Letusan dan tsunami Hunga Tonga 2022

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Letusan Hunga Tonga 2022
Berkas:Eruption of Hunga Tonga on 14 January 2022.png
Hunga Tonga meletus
Gunung apiHunga Tonga
Tanggal mulai14 Januari 2022
Tanggal selesaisekarang
LokasiSamudra Pasifik, Tonga
20°32′10″S 175°22′55″W / 20.536°S 175.382°W / -20.536; -175.382 (Hunga Tonga)

Letusan besar Hunga Tonga, sebuah pulau vulkanik di Tonga di Samudra Pasifik, terjadi pada 15 Januari 2022. Letusan ini menyebabkan tsunami di Tonga dan Fiji. Peringatan tsunami dikeluarkan di Fiji, Samoa, Selandia Baru, Australia, dan Amerika Serikat.

Latar belakang

Setelah cenderung tidak aktif sejak 2014,[1] gunung berapi Hunga Tonga meletus pada 20 Desember 2021 dengan mengirimkan partikulat ke stratosfer dan gumpalan abu besar yang terlihat dari ibu kota Tonga Nuku'alofa (sekitar 70 km dari gunung berapi).[2] Pusat Penasihat Abu Vulkanik (Volcanic Ash Advisory Center, VAAC) di Wellington, Selandia Baru, mengeluarkan pemberitahuan kepada maskapai penerbangan.[3] Ledakan terdengar hingga 170 kilometer dari pusat letusan.[4] Letusan awal ini berakhir pada 02:00 21 Desember.[2] Aktivitas vulkanik terus berlanjut dan ukuran pulau ini membesar pada citra satelit pada 25 Desember.[5] Karena aktivitas di pulau itu menurun, pulau itu dinyatakan tidak aktif pada 11 Januari 2022.[6]

Letusan

An animation of the eruption over the southern Pacific Ocean

Sebuah letusan besar yang bermula pada 14 Januari mengirimkan awan abu sejauh 20 kilometer ke atmosfer.[7] Pemerintah Tonga mengeluarkan peringatan tsunami kepada warga.[8] Geologiwan Tonga di dekat gunung berapi mengamati ledakan dan kolom abu selebar 5 kilometer.[9]

Keesokan harinya, letusan yang jauh lebih besar terjadi sekitar 17:00. VAAC kembali menerbitkan pemberitahuan kepada maskapai penerbangan.[10] Abu dari letusan ini mendarat di pulau utama Tonga sehingga menutupi matahari dan mengubah siang menjadi malam. Ledakan keras terdengar di Nuku'alofa serta batu-batu kecil dan abu menghujani dari langit.[11] Banyak penduduk di Tonga terjebak kemacetan saat mencoba melarikan diri ke tempat yang lebih tinggi.[12] Ledakan itu terdengar hingga Samoa.[13][14] Penduduk di Fiji menggambarkan suara guntur. Ledakan terdengar di Pulau Utara Selandia Baru. Dari luar angkasa, gelombang kejut terlihat menyebar melintasi Pasifik oleh satelit.[15] Gelombang tekanan diukur oleh stasiun cuaca di seluruh Selandia Baru pada amplitudo maksimum sekitar 7 hPa.[16] Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat mencatat magnitudo gelombang permukaan letusan tersebut yaitu 5,8.[17]

Pengamatan awal menunjukkan bahwa kolom letusan menyemburkan banyak material vulkanik ke stratosfer. Letusan itu berpotensi menyebabkan beberapa efek iklim sementara.[18]

Dampak

Belum ada informasi mengenai tingkat kerusakan dan korban dari Tonga karena masalah komunikasi.[19]

Tsunami

Akibat letusan pada 15 Januari, gempa bumi berkekuatan 4,0 Mw dan tsunami setinggi 1,2 meter menerjang Nuku'alofa/[20][21][6][22] Tolok pasang surut di Nuku'alofa mencatat gelombang setinggi 1,5–2 meter.[23] Video yang diunggah di internet menunjukkan serangkaian gelombang menghantam pantai dan rumah, sehingga menyapu puing-puing.[24] Video lain menunjukkan hujan abu dan awan abu menutupi matahari.[6] Menurut seorang penduduk di Nuku'alofa, serangkaian ledakan kecil terdengar pada awalnya. Ledakan itu disertai dengan tsunami sekitar 15 menit kemudian. Gelombang pertama dikatakan menjadi gelombang terbesar. Gelombang putih panjang diamati di laut mendekati pantai. Tiga gelombang dilaporkan menghantam pantai.[25]

Di Fiji, tolok pasang surut di Suva merekam gelombang berukuran 20 sentimeter pada 17:40. Beberapa aktivitas tsunami juga dilaporkan di Kepulauan Lau.[23] Di Samoa Amerika, tsunami berukuran 0,61 meter tercatat oleh tolok pasang surut.[15]

Gelombang tsunami "merusak" antara 1 dan 2,5 meter diamati di beberapa pulau Vanuatu. Departemen Meteorologi & Geobahaya Vanuatu mengatakan aktivitas tsunami diperkirakan akan bertahan hingga malam 15 Januari.[26] Gelombang setinggi 0,8 meter tercatat di Hanalei, Hawaii.[19]

Di Amami, Kagoshima, Jepang, tsunami setinggi 1,2 meter dilaporkan pada 11:55 JST. Di Tosashimizu, Kochi, tsunami setinggi 0,9 meter.[27][28] Tsunami berukuran 0,9 meter juga dilaporkan di Chichijima Futami.[29] Di pantai Tohoku, gelombang setinggi 0,7 meter melanda pada 00:38 16 Januari. Di Pelabuhan Sendai, tsunami mencapai 0,9 meter pada 00:08.[30]

Gelombang tsunami yang signifikan dilaporkan menghantam Pelabuhan Santa Cruz di California pada Sabtu pagi. Arus kuat di Half Moon Bay dicuit oleh akun resmi Pemadam Kebakaran San Mateo-Santa Cruz.[31] Gelombang setinggi 0,37 meter tercatat di Nikolski, Alaska.[32]

Tanggapan

A tsunami warning was issued on 14 January in Tonga after an eruption was observed. Volcanic activity decreased following that eruption and the warning was lifted in the early morning of 15 January. A 30-centimeter wave was observed during the first tsunami warning.[33] Another warning was issued to the whole of Tonga on the evening of 15 January following another large eruption.[33] Warning sirens blared in Nukuʻalofa while authorities urged residents to flee to higher ground.[34]

The Mineral Resources Department in Fiji issued advisories to people living around the coastal areas to stay away from the shores.[35] Evacuations were made on the Lau Islands after wave activity was observed in the sea.[23] Attorney General Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum urged the public to stay indoors and cover household water tanks in the event of rain due to the risk of sulfuric acid generated from the eruption.[36]

Tsunami warnings were also issued to American Samoa by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC).[37][38] The PTWC considered the tsunami "hazardous" and warned that changes in sea level, as well as strong currents could pose a risk along the coast.[39] Samoa later issued a tsunami advisory.[40] The PTWC later canceled the tsunami warning for American Samoa.[41]

The National Emergency Management Agency of New Zealand told residents to expect "strong and unusual currents and unpredictable surges" along the north and east coast of North Island, as well as the Chatham Islands.[42] The agency added that the currents have the potential to injure and drown people.[43]

Australia issued tsunami warnings in Tasmania and portions of the eastern Australian coast.[44]

The Japan Meteorological Agency informed residents that a slight disturbance in the sea could occur without any damage.[19] The tsunami would not pose a threat to Japanese coastline. Officials from the JMA said that sea level rise of no more than 20 centimeters can be expected for 24 hours from 9:00 p.m. Japan Standard Time.[45] A tsunami warning was issued in the Amami Islands and Tokara Islands by the JMA with forecasted waves of up to 3 meters. Additional warnings were issued to the east and southeast coast for waves of up to 1 meter.[46]

The National Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami advisory along the West Coast of the United States and British Columbia, Canada.[47][48] The advisory contained all U.S. areas along the West Coast from Southern California to Alaska.[49] Beaches were closed,[50] and coastal residents were requested to move to higher grounds.[51] Tsunami waves measuring 1–2 kaki (0,30–0,61 m) are expected to hit the shores as early as 7:30 a.m. Pacific Standard Time (UTC−8) along the Central Coast.[47] San Francisco was expected to receive waves at 8:10.[52] The highest tsunami waves are expected one to two hours after the arrival of the first waves.[47] A tsunami advisory was put in place for the entirety of Hawaii.[53] Warnings in Canada were issued along the North and Central coasts of British Columbia, along with the Haida Gwaii archipelago and Vancouver Island.[54] Chile also issued a warning for a "minor tsunami" for Easter Island.[55]

Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika memastikan tsunami tidak akan berdampak hingga Indonesia.[56]

Lihat pula

Referensi

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  2. ^ a b Mary Lyn Fonua (21 December 2021). "Air NZ funeral flight to Tonga cancelled as Hunga eruption continues". Matangi Tonga. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 December 2021. Diakses tanggal 21 December 2021. 
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