Pengguna:123569yuuift/bak pasir/2
Everyday contexts
Some of the contexts where the parity of zero makes an appearance are purely rhetorical. The issue provides material for Internet message boards and ask-the-expert websites.[1] Linguist Joseph Grimes muses that asking "Is zero an even number?" to married couples is a good way to get them to disagree.[2] People who think that zero is neither even nor odd may use the parity of zero as proof that every rule has a counterexample,[3] or as an example of a trick question.[4]
Around the year 2000, media outlets noted a pair of unusual milestones: "1999/11/19" was the last calendar date composed of all odd digits that would occur for a very long time, and that "2000/02/02" was the first all-even date to occur in a very long time.[5] Since these results make use of 0 being even, some readers disagreed with the idea.[6]
In standardized tests, if a question asks about the behavior of even numbers, it might be necessary to keep in mind that zero is even.[7] Official publications relating to the GMAT and GRE tests both state that 0 is even.[8]
The parity of zero is relevant to odd–even rationing, in which cars may drive or purchase gasoline on alternate days, according to the parity of the last digit in their license plates. Half of the numbers in a given range end in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and the other half in 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, so it makes sense to include 0 with the other even numbers. However, in 1977, a Paris rationing system led to confusion: on an odd-only day, the police avoided fining drivers whose plates ended in 0, because they did not know whether 0 was even.[9] To avoid such confusion, the relevant legislation sometimes stipulates that zero is even; such laws have been passed in New South Wales[10] and Maryland.[11]
On U.S. Navy vessels, even-numbered compartments are found on the port side, but zero is reserved for compartments that intersect the centerline. That is, the numbers read 6-4-2-0-1-3-5 from port to starboard.[12] In the game of roulette, the number 0 does not count as even or odd, giving the casino an advantage on such bets.[13] Similarly, the parity of zero can affect payoffs in prop bets when the outcome depends on whether some randomized number is odd or even, and it turns out to be zero.[14]
The game of "odds and evens" is also affected: if both players cast zero fingers, the total number of fingers is zero, so the even player wins.[15] One teachers' manual suggests playing this game as a way to introduce children to the concept that 0 is divisible by 2.[16]
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- ^ The Math Forum participants 2000; Straight Dope Science Advisory Board 1999; Doctor Rick 2001
- ^ Grimes 1975, hlm. 156 "...one can pose the following questions to married couples of his acquaintance: (1) Is zero an even number? ... Many couples disagree..."
- ^ Wilden & Hammer 1987, hlm. 104
- ^ Snow 2001; Morgan 2001
- ^ Steinberg 1999; Siegel 1999; Stingl 2006
- ^ Sones & Sones 2002 "It follows that zero is even, and that 2/20/2000 nicely cracks the puzzle. Yet it's always surprising how much people are bothered by calling zero even..."; Column 8 readers 2006a "'...according to mathematicians, the number zero, along with negative numbers and fractions, is neither even nor odd,' writes Etan..."; Column 8 readers 2006b "'I agree that zero is even, but is Professor Bunder wise to 'prove' it by stating that 0 = 2 x 0? By that logic (from a PhD in mathematical logic, no less), as 0 = 1 x 0, it's also odd!' The prof will dispute this and, logically, he has a sound basis for doing so, but we may be wearing this topic a little thin ..."
- ^ Kaplan Staff 2004, hlm. 227
- ^ Graduate Management Admission Council 2005, hlm. 108, 295–297; Educational Testing Service 2009, hlm. 1
- ^ Arsham 2002; The quote is attributed to the heute broadcast of October 1, 1977. Arsham's account is repeated by (Crumpacker 2007, hlm. 165).
- ^ Sones & Sones 2002 "Penn State mathematician George Andrews, who recalls a time of gas rationing in Australia ... Then someone in the New South Wales parliament asserted this meant plates ending in zero could never get gas, because 'zero is neither odd nor even. So the New South Wales parliament ruled that for purposes of gas rationing, zero is an even number!'"
- ^ A 1980 Maryland law specifies, "(a) On even numbered calendar dates gasoline shall only be purchased by operators of vehicles bearing personalized registration plates containing no numbers and registration plates with the last digit ending in an even number. This shall not include ham radio operator plates. Zero is an even number; (b) On odd numbered calendar dates ..." Partial quotation taken from Department of Legislative Reference (1974), Laws of the State of Maryland, Volume 2, hlm. 3236, diakses tanggal 2 June 2013
- ^ Cutler 2008, hlm. 237–238
- ^ Brisman 2004, hlm. 153
- ^ Smock 2006; Hohmann 2007; Turner 1996
- ^ Diagram Group 1983, hlm. 213
- ^ Baroody & Coslick 1998, hlm. 1.33