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=== Pengumpulan dana ===
==== Musim dingin tahun 1908 ====
By early July 1907 Shackleton had secured little financial support beyond Beardmore's guarantee and was lacking the funds to complete the refit of ''Nimrod''.{{sfn|Huntford|pp=178–179}} In mid-July he approached the philanthropic [[Earl of Iveagh]], otherwise known as Edward Guinness, head of the [[Anglo-Irish]] brewing family, who agreed to guarantee the sum of £2,000 (updated value £{{Formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|2000|1907|r=-4}}}}) provided that Shackleton found other backers to contribute a further £6,000. Shackleton was able to do this, the extra funds including £2,000 from Sir [[Philip Brocklehurst]], who paid this sum to secure a place on the expedition.{{sfn|Huntford|p=179}}

A last-minute gift of £4,000 from Shackleton's cousin William Bell{{sfn|Huntford|p=183}} still left the expedition far short of the required £30,000, but enabled ''Nimrod''{{'}}s refit to be finished. Fundraising continued in Australia after the ship arrived there; a further £5,000 was provided as a gift from the Australian government, and the New Zealand government gave £1,000.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=138–141}} By these means, and with other smaller loans and donations, the £30,000 was raised, although by the end of the expedition total costs had risen, by Shackleton's estimate, to £45,000.{{efn | It eventually required a British government grant of £20,000 to enable Shackleton to repay his guarantors, and it is likely that some debts were written off. See {{harvnb|Huntford|pp=314–315}}. }}

Shackleton expected to make large sums from his book about the expedition and from lectures. He also hoped to profit from sales of special postage stamps bearing the cancellation stamp of the Antarctica post office that Shackleton, appointed temporary [[postmaster]] by the New Zealand government, intended to establish there. None of these schemes produced the anticipated riches, although the post office was set up at [[Cape Royds]] and used as a conduit for the expedition's mail.{{sfn|Huntford|p=312}}{{sfn|Fisher|p=128}}{{efn | An Antarctic post office had been established in the [[South Orkney Islands]] in 1904 at the Orcadas meteorological station set up by [[William Speirs Bruce]]'s Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. See {{harvnb|Speak|p=92}}. }}<!--

===Personnel===
[[File:Sir Tannatt William Edgeworth David (1858-1934).jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt= Man, probably mid-forties, dark hair, clean shaven, wearing a high collar with tie, looking straight ahead. He is holding an open book|[[Edgeworth David]], who headed the scientific team]]
Shackleton hoped to recruit a strong contingent from the ''Discovery'' Expedition and offered his former comrade [[Edward Adrian Wilson]] the post of chief scientist and second-in-command. Wilson refused, citing his work with the [[Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom)|Board of Agriculture]]'s Committee on the Investigation of Grouse Disease.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=109–111}} Further refusals followed from former ''Discovery'' colleagues [[Michael Barne]], [[Reginald William Skelton|Reginald Skelton]] and finally [[George Mulock]], who inadvertently revealed to Shackleton that the ''Discovery'' officers had all committed themselves to Scott and his as-yet unannounced expedition plans.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=109–111}} The only ''Discovery'' hands to join Shackleton were the two [[petty officer]]s, [[Frank Wild]] and [[Ernest Joyce]]. Apparently Shackleton spotted Joyce on the top deck of a bus as it passed the expedition's London offices, whereupon someone was sent to find him and bring him in.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=125–126}}

Shackleton's second-in-command—although this was not clarified until the expedition reached the Antarctic—was [[Jameson Adams|Jameson Boyd Adams]], a [[Royal Naval Reserve]] lieutenant who had turned down the chance of a regular [[Officer (armed forces)|commission]] to join Shackleton.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|p=133}} He would also act as the expedition's meteorologist. ''Nimrod''{{'}}s captain was another naval reserve officer, Rupert England; 23-year-old [[John King Davis]], who would later make his own reputation as an Antarctic captain, was appointed [[First mate|chief officer]] at the last moment.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=123–125}} [[Aeneas Mackintosh]], a [[merchant navy]] officer from the [[Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company]] (P&O), was originally [[Second mate|second officer]], but was later transferred to the shore party, being replaced as second officer by A. E. Harbord.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=138–141}} Others in the shore party were the two surgeons, [[Alistair_Mackay|Alistair Mackay]] and [[Eric Marshall]], Bernard Day the motor expert, and Sir Philip Brocklehurst, the subscribing member who had been taken on as assistant geologist.{{sfn|Shackleton|pp=17–18}}

[[File:Douglas Mawson crop.jpg|thumb|upright|alt= Man, mid-thirties, receding hair, clean shaven, wearing a high collar with tie. He is facing half right but his eyes are on the camera.|[[Douglas Mawson]], a late addition to the scientific team]]

The small scientific team that departed from England included 41-year-old biologist [[James Murray (biologist)|James Murray]] and 21-year-old geologist [[Raymond Priestley]], a future founder of the [[Scott Polar Research Institute]].{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=134 and 303}} Two important additions to the team were made in Australia. The first of these was Edgeworth David, a professor of geology at the [[University of Sydney]], who became the party's chief scientific officer.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=138–141}} The second was a former pupil of David's, [[Douglas Mawson]], a lecturer in mineralogy at the [[University of Adelaide]]. Both had originally intended to sail to Antarctica and then immediately back with ''Nimrod'' but were persuaded to become full members of the expedition. David was instrumental in securing the Australian government's £5,000 grant.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=138–141}}

Before departure for the Antarctic in August 1907, Joyce and Wild took a crash course in printing methods, as it was Shackleton's intention to publish a book or magazine while in the Antarctic.{{sfn|Fisher|p=121}}

==Promise to Scott==
[[File:Scott of the Antarctic crop.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt= Man with receding hairline, looking left, wearing naval uniform with medals, polished buttons and heavy shoulder decorations|[[Robert Falcon Scott]]]]

Shackleton's February 1907 announcement that he intended to base his expedition at the old ''Discovery'' headquarters was noted by Scott, whose own future Antarctic plans were at that stage unannounced. In a letter to Shackleton, Scott claimed priority rights to McMurdo Sound. "I feel I have a sort of right to my own field of work," he wrote, adding: "anyone who has had to do with exploration will regard this region primarily as mine". He concluded by reminding Shackleton of his duty of loyalty towards his former commander.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=110–116}}

Shackleton's initial reply was accommodating: "I would like to fall in with your views as far as possible without creating a position that would be untenable to myself".{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=110–116}} Wilson, asked by Shackleton to mediate, took an even tougher line than Scott. "I think you should retire from McMurdo Sound", he wrote, advising Shackleton not to make any plans to work from anywhere in the entire [[Ross Sea]] quarter until Scott decided "what limits he puts on his own rights".{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=110–116}} To this Shackleton replied: "There is no doubt in my mind that his rights end at the base he asked for [...] I consider I have reached my limit and I go no further".{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=110–116}}

The matter was unresolved when Scott returned from sea duty in May 1907. Scott pressed for a line of demarcation at 170°&nbsp;W—everything to the west of that line, including McMurdo Sound, [[Ross Island]], and [[Victoria Land]], would be Scott's preserve. Shackleton, with other concerns pressing on him, felt obliged to concede. On 17 May he signed a declaration stating that, "I am leaving the McMurdo base to you",{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=110–116}} and that he would seek to land further east, either at the [[Bay of Whales|Barrier Inlet]] visited briefly during the ''Discovery'' Expedition, or at [[King Edward VII Land]]. He would not touch the coast of Victoria Land at all.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=110–116}} It was a capitulation to Scott and Wilson, and meant forfeiting the expedition's aim of reaching the South Magnetic Pole which was located within Victoria Land.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=110–116}} Polar historian [[Beau Riffenburgh]] believes this was "a promise that should never ethically have been demanded and one that should never have been given, impacting as it might on the entire safety of Shackleton's expedition".{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=110–116}} The dispute soured relations between the two men (who nevertheless maintained public civilities) and would eventually lead to the complete rupture of Shackleton's formerly close friendship with Wilson.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=292–293}}

In his own account of the expedition, Shackleton makes no reference to the wrangle with Scott. He merely states that "before we finally left England I had decided that if possible I would establish my base in King Edward VII Land instead of [...] McMurdo Sound".{{sfn|Shackleton|pp=2–3}}

==Expedition==

===Voyage south===
After inspection by [[King Edward VII]] and [[Queen Alexandra]], ''Nimrod'' sailed on 11 August 1907.{{sfn|Shackleton|p=20}} Shackleton remained behind on expedition business; he and other expedition members followed on a faster ship. The entire complement came together in New Zealand, ready for the ship's departure to Antarctica on New Year's Day, 1908. As a means of conserving fuel, Shackleton had arranged with the New Zealand government for ''Nimrod'' to be towed to the [[Antarctic circle]], a distance of approximately {{convert|1400|nmi|km mi|sigfig=2}},{{sfn|Riffenburgh|p=148}} the costs of the tow being met partly by the government and partly by the [[Union Company|Union Steam Ship Company]] as a contribution to the expedition.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=144–145}} On 14 January, in sight of the first [[iceberg]]s, the towline was cut;{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=144–145}} ''Nimrod'', under her own power, proceeded southward into the floating [[pack ice]], heading for the Barrier Inlet where six years earlier ''Discovery'' had paused to allow Scott and Shackleton to take experimental balloon flights.{{sfn|Fisher|pp=32–33}}

The Barrier (later known as the [[Ross Ice Shelf]]) was sighted on 23 January, but the inlet had disappeared; the Barrier edge had changed significantly in the intervening years, and the section which had included the inlet had broken away to form a considerable bay, which Shackleton named the [[Bay of Whales]] after the large number of whales seen there.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=151–153}} Shackleton was not prepared to risk wintering on a Barrier surface that might [[Ice calving|calve]] into the sea, so he turned the ship towards King Edward VII Land. After repeated efforts to approach this coast had failed, and with rapidly moving ice threatening to trap the ship, ''Nimrod'' was forced to retreat. Shackleton's only choice now, other than abandonment of the expedition's goals, was to break the promise he had given to Scott. On 25 January he ordered the ship to head for McMurdo Sound.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=151–153}}

===Cape Royds===

====Establishing the base====
[[File:CapeRoyds1908.jpg|thumb|alt= A group of men in woollen jerseys, several smoking pipes, are watching repair work on a sledge. They are in a confined area, with equipment and spare clothing adorning the walls|Inside the Cape Royds Hut, winter 1908. Included in the picture are Shackleton (left background), Armytage (Standing background), Adams (smoking curved pipe), Wild (working on the sledge) and Joyce (extreme right, foreground). A poster advertising ladies' [[corset]]s hangs on the wall.]]

On arriving in McMurdo Sound on 29 January 1908, ''Nimrod''{{'}}s progress southward to the ''Discovery'' base at [[Hut Point]] was blocked by frozen sea. Shackleton decided to wait a few days in the hope that the ice would break up. During this delay, second officer Aeneas Mackintosh suffered an accident that led to the loss of his right eye. After emergency surgery by Marshall and Mackay, he was forced to relinquish his shore party place and go back to New Zealand with ''Nimrod''. He recovered sufficiently to return with the ship in the following season.{{sfn|Shackleton|pp=52–53}}

On 3 February Shackleton decided not to wait for the ice to shift but to make his headquarters at the nearest practicable landing place, [[Cape Royds]]. Late that evening the ship was moored, and a suitable site for the expedition's prefabricated hut was selected. The site was separated from Hut Point by {{convert|20|nmi|km mi|}} of sea, with no landward route to the south. Shackleton believed the party was "fortunate to get winter quarters as near as this to our starting point for the south."{{sfn|Shackleton|pp=52–56}}

The following days were occupied with the landing of stores and equipment. This work was hampered by poor weather and by the caution of Captain England, who frequently took the ship out into the bay until ice conditions at the landing ground were in his view safer.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=161–167}} The next fortnight followed this pattern, leading to sharp dissent between Shackleton and the captain. At one point, Shackleton asked England to stand down on the grounds that he was ill, but England refused. The task of unloading became, in Riffenburgh's description, "mind-numbingly difficult"{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=161–167}} but was finally completed on 22 February. ''Nimrod'' at last sailed away north, England unaware that ship's engineer Harry Dunlop was carrying a letter from Shackleton to the expedition's New Zealand agent, requesting a replacement captain for the return voyage next year. This knowledge was an open secret among the shore party; Marshall recorded in his diary that he was "glad to see the last of [England] ... whole thing damned disgrace to name of country!"{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=170–171}}

====Ascent of Mount Erebus====
[[File:Mount Erebus Aerial 2.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Distant view of a mountain with a smoke emission from its summit|[[Mount Erebus]]]]
After ''Nimrod''{{'}}s departure, the sea ice broke up, cutting off the party's route to the Barrier and thus making preparatory [[sledding|sledging]] and depot-laying impossible. Shackleton decided to give the expedition impetus by ordering an immediate attempt to ascend [[Mount Erebus]].{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=171–177}} This mountain, {{convert|12450|ft|m|}} high, had never been climbed. A party from ''Discovery'' (which had included Wild and Joyce) had explored the foothills in 1904 but had not ascended higher than {{convert|3000|ft|m|}}. Neither Wild nor Joyce was in the ''Nimrod'' Expedition's main Erebus party, which consisted of David, Mawson and Mackay. With Marshall, Adams and Brocklehurst forming a support group, the ascent began on 5 March.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=171–177}}

On 7 March the two groups combined at around {{convert|5500|ft|m|}} and all advanced towards the summit. On the following day a [[blizzard]] held them up, but early on 9 March the climb resumed; later that day the summit of the lower, main crater, was achieved.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=171–177}} By this time Brocklehurst's feet were too [[frostbite|frostbitten]] for him to continue, so he was left in camp while the others advanced to the active crater, which they reached after four hours. Several meteorological experiments were carried out and many rock samples were taken. Thereafter a rapid descent was made, mainly by sliding down successive snow-slopes. The party reached the Cape Royds hut "nearly dead", according to Eric Marshall, on 11 March.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=171–177}}

====Winter 1908====
The expedition's hut, a prefabricated structure measuring 33 x 19&nbsp;feet (10m x 5.8m), was ready for occupation by the end of February. It was divided into a series of mainly two-person cubicles, with a kitchen area, a darkroom, storage and laboratory space. The ponies were housed in stalls built on the most sheltered side of the hut, while the dog kennels were placed close to the porch.{{sfn|Shackleton|pp=81–91}} Shackleton's inclusive leadership style, in contrast to that of Scott, meant no demarcation between upper and lower decks—all lived, worked and ate together. Morale was high; as Brocklehurst recorded, Shackleton "had a faculty for treating each member of the expedition as though he were valuable to it".{{sfn|Riffenburgh|p=185}}
The expedition's hut, a prefabricated structure measuring 33 x 19&nbsp;feet (10m x 5.8m), was ready for occupation by the end of February. It was divided into a series of mainly two-person cubicles, with a kitchen area, a darkroom, storage and laboratory space. The ponies were housed in stalls built on the most sheltered side of the hut, while the dog kennels were placed close to the porch.{{sfn|Shackleton|pp=81–91}} Shackleton's inclusive leadership style, in contrast to that of Scott, meant no demarcation between upper and lower decks—all lived, worked and ate together. Morale was high; as Brocklehurst recorded, Shackleton "had a faculty for treating each member of the expedition as though he were valuable to it".{{sfn|Riffenburgh|p=185}}


In the ensuing months of winter darkness Joyce and Wild printed around 30&nbsp;copies of the expedition's book, [[Aurora Australis (book)|''Aurora Australis'']], which were sewn and bound using packaging materials.{{sfn|Mills|p=65}} The most important winter's work, however, was preparing for the following season's major journeys, which were to include attempts on both the South Pole and the South Magnetic Pole. By making his base in McMurdo Sound, Shackleton had been able to reinstate the Magnetic Pole as an expedition objective. Shackleton himself would be leading the South Pole journey, which had suffered a serious setback during the winter when four of the remaining ponies died, mainly from eating volcanic sand for its salt content.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=171–177}}
In the ensuing months of winter darkness Joyce and Wild printed around 30&nbsp;copies of the expedition's book, [[Aurora Australis (book)|''Aurora Australis'']], which were sewn and bound using packaging materials.{{sfn|Mills|p=65}} The most important winter's work, however, was preparing for the following season's major journeys, which were to include attempts on both the South Pole and the South Magnetic Pole. By making his base in McMurdo Sound, Shackleton had been able to reinstate the Magnetic Pole as an expedition objective. Shackleton himself would be leading the South Pole journey, which had suffered a serious setback during the winter when four of the remaining ponies died, mainly from eating volcanic sand for its salt content.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=171–177}}<!--


{{anchor|Southern journey}}
{{anchor|Southern journey}}


=== Pergerakan ke selatan ===
===Southern journey===


====Outward march====
==== Outward march====
Shackleton's choice of a four-man team for the southern journey to the South Pole was largely determined by the number of surviving ponies. Influenced by his experiences on the ''Discovery'' Expedition, he had put his confidence in ponies rather than dogs for the long polar march.{{sfn|Mills|p=67}} The motor car, which ran well on flat ice, could not cope with Barrier surfaces and was not considered for the polar journey.{{sfn|Huntford|pp=237–238}} The men chosen by Shackleton to accompany him were Marshall, Adams and Wild. Joyce, whose Antarctic experience exceeded all save Wild's, was excluded from the party after Marshall's medical examination raised doubts about his fitness.{{sfn|Huntford|pp=234–235}}
Shackleton's choice of a four-man team for the southern journey to the South Pole was largely determined by the number of surviving ponies. Influenced by his experiences on the ''Discovery'' Expedition, he had put his confidence in ponies rather than dogs for the long polar march.{{sfn|Mills|p=67}} The motor car, which ran well on flat ice, could not cope with Barrier surfaces and was not considered for the polar journey.{{sfn|Huntford|pp=237–238}} The men chosen by Shackleton to accompany him were Marshall, Adams and Wild. Joyce, whose Antarctic experience exceeded all save Wild's, was excluded from the party after Marshall's medical examination raised doubts about his fitness.{{sfn|Huntford|pp=234–235}}


Revisi per 18 April 2024 05.17

Musim dingin tahun 1908

The expedition's hut, a prefabricated structure measuring 33 x 19 feet (10m x 5.8m), was ready for occupation by the end of February. It was divided into a series of mainly two-person cubicles, with a kitchen area, a darkroom, storage and laboratory space. The ponies were housed in stalls built on the most sheltered side of the hut, while the dog kennels were placed close to the porch.[1] Shackleton's inclusive leadership style, in contrast to that of Scott, meant no demarcation between upper and lower decks—all lived, worked and ate together. Morale was high; as Brocklehurst recorded, Shackleton "had a faculty for treating each member of the expedition as though he were valuable to it".[2]

In the ensuing months of winter darkness Joyce and Wild printed around 30 copies of the expedition's book, Aurora Australis, which were sewn and bound using packaging materials.[3] The most important winter's work, however, was preparing for the following season's major journeys, which were to include attempts on both the South Pole and the South Magnetic Pole. By making his base in McMurdo Sound, Shackleton had been able to reinstate the Magnetic Pole as an expedition objective. Shackleton himself would be leading the South Pole journey, which had suffered a serious setback during the winter when four of the remaining ponies died, mainly from eating volcanic sand for its salt content.[4]

  1. ^ Shackleton, hlm. 81–91.
  2. ^ Riffenburgh, hlm. 185.
  3. ^ Mills, hlm. 65.
  4. ^ Riffenburgh, hlm. 171–177.
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