Pengguna:Stephanus Victor/bak pasir: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Pelaksanaan ekspedisi == |
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=== Berlayar ke selatan === |
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Sesudah diinspeksi [[Raja Edward VII]] beserta [[Permaisuri Alexandra]], ''Nimrod'' bertolak meninggalkan Inggris pada tanggal 11 Agustus 1907.{{sfn|Shackleton|p=20}} Shackleton tidak ikut berlayar karena masih harus membereskan berbagai urusan ekspedisi. Ia dan anggota-anggota ekspedisi lainnya menyusul kemudian dengan menumpang sebuah kapal yang lebih laju. Segenap unsur ekspedisi berkumpul di Selandia Baru, bersiap-siap untuk berlayar ke Antartika pada hari Tahun Baru 1908. Demi menghemat bahan bakar, Shackleton menjalin kerja sama dengan pemerintah Selandia Baru untuk [[kapal tunda|menunda]] ''Nimrod'' sampai ke [[lingkar Antartika]], yakni sejauh kira-kira {{convert|1400|nmi|km mi|sigfig=2}}.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|p=148}} Sebagian uang tunda ditanggung pemerintah Selandia Baru, dan sebagian lagi ditanggung [[Union Company|Union Steam Ship Company]] sebagai sumbangannya untuk ekspedisi itu.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=144–145}} Pada tanggal 14 Januari, begitu gunung-[[gunung es]] tampak, tambang kapal tunda diretas.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=144–145}} ''Nimrod'' selanjutnya meneruskan pelayaran dengan bahan bahar sendiri ke floating [[pack ice]], menuju Teluk Perintang where six years earlier ''Discovery'' had paused to allow Scott and Shackleton to take experimental balloon flights.{{sfn|Fisher|pp=32–33}} |
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Perintang (kemudian hari dikenal dengan sebutan [[Paparan Es Ross]]) terlihat pada tanggal 23 Januari, tetapi teluknya sudah lenyap; tepian Perintang sudah sudah banyak berubah sejak pertama kali didatangi, dan bagian yang mencakup selat sudah patah dan membentuk sebuah teluk yang cukup besar, yang dinamakan [[Teluk Paus]] oleh Shackleton, terilhami dari sekawanan besar paus yang dilihatnya di tempat itu.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=151–153}} Shackleton tidak mau mengambil risiko melewatkan musim dingin di permukaan Perintang yang sewaktu-waktu bisa saja [[Ice calving|calve]] dan hanyut ke laut. Oleh karena itu ia memutuskan untuk putar haluan menuju Tanah Raja Edward VII. After repeated efforts to approach this coast had failed, and with rapidly moving ice threatening to trap the ship, ''Nimrod'' was forced to retreat. Shackleton's only choice now, other than abandonment of the expedition's goals, was to break the promise he had given to Scott. On 25 January he ordered the ship to head for McMurdo Sound.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=151–153}}<!-- |
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=== Tanjung Royds === |
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==== Menetapkan pangkalan ==== |
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[[File:CapeRoyds1908.jpg|thumb|alt= A group of men in woollen jerseys, several smoking pipes, are watching repair work on a sledge. They are in a confined area, with equipment and spare clothing adorning the walls|Inside the Cape Royds Hut, winter 1908. Included in the picture are Shackleton (left background), Armytage (Standing background), Adams (smoking curved pipe), Wild (working on the sledge) and Joyce (extreme right, foreground). A poster advertising ladies' [[corset]]s hangs on the wall.]] |
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On arriving in McMurdo Sound on 29 January 1908, ''Nimrod''{{'}}s progress southward to the ''Discovery'' base at [[Hut Point]] was blocked by frozen sea. Shackleton decided to wait a few days in the hope that the ice would break up. During this delay, second officer Aeneas Mackintosh suffered an accident that led to the loss of his right eye. After emergency surgery by Marshall and Mackay, he was forced to relinquish his shore party place and go back to New Zealand with ''Nimrod''. He recovered sufficiently to return with the ship in the following season.{{sfn|Shackleton|pp=52–53}} |
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On 3 February Shackleton decided not to wait for the ice to shift but to make his headquarters at the nearest practicable landing place, [[Cape Royds]]. Late that evening the ship was moored, and a suitable site for the expedition's prefabricated hut was selected. The site was separated from Hut Point by {{convert|20|nmi|km mi|}} of sea, with no landward route to the south. Shackleton believed the party was "fortunate to get winter quarters as near as this to our starting point for the south."{{sfn|Shackleton|pp=52–56}} |
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The following days were occupied with the landing of stores and equipment. This work was hampered by poor weather and by the caution of Captain England, who frequently took the ship out into the bay until ice conditions at the landing ground were in his view safer.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=161–167}} The next fortnight followed this pattern, leading to sharp dissent between Shackleton and the captain. At one point, Shackleton asked England to stand down on the grounds that he was ill, but England refused. The task of unloading became, in Riffenburgh's description, "mind-numbingly difficult"{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=161–167}} but was finally completed on 22 February. ''Nimrod'' at last sailed away north, England unaware that ship's engineer Harry Dunlop was carrying a letter from Shackleton to the expedition's New Zealand agent, requesting a replacement captain for the return voyage next year. This knowledge was an open secret among the shore party; Marshall recorded in his diary that he was "glad to see the last of [England] ... whole thing damned disgrace to name of country!"{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=170–171}} |
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==== Mendaki Gunung Erebus ==== |
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[[File:Mount Erebus Aerial 2.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Distant view of a mountain with a smoke emission from its summit|[[Mount Erebus]]]] |
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After ''Nimrod''{{'}}s departure, the sea ice broke up, cutting off the party's route to the Barrier and thus making preparatory [[sledding|sledging]] and depot-laying impossible. Shackleton decided to give the expedition impetus by ordering an immediate attempt to ascend [[Mount Erebus]].{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=171–177}} This mountain, {{convert|12450|ft|m|}} high, had never been climbed. A party from ''Discovery'' (which had included Wild and Joyce) had explored the foothills in 1904 but had not ascended higher than {{convert|3000|ft|m|}}. Neither Wild nor Joyce was in the ''Nimrod'' Expedition's main Erebus party, which consisted of David, Mawson and Mackay. With Marshall, Adams and Brocklehurst forming a support group, the ascent began on 5 March.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=171–177}} |
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On 7 March the two groups combined at around {{convert|5500|ft|m|}} and all advanced towards the summit. On the following day a [[blizzard]] held them up, but early on 9 March the climb resumed; later that day the summit of the lower, main crater, was achieved.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=171–177}} By this time Brocklehurst's feet were too [[frostbite|frostbitten]] for him to continue, so he was left in camp while the others advanced to the active crater, which they reached after four hours. Several meteorological experiments were carried out and many rock samples were taken. Thereafter a rapid descent was made, mainly by sliding down successive snow-slopes. The party reached the Cape Royds hut "nearly dead", according to Eric Marshall, on 11 March.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=171–177}} |
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==== Musim dingin tahun 1908 ==== |
==== Musim dingin tahun 1908 ==== |
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The expedition's hut, a prefabricated structure measuring 33 x 19 feet (10m x 5.8m), was ready for occupation by the end of February. It was divided into a series of mainly two-person cubicles, with a kitchen area, a darkroom, storage and laboratory space. The ponies were housed in stalls built on the most sheltered side of the hut, while the dog kennels were placed close to the porch.{{sfn|Shackleton|pp=81–91}} Shackleton's inclusive leadership style, in contrast to that of Scott, meant no demarcation between upper and lower decks—all lived, worked and ate together. Morale was high; as Brocklehurst recorded, Shackleton "had a faculty for treating each member of the expedition as though he were valuable to it".{{sfn|Riffenburgh|p=185}} |
The expedition's hut, a prefabricated structure measuring 33 x 19 feet (10m x 5.8m), was ready for occupation by the end of February. It was divided into a series of mainly two-person cubicles, with a kitchen area, a darkroom, storage and laboratory space. The ponies were housed in stalls built on the most sheltered side of the hut, while the dog kennels were placed close to the porch.{{sfn|Shackleton|pp=81–91}} Shackleton's inclusive leadership style, in contrast to that of Scott, meant no demarcation between upper and lower decks—all lived, worked and ate together. Morale was high; as Brocklehurst recorded, Shackleton "had a faculty for treating each member of the expedition as though he were valuable to it".{{sfn|Riffenburgh|p=185}} |
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In the ensuing months of winter darkness Joyce and Wild printed around 30 copies of the expedition's book, [[Aurora Australis (book)|''Aurora Australis'']], which were sewn and bound using packaging materials.{{sfn|Mills|p=65}} The most important winter's work, however, was preparing for the following season's major journeys, which were to include attempts on both the South Pole and the South Magnetic Pole. By making his base in McMurdo Sound, Shackleton had been able to reinstate the Magnetic Pole as an expedition objective. Shackleton himself would be leading the South Pole journey, which had suffered a serious setback during the winter when four of the remaining ponies died, mainly from eating volcanic sand for its salt content.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=171–177}} |
In the ensuing months of winter darkness Joyce and Wild printed around 30 copies of the expedition's book, [[Aurora Australis (book)|''Aurora Australis'']], which were sewn and bound using packaging materials.{{sfn|Mills|p=65}} The most important winter's work, however, was preparing for the following season's major journeys, which were to include attempts on both the South Pole and the South Magnetic Pole. By making his base in McMurdo Sound, Shackleton had been able to reinstate the Magnetic Pole as an expedition objective. Shackleton himself would be leading the South Pole journey, which had suffered a serious setback during the winter when four of the remaining ponies died, mainly from eating volcanic sand for its salt content.{{sfn|Riffenburgh|pp=171–177}}<!-- |
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{{anchor|Southern journey}} |
{{anchor|Southern journey}} |
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Revisi per 18 April 2024 05.17
Musim dingin tahun 1908
The expedition's hut, a prefabricated structure measuring 33 x 19 feet (10m x 5.8m), was ready for occupation by the end of February. It was divided into a series of mainly two-person cubicles, with a kitchen area, a darkroom, storage and laboratory space. The ponies were housed in stalls built on the most sheltered side of the hut, while the dog kennels were placed close to the porch.[1] Shackleton's inclusive leadership style, in contrast to that of Scott, meant no demarcation between upper and lower decks—all lived, worked and ate together. Morale was high; as Brocklehurst recorded, Shackleton "had a faculty for treating each member of the expedition as though he were valuable to it".[2]
In the ensuing months of winter darkness Joyce and Wild printed around 30 copies of the expedition's book, Aurora Australis, which were sewn and bound using packaging materials.[3] The most important winter's work, however, was preparing for the following season's major journeys, which were to include attempts on both the South Pole and the South Magnetic Pole. By making his base in McMurdo Sound, Shackleton had been able to reinstate the Magnetic Pole as an expedition objective. Shackleton himself would be leading the South Pole journey, which had suffered a serious setback during the winter when four of the remaining ponies died, mainly from eating volcanic sand for its salt content.[4]
- ^ Shackleton, hlm. 81–91.
- ^ Riffenburgh, hlm. 185.
- ^ Mills, hlm. 65.
- ^ Riffenburgh, hlm. 171–177.