebagian besar memiliki nama yang berasal dari Irlandia.^[4] Namun, beberapa nama dan batas kota berasal dari manor Norman, divisi kolonial, atau ciptaan Survei Persenjataan yang lebih baru.^[7]^[8] Jumlah total townland yang dihuni di Irlandia adalah 60.679 pada tahun 1911.^[9] Jumlah total yang diakui oleh database Nama Tempat Irlandia pada tahun 2014 adalah 61.098, termasuk townland tak berpenghuni, terutama pulau-pulau kecil.^[10]

Di Irlandia, townland umumnya merupakan pembagian wilayah administratif terkecil, meskipun beberapa wilayah kota besar dibagi lagi menjadi Hundred.^[11] Konsep wilayah kota didasarkan pada sistem pembagian tanah Gaelik, dan bukti resmi pertama mengenai keberadaan sistem pembagian tanah Gaelik ini dapat ditemukan dalam catatan gereja sebelum abad ke-12,^[12] pada tahun 1600-an mereka mulai dipetakan dan ditetapkan oleh pemerintahan Inggris dengan tujuan untuk menyita tanah dan membaginya kepada investor atau pekebun dari Inggris.^[11]

Referensi

^ "Rules o Richt Hannlin fur Uisin Ulstèr-Scotch as Pairt o Wark" (PDF). Norlin Airlann Coort Sarvice. Diakses tanggal 4 May 2017. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
^ Carmichael, Alexander (1884). Grazing and agrestic customs of the Outer Hebrides. Edinburgh: Neill and Company. OL 22881363M. Diakses tanggal 23 July 2019. Reprinted from the Report of the Crofter Royal Commission.
Further reprinted in Carmicheal, Alexander (December 1914). "Grazing and Agrestic Customs of the Outer Hebrides". The Celtic Review. 10 (37): 40–54. doi:10.2307/30070316. JSTOR 30070316.
^ Barry, Terry (2000). "Rural Settlement in Medieval Ireland". A History of Settlement in Ireland. Routledge. hlm. 114. She argued that Ireland's townland system, which pre-dated the Anglo-Norman conquest, worked against the creation of sizeable nucleated settlements.
^ ^a ^b Colfer, Billy (2004). "Prehistoric and Early Christian Landscapes". The Hook Peninsula. Cork University Press. hlm. 29. The townland network provides the most pervasive landscape survival from the Gaelic era. Most townlands, many retaining their Gaelic names, are believed to pre-date the arrival of the Anglo-Normans.
^ Graham, Brian (2003). "Ireland: Economy and Society". A companion to Britain in the later Middle Ages. Wiley-Blackwell. hlm. 149. The manor was the basic unit of settlement throughout the Anglo-Norman colony. Anngret Simms and others have argued that the constraint of the pre-existing Gaelic-Irish network of townlands (the basic subdivision of land in Ireland, a townland was originally the holding of an extended family) pre-empted the formation of large villages on the Anglo-Norman manors of Ireland.
^ Clarke, Howard; Prunty, Jacinta; Hennessy, Mark (2004). Surveying Ireland's Past. Geography Publications. hlm. 113. It is clear that the Gaelic townland system of territorial organisation exerted a powerful centripetal force on the evolving settlement pattern.
^ Connolly, S. J., The Oxford Companion to Irish History, page 577. Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-19-923483-7
^ Maxwell, Ian, How to Trace Your Irish Ancestors, page 16. howtobooks, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84528-375-9
^ "Digitization of Irish 1901 and 1911 Census Records". Census of Ireland 1901/1911 and Census Fragments and Substitutes, 1821-51. National Archives of Ireland. Diakses tanggal 22 May 2014.
^ "Logainm.ie The Irish Placenames Database". The Irish Placenames Committee/Fiontar. Diakses tanggal 19 September 2014.
^ ^a ^b Fossa Historical Society. "Chapter 23 – Of Gneeves" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-10-03. Diakses tanggal 19 July 2019.
^ Reid, Bryonie (2005). "Identity, Locality and the Townland in Northern Ireland". Senses of Place: Senses of Time. Ashgate Publishing. hlm. 47–60. The first official evidence of their existence occurs in church records from before the twelfth century.

[1] "Rules o Richt Hannlin fur Uisin Ulstèr-Scotch as Pairt o Wark" (PDF). Norlin Airlann Coort Sarvice. Diakses tanggal 4 May 2017. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

[2] Carmichael, Alexander (1884). Grazing and agrestic customs of the Outer Hebrides. Edinburgh: Neill and Company. OL 22881363M. Diakses tanggal 23 July 2019. Reprinted from the Report of the Crofter Royal Commission.
Further reprinted in Carmicheal, Alexander (December 1914). "Grazing and Agrestic Customs of the Outer Hebrides". The Celtic Review. 10 (37): 40–54. doi:10.2307/30070316. JSTOR 30070316.

[Barry114-3] Barry, Terry (2000). "Rural Settlement in Medieval Ireland". A History of Settlement in Ireland. Routledge. hlm. 114. She argued that Ireland's townland system, which pre-dated the Anglo-Norman conquest, worked against the creation of sizeable nucleated settlements.

[Colfer29-4] Colfer, Billy (2004). "Prehistoric and Early Christian Landscapes". The Hook Peninsula. Cork University Press. hlm. 29. The townland network provides the most pervasive landscape survival from the Gaelic era. Most townlands, many retaining their Gaelic names, are believed to pre-date the arrival of the Anglo-Normans.

[Graham149-5] Graham, Brian (2003). "Ireland: Economy and Society". A companion to Britain in the later Middle Ages. Wiley-Blackwell. hlm. 149. The manor was the basic unit of settlement throughout the Anglo-Norman colony. Anngret Simms and others have argued that the constraint of the pre-existing Gaelic-Irish network of townlands (the basic subdivision of land in Ireland, a townland was originally the holding of an extended family) pre-empted the formation of large villages on the Anglo-Norman manors of Ireland.

[Surveying-6] Clarke, Howard; Prunty, Jacinta; Hennessy, Mark (2004). Surveying Ireland's Past. Geography Publications. hlm. 113. It is clear that the Gaelic townland system of territorial organisation exerted a powerful centripetal force on the evolving settlement pattern.

[Connolly2002p577-7] Connolly, S. J., The Oxford Companion to Irish History, page 577. Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-19-923483-7

[Maxwell2009pg16-8] Maxwell, Ian, How to Trace Your Irish Ancestors, page 16. howtobooks, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84528-375-9

[census1911-9] "Digitization of Irish 1901 and 1911 Census Records". Census of Ireland 1901/1911 and Census Fragments and Substitutes, 1821-51. National Archives of Ireland. Diakses tanggal 22 May 2014.

[Logainm_Count_of_Townlands.-10] "Logainm.ie The Irish Placenames Database". The Irish Placenames Committee/Fiontar. Diakses tanggal 19 September 2014.

[Fossa-11] Fossa Historical Society. "Chapter 23 – Of Gneeves" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-10-03. Diakses tanggal 19 July 2019.

[Senses-12] Reid, Bryonie (2005). "Identity, Locality and the Townland in Northern Ireland". Senses of Place: Senses of Time. Ashgate Publishing. hlm. 47–60. The first official evidence of their existence occurs in church records from before the twelfth century.

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