Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa: Perbedaan antara revisi
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#ALIH [[NASA]] |
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{{Infobox space agency |
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|name = Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Amerika Serikat<br>''National Aeronautics and Space Administration'' |
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|agency_type = [[Daftar badan antariksa pemerintah|Badan antariksa]] |
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|seal = NASA seal.svg |
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|seal_alt = Bola biru dengan bintang, planet kuning dengan bulan putih; tanda pangkat merah melambangkan sayap, dan pesawat ruang angkasa yang mengorbit; dikelilingi oleh perbatasan putih dengan "NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION U.S.A." (Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa AS) dengan huruf merah |
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|seal_caption = Segel NASA |
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|logo = NASA logo.svg |
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|logo_alt = Bola biru dengan bintang, huruf putih N-A-S-A dengan font Helvetica; tanda pangkat merah melambangkan sayap, dan pesawat ruang angkasa yang mengorbit |
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|logo_caption = Lambang NASA |
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|logo2 = NASA Worm logo.svg |
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|logo2_alt = Garis merah membentuk huruf N-A-S-A |
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|logo2_caption = Jenis logo "cacing" NASA |
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|image = NASA HQ Building.jpg |
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|image_caption = Markas besar NASA di Washington, D.C. |
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|acronym = NASA |
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|owner = {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} |
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|formed = {{Start date and age|1958|07|29}} |
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|jurisdiction = [[Pemerintah Federal Amerika Serikat]] |
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|headquarters = [[Washington, D.C.]] |
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|coordinates = {{Coord|38|52|59|N|77|0|59|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}} |
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|motto = ''For the Benefit of All'' ({{lang-id|Untuk Manfaat Semua}})<ref name="motto">{{cite web |url=http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_newyear/gokoglu_nasa_stands_forall.html |title=NASA stands 'for the benefit of all.'—Interview with NASA's Dr. Süleyman Gokoglu |access-date=17 September 2018 |website=The Light Millennium |date=2007 |author=Lale Tayla |author2=Figen Bingul |name-list-style=amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012193203/http://lightmillennium.org/2004_newyear/gokoglu_nasa_stands_forall.html |archive-date=12 Oktober 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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|employees = 17,373 {{small|(2020)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/c10/cgi-bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABgNNr_f942m2PQWuDQBCF%7E8yOaS9hdlTUgwd1DRHamEahZ6NjCTFuUFOaf981KYTSzu7wHm__gV2ryJdFme%7ESTIXjpAfO1BMQHSShS5TK2I89x%7ENXsYt24AfKd4Mg8mLHMM%7EWvJtGu2S9jcp1CLSqdT9xPxnX6q7hAdwYHOyrE4OtFttBt4eOgTC57HlcgKsMea7qY%7EXBv9F3PRxbPdQz%7ELM245YqkmWSbzZpUmZGotc0%7EAe14rewRRQSEaVEIQQKFwWhmI8QUdcZOD2dO31lHgGDvDeBukxXI0DtPP0yP2m4MfaFq082kADygWwDsATaAwX3QD4C8afk7c7m%7EqBbP_obQJNj2A%3D%3D |title=Workforce Profile |publisher=NASA |access-date=23 April 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427203619/https://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/c10/cgi-bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABgNNr_f942m2PQWuDQBCF~8yOaS9hdlTUgwd1DRHamEahZ6NjCTFuUFOaf981KYTSzu7wHm__gV2ryJdFme~STIXjpAfO1BMQHSShS5TK2I89x~NXsYt24AfKd4Mg8mLHMM~WvJtGu2S9jcp1CLSqdT9xPxnX6q7hAdwYHOyrE4OtFttBt4eOgTC57HlcgKsMea7qY~XBv9F3PRxbPdQz~LM245YqkmWSbzZpUmZGotc0~Ae14rewRRQSEaVEIQQKFwWhmI8QUdcZOD2dO31lHgGDvDeBukxXI0DtPP0yP2m4MfaFq082kADygWwDsATaAwX3QD4C8afk7c7m~qBbP_obQJNj2A%3D%3D |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|budget = {{increase}} {{US$|22.629 miliar|link=yes}} {{small|(2020)}}<ref>{{cite web|title=NASA's FY 2020 Budget|url=https://www.planetary.org/get-involved/be-a-space-advocate/become-an-expert/fy2020-nasa-budget.html|website=The Planetary Society|date=30 Desember 2019|access-date=31 Desember 2019|author=Casey Dreier|archive-date=31 Desember 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231183406/https://www.planetary.org/get-involved/be-a-space-advocate/become-an-expert/fy2020-nasa-budget.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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|leader_title = [[Administrator NASA|Administrator]] |
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|leader_name = [[Bill Nelson]] |
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|leader_title2 = [[Wakil Administrator NASA|Wakil Administrator]] |
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|leader_name2 = [[Pamela Melroy]] |
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|website = [https://www.nasa.gov/ NASA.gov] |
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|language = <!-- Harap jangan menambahkan bahasa Inggris di entri ini, bahasa Inggris BUKAN bahasa resmi pemerintah AS. --> |
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}} |
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'''Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Amerika Serikat''' ({{lang-en|National Aeronautics and Space Administration}}; disingkat '''NASA''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|æ|s|ə}}) adalah badan independen [[Pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat|Pemerintah Federal AS]] yang bertanggung jawab atas [[Daftar badan antariksa pemerintah|program luar angkasa]] sipil, serta penelitian [[aeronautika]] dan [[luar angkasa]].{{#tag:ref|NASA adalah badan independen yang bukan bagian dari [[departemen eksekutif federal Amerika Serikat]], tetapi melapor langsung ke [[Presiden Amerika Serikat]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/fedgov.html |title=Official US Executive Branch Web Sites – Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room (Serial and Government Publications Division, Library of Congress) |website=loc.gov |access-date=24 Mei 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516085146/http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/fedgov.html |archive-date=16 Mei 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/ic/faqs.html |title=Frequently Asked Questions |website=hq.nasa.gov |access-date=24 Mei 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504112711/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/ic/faqs.html |archive-date=4 Mei 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>|group=catatan|name="independent agency"}} |
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NASA didirikan pada tahun 1958, menggantikan [[Komite Penasihat Nasional untuk Aeronautika|National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA). Badan baru ini memiliki orientasi sipil yang berbeda, mendorong penerapan damai di ilmu ruang angkasa.<ref name="DDE">{{cite web |url=http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/#/news?nid=244 |title=Ike in History: Eisenhower Creates NASA |access-date=27 November 2013 |publisher=Eisenhower Memorial |date=2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119131818/http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/#/news?nid=244 |archive-date=19 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="act1">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/offices/ogc/about/space_act1.html |title=The National Aeronautics and Space Act |access-date=29 Agustus 2007 |publisher=NASA |date=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816121716/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/ogc/about/space_act1.html |archive-date=16 Agustus 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NacaNASA">{{cite book |last=Bilstein |first=Roger E. |title=NASA SP-4206, Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles |chapter=From NACA to NASA |chapter-url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch2.htm#32 |date=1996 |publisher=NASA |isbn=978-0-16-004259-1 |pages=32–33 |access-date=6 Mei 2013 |archive-date=14 Juli 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714121412/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch2.htm#32 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sejak didirikan, sebagian besar [[penjelajahan antariksa]] AS dipimpin oleh NASA, termasuk misi [[pendaratan di bulan]] ([[program Apollo|Apollo]]), stasiun luar angkasa [[Skylab]], dan kemudian [[Pesawat Ulang Alik]]. NASA mendukung [[Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional]] dan mengawasi pengembangan [[Orion (wahana antariksa)|wahana antariksa Orion]], [[Space Launch System]], dan Commercial Crew. Badan tersebut juga bertanggung jawab atas Launch Services Program, yang memberikan pengawasan atas operasi peluncuran dan manajemen hitung mundur untuk peluncuran NASA tanpa awak. |
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Ilmu pengetahuan NASA difokuskan pada pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang [[Bumi]] melalui [[Earth Observing System]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science |title=Earth—NASA Science |first=Ruth |last=Netting |date=30 Juni 2009 |access-date=15 Juli 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716013403/http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science |archive-date=16 Juli 2009}}</ref> memajukan [[heliofisika]] melalui upaya Program Penelitian Heliofisika milik Science Mission Directorate;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasascience.nasa.gov/heliophysics |title=Heliophysics—NASA Science |first=Ruth |last=Netting |date=8 Januari 2009 |access-date=15 Juli 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716023622/http://nasascience.nasa.gov/heliophysics |archive-date=16 Juli 2009}}</ref> menjelajahi seluruh [[Tata Surya]] dengan [[misi luar angkasa nirawak]] seperti ''[[New Horizons]]'';<ref name="NYT-20150828">{{cite news|last=Roston|first=Michael|date=28 Agustus 2015|title=NASA's Next Horizon in Space|website=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/08/25/science/space/nasa-next-mission.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 Agustus 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829045031/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/08/25/science/space/nasa-next-mission.html|archive-date=29 Agustus 2015}}</ref> dan meneliti topik [[astrofisika]], seperti [[Big Bang]], melalui [[Program Great Observatories]] dan program terkait.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasascience.nasa.gov/astrophysics |title=Astrophysics—NASA Science |first=Ruth |last=Netting |date=13 Juli 2009 |access-date=15 Juli 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716013614/http://nasascience.nasa.gov/astrophysics |archive-date=16 Juli 2009}}</ref> |
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== Bandar antariksa == |
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*[[Pusat Luar Angkasa Kennedy]] |
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*[[Stasiun Angkatan Antariksa Cape Canaveral]] |
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*[[Pangkalan Angkatan Luar angkasa Vandenberg]] |
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== Tujuan strategis == |
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Sejak tahun 2011, NASA memiliki tujuan strategis: |
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# Memperluas dan mempertahankan aktivitas manusia di seluruh [[Tata Surya]]. |
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# Memperluas pemahaman ilmiah tentang [[Bumi]] dan [[alam semesta]]. |
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# Menciptakan inovasi ruang teknologi baru. |
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# Penelitian [[aeronautika]] terdepan. |
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# Mengaktifkan program dan kemampuan institusi untuk melakukan kegiatan keluarangkasaan dan aeronautika. |
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# Berbagi [[ilmu pengetahuan]] dengan tenaga pendidik dan mahasiswa untuk memberikan kesempatan berpartisipasi. |
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== Sejarah == |
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[[Berkas:NASA Worm logo.svg|thumb|Logo NASA tipe "cacing"]] |
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Presiden [[Eisenhower]] mendirikan NASA pada tahun [[1958]] dengan tujuan untuk mementingkan kebutuhan masyarakat sipil dibandingkan dengan militer, dan digunakan sebagai program perdamaian dalam ilmu keluarangkasaan. Undang-Undang Aeronautika dan Keluarangkasaan Nasional disahkan pada [[29 Juli]] [[1958]], menggantikan organisasi sebelumnya, Komite Penasihat Aeronautika Nasional. Badan ini resmi beroperasi pada [[1 Oktober]] [[1958]]. |
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===Space Race=== |
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:''For additional background, please see the [[Space Race]] article'' |
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[[Berkas:Mercury 3.jpg|thumb|212px|right|[[May 5]], [[1961]] launch of |
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Redstone rocket and NASA's Mercury 3 capsule ''[[Freedom 7]]'' with |
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[[Alan Shepard Jr.]] on the United States' first human flight into |
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sub-orbital space. (Atlas rockets were used to launch Mercury's orbital |
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missions.)]] |
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Following the [[Soviet space program]]'s launch of the world's first |
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man-made satellite (''[[Sputnik 1]]'') on [[October 4]], [[1957]], the |
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attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space |
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efforts. The [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]], alarmed by |
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the perceived threat to American security and technological leadership, |
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urged immediate and strong action; President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] |
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and his advisers counseled more deliberate measures. Several months of |
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debate produced agreement that a new federal agency was needed to |
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conduct all nonmilitary activity in space. |
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On [[July 29]], [[1958]], President Eisenhower signed the National |
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Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 establishing the National Aeronautics |
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and Space Administration (NASA). When it began operations on [[October |
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1]], [[1958]], NASA consisted mainly of the four laboratories and some |
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8,000 employees of the government's 46-year-old research agency for |
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aeronautics, the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA). |
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NASA's early programs were research into manned spaceflight, and were |
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conducted under the pressure of the competition between the USA and the |
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[[USSR]] (the [[Space Race]]) that existed during the [[Cold War]]. The |
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[[Mercury program]], initiated in [[1958]], started NASA down the path |
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of human space exploration with missions designed to discover simply if |
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man could survive in [[outer space|space]]. On [[May 5]], [[1961]], |
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astronaut [[Alan B. Shepard Jr.]] became the first American in space |
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when he piloted [[Mercury 3|''Freedom 7'']] on a 15-minute suborbital |
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flight. [[John Glenn]] became the first American to orbit the Earth on |
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[[February 20]], [[1962]] during the 5-hour flight of [[Mercury |
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6|''Friendship 7'']]. |
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===Apollo program=== |
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Once Mercury proved that manned spaceflight was possible, the [[Apollo |
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program]] was launched to try to do interesting work in space and |
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possibly put men around (but not on) the [[Moon]]. The direction of the |
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Apollo program was radically altered following President [[John F. |
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Kennedy]]'s announcement on [[May 25]], [[1961]] that the [[United |
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States]] should commit itself to "landing a man on the Moon and |
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returning him safely to the [[Earth]]" by 1970. Thus Apollo became a |
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program to land men on the Moon. The [[Gemini program]] was started |
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shortly thereafter to provide an interim spacecraft to prove techniques |
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needed for the now much more complicated Apollo missions. |
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[[Berkas:Aldrin Apollo 11.jpg|thumb|175px|left|[[Buzz Aldrin]] walks on |
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the surface of the Moon during [[Apollo 11]].]] |
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After eight years of preliminary missions, including NASA's first loss |
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of astronauts with the [[Apollo 1]] launch pad fire, the Apollo program |
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achieved its goals with [[Apollo 11]] which landed [[Neil Armstrong]] |
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and [[Buzz Aldrin]] on the moon's surface on [[July 20]], [[1969]] and |
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returned them to Earth safely on [[July 24]]. Armstrong's first words |
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upon stepping out of the [[Apollo Lunar Module|''Eagle'' lander]] |
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captured the momentousness of the occasion: "That's one small step for |
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[a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Ten more men would [[list of lunar |
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astronauts|set foot on the Moon]] by the end of the Apollo program in |
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December 1972. |
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NASA had won the space race, and in some senses this left it without |
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direction, or at the very least without the public attention and |
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interest that was necessary to guarantee large budgets from Congress. |
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After [[Lyndon Johnson]] left office NASA lost its main political |
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supporter, Werner Von Braun was moved to a position lobbying in |
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Washington and plans for ambitious follow-on projects to construct a |
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space station, establish a lunar base and launch a manned mission to |
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[[Mars]] by [[1990]] were proposed but with the end to procurement of |
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[[Saturn]] and Apollo hardware there was no capability to support these. |
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The near-disaster of [[Apollo 13]], where an oxygen explosion nearly |
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doomed all three astronauts, helped to recapture attention and concern, |
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but although missions up to [[Apollo 20]] were planned, [[Apollo 17]] |
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was the last mission to fly under the Apollo banner. The program ended |
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because of budget cuts (in part due to the [[Vietnam War]]) and the |
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desire to develop a reusable space vehicle. |
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===Other early missions=== |
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Although the vast majority of NASA's budget has been spent on human |
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spaceflight, there have been many unmanned missions instigated by the |
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space agency. In [[1962]] the [[Mariner 2]] mission was launched and |
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became the first spacecraft to make a flyby of another planet – in this |
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case [[Venus (planet)|Venus]]. The [[Ranger program|Ranger]], [[Surveyor |
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program|Surveyor]], and [[Lunar Orbiter]] missions were essential to |
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assessing lunar conditions before attempting manned Apollo landings. |
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Later, the two [[Viking program|Viking probes]] landed on the surface of |
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[[Mars (planet)|Mars]] and sent color images back to Earth, but perhaps |
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more impressive were the [[Pioneer program|Pioneer]] and particularly |
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[[Voyager program|Voyager]] missions that visited [[Jupiter |
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(planet)|Jupiter]], [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn]], [[Uranus |
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(planet)|Uranus]] and [[Neptune (planet)|Neptune]] and sent back science |
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and color images from all. |
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Having lost the space race, the [[Soviet Union]] had, along with the |
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USA, changed its approach. On [[July 17]], [[1975]] an Apollo craft |
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(finding a new use after the cancellation of [[Apollo 18]]) was docked |
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to the Soviet Soyuz 19 space craft. Although the Cold War would last |
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many more years, this was a critical point in NASA's history and much of |
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the international co-operation in space exploration that exists today |
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has its genesis here. America's first space station, [[Skylab]], |
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occupied NASA from the end of Apollo until the late 1970s. |
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===Shuttle era=== |
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[[Berkas:Shuttle.jpg|thumb|175px|right|[[Space Shuttle Columbia]], |
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[[April 12]] 1981]] |
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The [[space shuttle]] became the major focus of NASA in the late 1970s |
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and the 1980s. Planned to be a frequently launchable and mostly reusable |
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vehicle, four space shuttles were built by [[1985]]. The first to |
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launch, [[Space Shuttle Columbia|''Columbia'']] did so on [[April 12]], |
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[[1981]]. |
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The shuttle was not all good news for NASA – flights were much more |
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expensive than initially projected, and even after the [[1986]] |
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[[STS-51-L|''Challenger'' disaster]] highlighted the risks of space |
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flight, the public again lost interest as missions appeared to become |
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mundane. |
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Nonetheless, the shuttle has been used to launch milestone projects like |
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the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] (HST). The HST was created with a |
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relatively small budget of $2 billion but has continued operation since |
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[[1990]] and has delighted both scientists and the public. Some of the |
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images it has returned have become near-legendary, such as the |
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groundbreaking [[Hubble Deep Field]] images. The HST is a joint project |
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between [[European Space Agency|ESA]] and NASA, and its success has |
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paved the way for greater collaboration between the agencies. |
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In [[1995]] Russian-American interaction would again be achieved as the |
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Shuttle-[[Mir]] missions began, and once more a Russian craft (this time |
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a full-fledged space station) docked with an American vehicle. This |
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cooperation continues to the present day, with Russian and America the |
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two biggest partners in the largest space station ever built – the |
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[[International Space Station]] (ISS). The strength of their cooperation |
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on this project was even more evident when NASA began relying on |
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Russian launch vehicles to service the ISS following the [[2003]] |
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[[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'' disaster]], which |
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grounded the shuttle fleet for well over a year. |
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Costing over one hundred billion dollars, it has been difficult at times |
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for NASA to justify the ISS. The [[population]] at large have |
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historically been hard to impress with details of scientific experiments |
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in space, preferring news of grand projects to exotic locations. Even |
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now, the ISS cannot accommodate as many scientists as planned, |
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especially with the space shuttle out of use until March 2005 at the |
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earliest, bringing expansion to a halt and limiting it to a two person |
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crew. |
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During much of the 1990s, NASA was faced with shrinking annual budgets |
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due to Congressional belt-tightening in Washington, DC. In response, |
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NASA's ninth administrator, [[Daniel S. Goldin]], pioneered the "faster, |
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better, cheaper" approach that enabled NASA to cut costs while still |
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delivering a wide variety of aerospace programs ([[Discovery Program]]). |
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That method was criticized and re-evaluated following the twin losses |
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of [[Mars Climate Orbiter]] and [[Mars Polar Lander]] in 1999. |
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===Mars and beyond=== |
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Probably the most publicly-inspiring mission of recent years has been |
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the [[Mars Pathfinder]] mission of [[1997]]. Newspapers around the world |
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carried images of the lander dispatching its own rover, Sojourner, to |
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explore the surface of Mars in a way never done before at any |
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extra-terrestrial location. Less publicly acclaimed but performing |
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science from 1997 to date ([[as of 2004|2004]]) has been the [[Mars |
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Global Surveyor]] orbiter. Since 2001, the orbiting [[Mars Odyssey]] has |
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been searching for evidence of past or present water and volcanic |
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activity on the red planet. |
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On [[Januari 14]], [[2004]], ten days after the landing of [[Mars |
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Exploration Rover Mission|Mars Exploration Rover]] ''[[MER-A|Spirit]]'', |
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President [[George W. Bush]] announced the [[Vision for Space |
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Exploration]]. Humankind will return to the moon by [[2020]], and set up |
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outposts as a testbed and potential resource for future missions. The |
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[[space shuttle]] will be retired in [[2010]] and the [[Crew Exploration |
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Vehicle]] will replace it by [[2014]], capable of both docking with the |
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ISS and leaving the Earth's orbit. The future of the ISS is somewhat |
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uncertain – construction will be completed, but beyond that is less |
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clear. The [[Centennial Challenges]], technology prizes for |
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non-government teams, were established in [[2004]]. |
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===Criticisms=== |
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Some commentators such as Mark Wade note that NASA has suffered from a |
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'stop-start' approach to its manned programmes. The Apollo spacecraft |
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and Saturn family of launch vehicles were abandoned in 1970 after |
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billions of dollars had been spent on their development. In 2004 the |
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U.S. Government proposed eventually replacing the Shuttle with a [[Crew |
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Exploration Vehicle]] that would allow the agency to again conduct |
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manned visits to the Moon. Despite the reduction of its budget following |
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project Apollo, NASA has maintained a top heavy bureacracy resulting in |
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inflated costs and compromised hardware. |
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[[Berkas:nasa.florida.750pix.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Florida, USA, taken |
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from NASA Shuttle Mission STS-95 on 31st October 1998. For full details |
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of the view click on the picture.]] |
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==NASA space missions== |
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===Manned space missions=== |
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*[[Mercury program]] |
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*[[Gemini program]] |
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*[[Apollo program]] |
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*[[Skylab]] |
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*[[Space Shuttle]] |
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*[[International Space Station]] |
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*[[Project Constellation]] |
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===Unmanned space missions=== |
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*[[Earth Observing System|Earth Observing]] |
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**[[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]] |
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**[[TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics)]] |
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*Lunar missions |
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**[[Ranger program|Ranger]] |
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**[[Surveyor program|Surveyor]] |
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**[[Lunar Orbiter program|Lunar Orbiter]] |
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**[[Clementine mission|Clementine]] |
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**[[Lunar Prospector]] |
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*Mercury missions |
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**[[Mariner 10]] |
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**[[MESSENGER]] |
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*Venus missions |
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**[[Mariner program|Mariner 2, 5 and 10]] |
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**[[Pioneer Venus project|Pioneer Venus]] |
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**[[Magellan probe|Magellan]] |
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*[[exploration of Mars|Mars missions]] |
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**[[Mariner program|Mariner 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9]] |
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**[[Viking program|Viking 1 and 2]] |
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**[[Mars Observer]] |
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**[[Mars Pathfinder]] |
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**[[Mars Climate Orbiter]] |
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**[[Mars Polar Lander]] |
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**[[Mars Global Surveyor]] |
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**[[Mars Odyssey|2001 Mars Odyssey]] |
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**[[Mars Exploration Rover Mission|Mars Exploration Rovers]] |
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**[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] (Planned for [[2005]]) |
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**[[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (Planned for [[2007]]) |
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**[[Mars Science Laboratory]] (Planned for [[2009]]) |
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*Jupiter missions |
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**[[Pioneer 10]] |
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**[[Galileo probe|Galileo]] |
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**[[Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter|JIMO]] (Planned for [[2012]]) |
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*Saturn missions |
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**[[Cassini-Huygens]] |
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*Multi-planet missions |
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**[[Pioneer 11]] – Jupiter and Saturn |
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**[[Mariner 10]] – Venus and Mercury |
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**[[Voyager 1]] – Jupiter and Saturn |
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**[[Voyager 2]] – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune |
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**[[New Horizons]] (Planned for [[2006]]) – Jupiter, Pluto and Kuiper |
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Belt |
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*Asteroidal/cometary missions |
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**[[NEAR Shoemaker]] |
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**[[Deep Space 1]] |
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**[[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]] |
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**[[Deep Impact (space mission)|Deep Impact]] |
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**[[Dawn Mission|Dawn]] (Planned for [[2006]]) |
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*Proposed or canceled planetary-asteroid missions |
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**[[CRAF]] (canceled) |
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**[[Titan Explorer]] (proposed) |
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**[[Neptune Orbiter]] (proposed) |
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*Sun observing missions |
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** [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]] – [[European Space |
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Agency|ESA]] partnership |
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** [[Ulysses (spacecraft)|Ulysses]] – [[European Space Agency|ESA]] |
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partnership |
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* Great Observatories for Space Astrophysics |
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** [[Hubble Space Telescope]] |
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** [[Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] |
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** [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] |
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** [[Spitzer Space Telescope]] (formerly known as the Space Infrared |
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Telescope Facility, SIRTF) |
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*Other [[space observatory|observatories]] |
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** [[Cosmic Background Explorer|COBE]] |
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** [[Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer|FUSE]] |
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** [[IRAS|Infrared Astronomical Satellite]] |
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** [[James Webb Space Telescope]] |
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** [[WMAP]] |
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==List of NASA administrators== |
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# [[T. Keith Glennan]] (1958–1961) |
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# [[James E. Webb]] (1961–1968) |
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# [[Thomas O. Paine]] (1969–1970) |
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# [[James C. Fletcher]] (1971–1977) |
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# [[Robert A. Frosch]] (1977–1981) |
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# [[James M. Beggs]] (1981–1985) |
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# [[James C. Fletcher]] (1986–1989) |
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# [[Richard H. Truly]] (1989–1992) |
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# [[Daniel S. Goldin]] (1992–2001) |
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# [[Sean O'Keefe]] (2001–2005) |
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# [[Michael Griffin]] (2005–) |
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==Field installations== |
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In addition to headquarters in Washington, D.C., NASA has field |
|||
installations at: |
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*[[Ames Research Center]], [[Moffett Field, California]] |
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*[[Dryden Flight Research Center]], [[Edwards, California]] |
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*[[Glenn Research Center|John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field]], |
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[[Cleveland, Ohio]] |
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*[[Goddard Space Flight Center]], [[Greenbelt, Maryland]] |
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**[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], [[New York, New York]] |
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**[[Independent Verification and Validation Facility]], [[Fairmont, West |
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Virginia]] |
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**[[Wallops Flight Facility]], [[Wallops Island, Virginia]] |
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*[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], near [[Pasadena, California]] |
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** [[Deep Space Network]] stations: |
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***[[Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex]], [[Barstow, |
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California]] |
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***[[Madrid Deep Space Communication Complex]], [[Madrid]], [[Spain]] |
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***[[Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex]], [[Canberra]], |
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[[Australian Capital Territory]] |
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*[[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]], [[Houston, Texas]] |
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**[[White Sands Test Facility]], [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]] |
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*[[John F. Kennedy Space Center]], [[Florida]] |
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*[[Langley Research Center]], [[Hampton, Virginia]] |
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*[[George C. Marshall Space Flight Center]], [[Huntsville, Alabama]] |
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**[[Michoud Assembly Facility]], [[New Orleans, Louisiana]] |
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*[[John C. Stennis Space Center]], [[Bay St. Louis, Mississippi]] |
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==Awards and decorations== |
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NASA presently bestows a number of medals and decorations to astronauts |
|||
and other NASA personnel. Some awards are authorized for wear on active |
|||
duty military uniforms. Current NASA awards are as follows: |
|||
* [[Congressional Space Medal of Honor]] |
|||
* [[NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal]] |
|||
* [[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]] |
|||
* [[NASA Equal Employment Opportunity Medal]] |
|||
* [[NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal]] |
|||
* [[NASA Exceptional Administrative Achievement Medal]] |
|||
* [[NASA Exceptional Bravery Medal]] |
|||
* [[NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Medal]] |
|||
* [[NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal]] |
|||
* [[NASA Exceptional Service Medal]] |
|||
* [[NASA Exceptional Technological Achievement Medal]] |
|||
* [[NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal]] |
|||
* [[NASA Public Service Medal]] |
|||
* [[NASA Space Flight Medal]] |
|||
==Related legislation== |
|||
* [[1958]] – National Aeronautics and Space Administration PL 85-568 |
|||
(passed on [[July 29]]) |
|||
* [[1961]] – [[Apollo mission]] funding PL 87-98 A |
|||
* [[1970]] – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Research and |
|||
Development Act PL 91-119 |
|||
* [[1984]] – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization |
|||
Act PL 98-361 |
|||
* [[1988]] – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization |
|||
Act PL 100-685 |
|||
* [[NASA Budget]] 1958–2005 in 1996 Constant Year Dollars |
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--> |
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== Galeri == |
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=== Pengamatan === |
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" class="center"> |
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NGC 6543 7662 7009 6826.jpg|Berbagai nebula diamati dari teleskop luar angkasa NASA |
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PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg|1 Ceres |
|||
Nh-pluto crop.png|Pluto |
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</gallery> |
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=== Wahana antariksa dulu dan sekarang === |
|||
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" class="center"> |
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NASA spacecraft comparison.jpg|Perbandingan perangkat keras [[Apollo (wahana antariksa)|Apollo]], [[Proyek Gemini|Gemini]], dan [[Proyek Mercury|Mercury]]{{refn|group= catatan|Dari kiri ke kanan: Kendaraan peluncur Apollo (Saturn 5), Gemini (Titan 2) dan Mercury (Atlas). Kiri, atas-bawah: Pesawat Luar Angkasa Apollo, Gemini, dan Mercury. Kendaraan peluncur [[Saturn IB]] dan [[Kendaraan Peluncur Mercury-Redstone|Mercury-Redstone]] ditinggalkan.}} |
|||
STS-125 departing the Hubble Space Telescope.jpg|[[Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble]], observatorium astronomi di orbit Bumi sejak 1990. Juga dikunjungi oleh [[Pesawat Ulang Alik]] |
|||
PIA16239 High-Resolution Self-Portrait by Curiosity Rover Arm Camera.jpg|Wahana penjelajah Curiosity, menjelajahi Mars sejak 2012 |
|||
Perseverance Landing Skycrane (cropped).jpg|Wahana penjelajah [[Perseverance]] |
|||
</gallery> |
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=== Wahana antariksa yang direncanakan === |
|||
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" class="center"> |
|||
Artemis I Orion October 12, 2020.jpg|[[Orion (wahana antariksa)|Wahana antariksa Orion]] |
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Sls block1 on-pad sunrisesmall.jpg|Roket [[Space Launch System]] |
|||
James Webb Space Telescope 2009 top.jpg|[[Teleskop luar angkasa James Webb]] |
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Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway.jpg|Stasiun luar angkasa [[Lunar Gateway]] |
|||
</gallery> |
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=== Konsep === |
|||
NASA sering kali mengembangkan rencana dan konsep teknologi yang rumit, beberapa di antaranya menjadi rencana nyata. |
|||
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" class="center"> |
|||
Cargo transport from Space Shuttle with the space tug to Nuclear shuttle.jpg|Konsep pengangkutan kargo dari [[Pesawat Ulang Alik]] ke Pesawat Ulang Alik Nuklir, 1960-an |
|||
Space tug module for astronauts.jpg|Konsep Space Tug, 1970-an |
|||
Innovative Interstellar Explorer interstellar space probe .jpg|Visi misi untuk pesawat antariksa prekursor antarbintang oleh NASA, 2000-an |
|||
Mars Ice Home concept.jpg|Desain Kubah Es Mars Langley untuk habitat Mars, 2010-an |
|||
</gallery> |
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== Catatan == |
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<!-- {{Notelist}} --> |
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{{reflist|group=catatan}} |
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== Referensi == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Lihat pula == |
|||
* [[LAPAN]] – Badan antariksa Indonesia |
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* [[Organisasi Penelitian Luar Angkasa India]] – Badan antariksa nasional India |
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* [[Roscosmos]] – Badan antariksa Rusia |
|||
* [[Angkatan Antariksa Amerika Serikat]] – Cabang layanan luar angkasa Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat |
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[[Kategori:NASA|*]] |
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[[Kategori:Badan antariksa]] |
Revisi per 27 April 2023 08.20
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