Ekonomi agama

Ekonomi agama menyangkut penerapan teknik ekonomi untuk studi agama dan hubungan antara perilaku ekonomi dan agama.^[1] Hubungan antara agama dan perilaku ekonomi pertama kali diidentifikasi oleh Max Weber yang menghubungkan munculnya kapitalisme modern dengan Reformasi Protestan.^[2] Adam Smith meletakkan landasan bagi analisis ekonomi untuk agama dalam The Wealth of Nations yang menyatakan organisasi keagamaan bergantung pada kekuatan pasar, insentif, dan masalah persaingan sebagaimana sektor ekonomi lainnya.^[3] Kajian empiris meneliti pengaruh kausal agama dalam ekonomi mikro untuk menjelaskan perilaku individu^[4] dan dalam ekonomi makro penentu pertumbuhan ekonomi.^[5] Ekonomi religius (atau teologis) adalah suatu studi terkait yang terkadang tumpang tindih atau tercampur dengan ekonomi agama.^[6]

Agama dan pertumbuhan ekonomi

Studi menunjukkan terdapat suatu saluran dari perilaku keagamaan terhadap hasil ekonomi makro dari pertumbuhan ekonomi, tingkat kejahatan, dan pengembangan kelembagaan.^[8] Para sarjana berhipotesis bahwa agama memengaruhi hasil ekonomi melalui doktrin agama yang mempromosikan penghematan, etos kerja, kejujuran, dan kepercayaan.^[5]

Kritik

Korelasi antara agama dan hasil ekonomi dapat ditafsirkan dalam dua cara: (1) fitur intrinsik untuk agama yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan atau (2) fitur yang berkorelasi dengan agama tetapi bukan agama itu sendiri yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan. Literatur lintas negara yang ada dikritik karena ketidakmampuan untuk membedakan antara dua penjelasan, masalah yang disebut bias endogenitas. Mengontrol efek tetap negara mengurangi bias tetapi studi mutakhir menggunakan eksperimen lapangan dan alam untuk mengidentifikasi efek kausal agama.^[9]

Agama dan perilaku individual

Penelitian menyoroti pentingnya ortodoksi keagamaan pada perilaku moral dan versi Aturan Emas "Lakukan kepada orang lain seperti yang Anda ingin orang lain lakukan untuk Anda" terkandung dalam sebagian besar agama-agama utama.^[10] Yang lain berpendapat hal itu mempromosikan kerja sama dan kepercayaan dalam kelompok atau klub yang dibatasi secara budaya.^[11] Studi membandingkan efek komplementer dari nilai-nilai keagamaan seperti amal, pengampunan, kejujuran, dan toleransi, dan kelompok sosial keagamaan dengan keanggotaan menanamkan favoritisme atau diskriminasi terhadap para anggota dalam atau luar kelompok.^[12]

Keyakinan

Saluran keyakinan perilaku agama menyangkut upaya mahal yang berkaitan dengan reputasi ilahi. Azzi dan Ehrenberg pada tahun 1975 mengemukakan orang-orang mengalokasikan waktu dan uang untuk institusi sekuler dan keagamaan untuk memaksimalkan utilitas dalam kehidupan ini dan akhirat.^[13]

Lihat pula

Buku:

Malaysia and the Club of Doom

Referensi

^ McCleary, Rachel M. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Religion (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199781287.
^ Weber, Max (2012). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (dalam bahasa Inggris). Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486122373.
^ Smith, Adam (1776). The Wealth of Nations. London: Methuen \& Co. hlm. 749.
^ Stark, Rodney; Finke, Roger (August 2000). Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. ISBN 9780520222021.
^ ^a ^b Barro, Robert J.; McCleary, Rachel M. (2003). "Religion and Economic Growth across Countries". American Sociological Review. 68 (5): 760–781. doi:10.2307/1519761. JSTOR 1519761.
^ For example, the Journal of Markets & Morality of the Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty and Faith & Economics Diarsipkan 2017-11-03 di Wayback Machine. of the Association of Christian Economists.
   • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, Elgar, v. 2, part II, Economics of Religion, scrollable table of contents, 10 of 41 papers, 1939–2002.
   • Patrick J. Welch and J.J. Mueller, 2001. "The Relationship of Religion to Economics," Review of Social Economy, 59(2). pp. 185–202. Abstract. Diarsipkan 2006-09-15 di Wayback Machine.
   • Paul Oslington, 2000. "A Theological Economics," International Journal of Social Economics, 27(1), pp.\ 32–44. Diarsipkan 2016-03-07 di Wayback Machine.
   • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 1, Historical Relationships, table of contents, pp. v–vi with links via upper right-arrow to Introduction and first 11 of 17 papers, 1939–2002.
   • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 2, part I, Religious Economics and its Critics, scrollable table of contents, 14 papers, 1939–2002.
   • A.M.C. Waterman, 2002. "Economics as Theology: Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations," Southern Economic Journal, 68(4), p pp. 907–921. Reprinted in Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 1, pp. 321–336.
   • Thomas Nixon Carver, 1908. "The Economic Basis of the Problem of Evil," Harvard Theological Review, 1(1), pp. 97–111.
   • _____, 1912. The Religion Worth Having. Chapter links.
   • Mahmoud A. El-Gamal, 2006. Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice. Cambridge. Description and chapter titles.
^ WIN-Gallup. "Global Index of religion and atheism" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 16 October 2012. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2012.
^ Guiso, Luigi; Sapienza, Paola; Zingales, Luigi (1 January 2003). "People's opium? Religion and economic attitudes". Journal of Monetary Economics (dalam bahasa Inggris). 50 (1): 225–282. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.194.9800 . doi:10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00202-7. ISSN 0304-3932.
^ Iyer, Sriya (June 2016). "The New Economics of Religion" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 54 (2): 395–441. doi:10.1257/jel.54.2.395.
^ Batson, Charles Daniel; Schoenrade, Patricia; Ventis, W. Larry (1993). Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195062083.
^ Iannaccone, Laurence R. (1998). "Introduction to the Economics of Religion". Journal of Economic Literature. 36 (3): 1465–1495. JSTOR 2564806.
^ Ruffle, Bradley J.; Sosis, Richard (1 June 2006). "Cooperation and the in-group-out-group bias: A field test on Israeli kibbutz members and city residents". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization (dalam bahasa Inggris). 60 (2): 147–163. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.740.7036 . doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2004.07.007. ISSN 0167-2681.
^ Azzi, Corry; Ehrenberg, Ronald (February 1975). "Household Allocation of Time and Church Attendance". Journal of Political Economy (dalam bahasa Inggris). 83 (1): 27–56. doi:10.1086/260305. ISSN 0022-3808.

Pranala luar

Does God Want You To Be Rich?
Economics of Religion Gateway: Diarsipkan 2010-06-05 di Wayback Machine. "What is the economic study of religion?" from the Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture. Diarsipkan 2010-02-05 di Wayback Machine.
European Network on the Economics of Religion Diarsipkan 2011-07-26 di Wayback Machine.
"Economists Are Getting Religion," Business Week
"The economics of religion" Diarsipkan 2009-04-17 di Wayback Machine.

[1] McCleary, Rachel M. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Religion (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199781287.

[2] Weber, Max (2012). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (dalam bahasa Inggris). Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486122373.

[3] Smith, Adam (1776). The Wealth of Nations. London: Methuen \& Co. hlm. 749.

[4] Stark, Rodney; Finke, Roger (August 2000). Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. ISBN 9780520222021.

[nrs.harvard.edu-5] Barro, Robert J.; McCleary, Rachel M. (2003). "Religion and Economic Growth across Countries". American Sociological Review. 68 (5): 760–781. doi:10.2307/1519761. JSTOR 1519761.

[6] For example, the Journal of Markets & Morality of the Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty and Faith & Economics Diarsipkan 2017-11-03 di Wayback Machine. of the Association of Christian Economists.
• Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, Elgar, v. 2, part II, Economics of Religion, scrollable table of contents, 10 of 41 papers, 1939–2002.
• Patrick J. Welch and J.J. Mueller, 2001. "The Relationship of Religion to Economics," Review of Social Economy, 59(2). pp. 185–202. Abstract. Diarsipkan 2006-09-15 di Wayback Machine.
• Paul Oslington, 2000. "A Theological Economics," International Journal of Social Economics, 27(1), pp.\ 32–44. Diarsipkan 2016-03-07 di Wayback Machine.
• Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 1, Historical Relationships, table of contents, pp. v–vi with links via upper right-arrow to Introduction and first 11 of 17 papers, 1939–2002.
• Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 2, part I, Religious Economics and its Critics, scrollable table of contents, 14 papers, 1939–2002.
• A.M.C. Waterman, 2002. "Economics as Theology: Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations," Southern Economic Journal, 68(4), p pp. 907–921. Reprinted in Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 1, pp. 321–336.
• Thomas Nixon Carver, 1908. "The Economic Basis of the Problem of Evil," Harvard Theological Review, 1(1), pp. 97–111.
• _____, 1912. The Religion Worth Having. Chapter links.
• Mahmoud A. El-Gamal, 2006. Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice. Cambridge. Description and chapter titles.

[WIN-Gallup-7] WIN-Gallup. "Global Index of religion and atheism" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 16 October 2012. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2012.

[8] Guiso, Luigi; Sapienza, Paola; Zingales, Luigi (1 January 2003). "People's opium? Religion and economic attitudes". Journal of Monetary Economics (dalam bahasa Inggris). 50 (1): 225–282. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.194.9800 . doi:10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00202-7. ISSN 0304-3932.

[9] Iyer, Sriya (June 2016). "The New Economics of Religion" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 54 (2): 395–441. doi:10.1257/jel.54.2.395.

[10] Batson, Charles Daniel; Schoenrade, Patricia; Ventis, W. Larry (1993). Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195062083.

[11] Iannaccone, Laurence R. (1998). "Introduction to the Economics of Religion". Journal of Economic Literature. 36 (3): 1465–1495. JSTOR 2564806.

[12] Ruffle, Bradley J.; Sosis, Richard (1 June 2006). "Cooperation and the in-group-out-group bias: A field test on Israeli kibbutz members and city residents". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization (dalam bahasa Inggris). 60 (2): 147–163. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.740.7036 . doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2004.07.007. ISSN 0167-2681.

[13] Azzi, Corry; Ehrenberg, Ronald (February 1975). "Household Allocation of Time and Church Attendance". Journal of Political Economy (dalam bahasa Inggris). 83 (1): 27–56. doi:10.1086/260305. ISSN 0022-3808.

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