Dhaulagiri: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{short description|7th-highest mountain on Earth, located in Nepal}}
{{short description|7th-highest mountain on Earth, located in Nepal}}
{{Rough translation|date=Juni 2022}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=Juni 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{About|a mountain|the mountain range|Dhaulagiri (mountain range)|other uses}}
{{About|a mountain|the mountain range|Dhaulagiri (mountain range)|other uses}}

Revisi per 14 Juni 2022 03.45

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang a mountain. Untuk the mountain range, lihat Dhaulagiri (mountain range). Untuk other uses, lihat Dhaulagiri (disambiguasi).
Dhaulagiri
Gambar puncak
Titik tertinggi
Ketinggian8.167 m (26.795 ft)
peringkat 7
Puncak3.357 m (11.014 ft)[2]
Ranked 55th
Puncak indukDhaulagiri[1]
Masuk dalam daftarEight-thousander
Ultra
Koordinat28°41′54″N 83°29′15″E / 28.69833°N 83.48750°E / 28.69833; 83.48750Koordinat: 28°41′54″N 83°29′15″E / 28.69833°N 83.48750°E / 28.69833; 83.48750 
Geografi
Dhaulagiri di Nepal
Dhaulagiri
Dhaulagiri
PegununganDhaulagiri Himal
Pendakian
Pendakian pertama13 Mei 1960 oleh Kurt Diemberger, A. Schelbert, E. Forrer, Nawang Dorje, Nyima Dorje
(Pendakian musim dingin pertama 21 Januari 1985 Jerzy Kukuczka dan Andrzej Czok)
Rute termudahNortheast ridge
Dhaulagiri dilihat dari Poonhill

Dhaulagiri adalah gunung tertinggi ketujuh di dunia dengan ketinggian 8.167 meter (26.795 ft) di atas permukaan laut (dpl), dan juga merupakan gunung tertinggi dalam batas satu negara (Nepal). Gunung ini pertama kali didaki pada 13 Mei 1960 yang dilakukan oleh para peserta ekspedisi Swiss-Austria-Nepali.

Annapurna I (8.091 m (26.545 ft)) berada sekitar 34 km (21 mi) di sebelah timur Dhaulagiri. Sungai Gandaki mengalir di antara keduanya di ngarai Kaligandaki, yang dikatakan sebagai yang terdalam di dunia.[butuh rujukan] Kota Pokhara berada di selatan Annapurna, pusat regional yang penting dan pintu gerbang bagi para pendaki dan trekker yang mengunjungi kedua daerah tersebut serta tujuan wisata tersendiri.

Toponimi

Dhaulagiri (धौलागिरी) bersalah dari bahasa Nepal dan Sansekerta yang berarti (dhawala) berarti mempesona, putih, indah[3] dan (giri) berarti gunung.[4] Dhaulagiri I juga merupakan titik tertinggi dari lembah sungai Gandaki.

Geografi

Wikayah utara dari dataran India sebagian besar memiliki puncak dengan ketinggian 8.000 meter dan tertutup oleh pegunungan yang lebih dekat, tetapi ketika cuaca cerah, Dhaulagiri terlihat mencolok dari utara Bihar[5] dan di selatan Gorakhpur di wilayah Uttar Pradesh. Pada tahun 1808, perhitungan survei menunjukkan Dhaulagiri sebagai gunung tertinggi yang pernah disurvei.[6][7] Hasil survei tersebut berlangsung hingga tahun 1838 ketika Kangchenjunga menggantikannya, kemudian diikuti oleh Gunung Everest pada tahun 1858.

Kenaikan mendadak Dhaulagiri I dari dataran rendah hampir tiada bandingnya. Gunung itu naik 7.000 m (22.970 ft) dari Sungai Gandaki sejauh 30 km ke arah tenggara. Wilayah selatan dan barat naik dengan cepat 4.000 m (13.120 ft). Wajah selatan Gurja Himal di massif yang sama juga sangat besar.

Sejarah pendakian

Dhaulagiri I pada Oktober 2002.

Sebagian besar pendakian mengikuti rute punggungan timur laut sejak pendakian pertama, tetapi pendakian telah dilakukan dari sebagian besar arah. Pada tahun 2007, terdapat sebanyak 358 pendakian yang berhasil dan 58 kematian, menjadikannya sebagai puncak dengan tingkat kematian sebesar 16,2%.[8] Antara tahun 1950 dan 2006, 2,88% dari 2.016 anggota ekspedisi dan staf yang berada di atas base camp Dhaulagiri I meninggal. Di semua puncak 8.000 meter di Nepal, tingkat kematian adalah 1,63%, mulai dari 0,65% di Cho Oyu hingga 4,04% di Annapurna I dan 3,05% di Manaslu.[9]

Partial timeline

  • 1950 – Dhaulagiri I reconnoitered by a French expedition led by Maurice Herzog. They do not see a feasible route and switch to Annapurna, where they make the first ascent of an 8000 m peak.[10]
  • 1953–1958 – Five expeditions attempt the north face, or "Pear Buttress", route.
  • 1959 – Austrian expedition led by Fritz Moravec makes the first attempt on the northeast ridge.[11]
  • 1960 – Swiss-Austrian expedition led by Max Eiselin, successful ascent by Kurt Diemberger, Peter Diener, Ernst Forrer, Albin Schelbert, Nyima Dorje Sherpa, Nawang Dorje Sherpa on 13 May.[12] First Himalayan climb supported by the first prototype fixed-wing aircraft, which, after establishing the still standing record for highest fixed wing landing, eventually crashed in Hidden Valley north of the mountain during takeoff and was abandoned.[13]
  • 1969 – American team led by Boyd Everett attempt southeast ridge; seven team members, including Everett, were killed in an avalanche.[14]
  • 1970 – the second ascent, via the northeast ridge by a Japanese expedition led by Tokufu Ohta and Shoji Imanari. Tetsuji Kawada and Lhakpa Tenzing Sherpa reach the summit.[15]
  • 1973 – American team led by James D. Morrissey makes the third ascent via the northeast ridge. Summit team: John Roskelley, Louis Reichardt, and Nawang Samden Sherpa.[16]
  • 1975 – Japanese team led by Takashi Amemiya attempts southwest ridge (also known as the south pillar). Six are killed in an avalanche, including Norio Suzuki.[17]
  • 1976 – Italian expedition makes the fourth ascent.
  • 1977 – International team led by Reinhold Messner attempts the south face.
  • 1978, spring: Amemiya returns with an expedition that puts five members on the summit via the southwest ridge—the first ascent not using the northeast ridge. One team member dies during the ascent.
  • 1978, autumn – Seiko Tanaka of Japan leads successful climb of the very difficult southeast ridge. Four are killed during the ascent. French team attempts the southwest buttress (also called the "south buttress"), only reaches 7,200 m.
  • 1980 – A four-man team consisting of Polish climbers Voytek Kurtyka, Ludwik Wiczyczynski, Frenchman René Ghilini, and Scotsman Alex MacIntyre climb the east face, topping out at 7,500 m on the northeast ridge. After a bivouac, they descend back to base camp in a storm. One week later they climb the mountain via the northeast ridge reaching the summit on 18 May.[18]
  • 1981 – Yugoslav team reaches 7,950 m after putting up the first route on the true south face of the mountain, on the right side, connecting with the southeast ridge. They climb in alpine style but suffer four days of open bivouacs and six days without food before returning. Hironobu Kamuro of Japan reaches the summit alone, via the normal route.
  • 1982, 5 May – Three members – Philip Cornelissen, Rudi Van Snick, and Ang Rita Sherpa – of a Belgian-Nepali team reach the summit via the north-east ridge. A day later, four more climbers – Ang Jangbu Sherpa, Marnix Lefever, Lut Vivijs, and Jan Vanhees – summit also. Vivijs becomes the first woman to reach the summit.[19]
  • 1982, 13 December – Two members (Akio Koizumi and Wangchu Shelpa) of the Japanese team led by Jun Arima of the Academic Alpine Club of Hokkaido University reach the summit. By the world calendar, winter begins 21 December, so this was not winter but a very-late-autumn-climb. However, the climb was done under a winter climbing permit, which the Nepali government issues for climbs beginning on or after 1 December.[20]
  • 1984 – Three members of the Czechoslovakian expedition (Jan Simon, Karel Jakes, Jaromir Stejskal) climb the west face to the summit. Simon died during the descent.
  • 1985 – Polish expedition led by Adam Bilczewski set out to conquer Dhaulagiri for the first time in winter. After seven weeks of dramatic struggle against hurricane-force winds and temperatures below −40c°, Andrzej Czok and Jerzy Kukuczka successfully made first winter ascent on 21 January.[21][22]
  • 1986 – A mostly Polish expedition puts up a second south face route, on the left side of the face connecting with the southwest ridge route. They go above 7,500 m but do not reach the summit.
  • 1988 – Soviet mountaineers Yuri Moiseev and Kazbek Valiev, in cooperation with Zoltan Demján of Czechoslovakia, succeed in climbing the southwest buttress. This 3,000-metre ascent, with difficult technical climbing at 6,800–7,300 m, was acknowledged as the year's best achievement at the UIAA Expedition Commission Conference.[butuh rujukan]
  • 1993 – Russian-British team puts up the direct north face route.
  • 1995 — Anatoli Boukreev, speed ascent, record time 17 hours 15 mins, base camp to summit.[23]
  • 1998 – French climber Chantal Mauduit and Sherpa Ang Tshering die when an avalanche strikes their tent on the Northeast Ridge.[24] On 1 May the Greek climber Nikolaos Papandreou is killed falling in a gorge. On 2 October, the Greek Babis Tsoupras reaches the summit but does not return. The bodies of the Greek climbers were not found.[25][26]
  • 1999 – On 24 October, British climber Ginette Harrison dies in an avalanche on Dhaulagiri.[27] Days later, Slovenian Tomaž Humar climbs the south face solo but does not reach the summit. His ascent ended at 7,300 m due to a 300 m band of rotten rock. Humar traverses to the dangerous southeast ridge, re-enters the face briefly, and exits at 8000 m for a descent on the northeast ridge. Dhaulagiri's south face is still unclimbed, making it one of the greatest remaining challenges in alpinism.
  1. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama 8000ers
  2. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama peakbagger
  3. ^ Monier-Williams, op. cit. p. 513
  4. ^ Monier-Williams, op. cit. p. 355
  5. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama indiamike
  6. ^ Waller
  7. ^ Colebrooke 1818.
  8. ^ "Dhaulagiri I". 8000ers.com. Diakses tanggal 4 January 2014. 
  9. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Salisbury2007
  10. ^ Fallen Giants, pp. 243–245
  11. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama hj_1959
  12. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama aj_1984
  13. ^ Diemberger p. 209
  14. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama aaj_1970
  15. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama aaj_1971
  16. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama aaj_1974
  17. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama aaj_2000
  18. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama aaj_1981
  19. ^ Dhaulagiri I, himilayanpeaks.wordpress.com, accessed 2Aug2016.
  20. ^ "Everest – Mount Everest by climbers, news". www.mounteverest.net. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 August 2016. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2018. 
  21. ^ "DHAULAGIRI 1984–85 : Himalayan Journal vol.43/6". www.himalayanclub.org. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2018. 
  22. ^ "Dhaulagiri I". wordpress.com. 6 July 2012. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2018. 
  23. ^ "Anatoli Boukreev". Mountaineering and Climbing Federation of Republic of Kazakhstan. Mountain.kz. Diakses tanggal 7 April 2019. 
  24. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama aaj_1999
  25. ^ Νταουλαγκίρι (Dhaulagiri). Article in Greek Wikipedia in Greek language.
  26. ^ Ministry of Tourism & Aviation, Gov. of Nepal (2010) Mountaineering in Nepal, Facts & Figures, List of summiteers of Mt. Dhaulagiri, No. 298 Diarsipkan 26 August 2011 di Wayback Machine.
  27. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Guardian1999
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