Penyerbuan Polandia: Perbedaan antara revisi

Penyerbuan Polandia
	Bagian dari Perang Dunia II
	; Kapal Jerman Schleswig-Holstein, menembak Westerplatte, 1 September 1939.
Tanggal	1 September – 6 Oktober 1939; (1 bulan, 5 hari)
Lokasi	Polandia dan Kota Merdeka Danzig
Hasil	Kemenangan Blok Poros dan Soviet; Teritori Polandia terbagi antara Jerman dan Uni Soviet
Pihak terlibat
Polandia	Jerman Nazi; Uni Soviet; Slowakia
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Edward Rydz-Śmigły; Wacław Stachiewicz; Tadeusz Kutrzeba; Juliusz Rómmel	Fedor von Bock; Gerd von Rundstedt; Walter von Reichenau; Mikhail Kovalev; Semyon Timoshenko; Vasily Chuikov; Ferdinand Čatloš
Kekuatan
Polandia:; 39 divisi,; 16 brigadir,; 4.300 senapan,; 880 tank,; 800 pesawat; Jumlah: 950.000	Jerman:; 56 divisi,; 4 brigadir,; 9.000 senapan,; 2.500 tank,; 2.315 pesawat tempur ; Uni Soviet:; 33+ divisi,; 11+ brigadir,; 4.959 senapan,; 4.736 tank,; 3.300 pesawat tempur; Slowakia:; 3 divisi; Jumlah:; 1.500.000 pasukan Jerman,; 800.000+ pasukan Soviet,; 50.000 pasukan Slowakia; Seluruhnya: 2.350.000+
Korban
Polandia:; 66.000 tewas,; 133.700 terluka,; 694.000 ditangkap	Jerman:; 16.343 tewas,; 27.280 terluka,; 320 hilang; Uni Soviet:; 1.475 tewas atau hilang,; 2.383 terluka; Slowakia:; 37 tewas,; 114 terluka,; 11 hilang

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Penyerbuan Polandia 1939 (di Polandia juga disebut "Kampanye September", "Kampania wrześniowa," dan "Perang Defensif 1939," "Wojna obronna 1939 roku"; di Jerman, "Kampanye Polandia," "Polenfeldzug," , dan kadang-kadang disebut "Perang Polandia-Jerman 1939"), adalah invasi yang dilancarkan oleh Jerman Nazi, Uni Soviet, dan kontingen Slowakia yang merupakan sebab khusus Perang Dunia II.

Penyerbuan Polandia menandai dimulainya Perang Dunia II di Eropa. Sekutu Polandia: Britania Raya, Australia, dan Selandia Baru,^[4] menyatakan perang kepada Jerman pada tanggal 3 September, yang segera diikuti oleh Prancis, Afrika Selatan, dan Kanada. Penyerbuan Polandia dimulai pada tanggal 1 September 1939, satu minggu setelah penandatanganan Pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop, dan penyerbuan ini berakhir pada tanggal 6 Oktober 1939, setelah Jerman dan Uni Soviet menduduki seluruh Polandia. Walaupun Britania Raya dan Prancis menyatakan perang setelah Jerman menyerang Polandia, sangat sedikit aksi militer langsung yang dilakukan (lihat Perang Phoney).

Dengan terjadinya Insiden Gleiwitz pada tanggal 31 Agustus 1939, pada 1 September, pasukan Jerman menyerang Polandia dari arah utara, selatan, dan barat. Pasukan Polandia terpencar untuk melindungi perbatasan panjang mereka, dan segera mundur ke timur. Setelah kekalahan Polandia pada pertengahan September dalam Pertempuran Bzura, tentara Polandia mulai mundur ke tenggara untuk melindungi przedmoście rumuńskie, tempat pasukan Polandia menunggu bantuan Sekutu.^[5]

Pada tanggal 17 September 1939, tentara Merah Soviet menyerang daerah timur Polandia.^[6] Soviet mengambil daerah mereka sesuai dengan pembagian pada pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop.^[7] Pemerintah Polandia menyadari bahwa mempertahakan Przedmoście rumuńskie sudah tidak berguna dan memerintahkan evakuasi ke Rumania.^[8] Pada 1 Oktober, Jerman dan Uni Soviet berhasil menguasai seluruh Polandia, walaupun pemerintah Polandia tidak pernah menyerah.

Setelah kampanye militer September, gerakan perlawanan dibentuk. Pasukan Polandia terus terlibat dalam operasi militer Sekutu.

Catatan kaki[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ ^a ^b ^c Переслегин. Вторая мировая: война между реальностями.- М.:Яуза, Эксмо, 2006, с.22; Р. Э. Дюпюи, Т. Н. Дюпюи. Всемирная история войн. — С-П,М: АСТ, кн.4, с.93
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The 1939 Campaign Diarsipkan 2013-12-11 di Wayback Machine. Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2005
^ E.R Hooton, p85
^ History Group of the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand (2005). "Overview - New Zealand and the Second World War". New Zealand's History online (dalam bahasa English). Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-15.
^ Baliszewski, Most honoru
^ Fischer 1999–2000
^ Cienciala, Anna M. (2004). "The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II". University of Kansas. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2006-03-15.
^ (Sanford 2005, pp. 20–24)

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Cooper, Matthew (1978). The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2468-7.
Baliszewski, Dariusz (2004-10-10). "Wojna sukcesów". Wprost (dalam bahasa Polish) (1141). Diakses tanggal 2005-03-24.
Baliszewski, Dariusz (2004-09-19). "Most honoru". Wprost (dalam bahasa Polish) (1138). Diakses tanggal 2005-03-24.
Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (2004). Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0484-5.
Ellis, John (1999). Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War (edisi ke-1st American ed.). Viking Adult. ISBN 0-670-80773-7. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link)
Fischer, Benjamin B. (Winter 1999–2000). "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field". Studies in Intelligence. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-01-17. Diakses tanggal 2005-12-10.
Gross, Jan T. (2002). Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09603-1.
Hooton, E. R. (2007). Luftwaffe at War: Gathering Storm 1933–1939 Volume 1. London: Chervron/Ian Allen. ISBN 978-1-903223-71-7 Periksa nilai: checksum |isbn= (bantuan).
Kennedy, Robert M. (1980). The German Campaign in Poland (1939). Zenger. ISBN 0-89201-064-9.
Lukas, Richard C. (2001). Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0901-0.
Majer, Diemut (2003). Non-Germans under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6493-3.
Prazmowska, Anita J. (1995). Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48385-9.
Rossino, Alexander B. (2003). Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology and Atrocity. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1234-3.
Sanford, George (2005). Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415338735.
Smith, Peter Charles (1998). Stuka Spearhead: The Lightning War from Poland to Dunkirk 1939–1940. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-329-3.
Sword, Keith (1991). The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–41. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-05570-6.
Stachiewicz, Wacław (1998). Wierności dochować żołnierskiej (dalam bahasa Polish). OW RYTM. ISBN 83-86678-71-2.
Taylor, A. J. P. (1974). A History Of World War Two. London: Octopus Books. ISBN 0-70640-399-1.
Zaloga, Steve (2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-408-6.
Zaloga, Steve (1982). The Polish Army 1939–1945. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-85045-417-4.
"KAMPANIA WRZEŚNIOWA 1939". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (dalam bahasa Polish). Diakses tanggal 2005-12-10.
Böhler, Jochen (2006). Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg; Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939 (Preface to the War of Annihilation: Wehrmacht in Poland) (dalam bahasa German). Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-596-16307-2.

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

detailed outline of campaign, mainly from German documents
World War 2 Online Newspaper Archives - The Invasion of Poland, 1939 Diarsipkan 2007-12-15 di Wayback Machine.
The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database Diarsipkan 2007-03-11 di Wayback Machine.
The Campaign in Poland at Achtung! Panzer
German Statistics including September Campaign losses
Brief Campaign losses and more statistics
Fall Weiß - The Fall of Poland Diarsipkan 2005-08-29 di Wayback Machine.
Agreement of Mutual Assistance Between the United Kingdom and Poland.-London, 25 August 1939. Diarsipkan 2005-11-26 di Wayback Machine.
Poland's Defence War, a fairly detailed but possibly one sided account of the Polish defense in 1939
Radio reports on the German invasion of Poland Diarsipkan 2005-05-07 di Wayback Machine. and Nazi broadcast claiming that Germany's action is an act of defense Diarsipkan 2005-04-04 di Wayback Machine.
German reply Diarsipkan 2006-10-07 di Wayback Machine. to British Government's ultimatum of 3 September 1939
Headline story on BBC: Germany invades Poland 1 September 1939.
BBC portal dedicated to the start of WW II in Europe
September 17, 1939 - Soviet aggression on Poland Diarsipkan 2005-11-25 di Wayback Machine.
Halford Mackinder's Necessary War An essay describing the Polish Campaign in a larger strategic context of the war
Invasion of Poland Diarsipkan 2007-12-29 di Wayback Machine.

[pereslegin-1] Переслегин. Вторая мировая: война между реальностями.- М.:Яуза, Эксмо, 2006, с.22; Р. Э. Дюпюи, Т. Н. Дюпюи. Всемирная история войн. — С-П,М: АСТ, кн.4, с.93

[polishgovernment-2] Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The 1939 Campaign Diarsipkan 2013-12-11 di Wayback Machine. Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2005

[3] E.R Hooton, p85

[NZHistory-4] History Group of the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand (2005). "Overview - New Zealand and the Second World War". New Zealand's History online (dalam bahasa English). Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-15.

[Baliszewski-MH-5] Baliszewski, Most honoru

[Fischer-6] Fischer 1999–2000

[Cienciala-7] Cienciala, Anna M. (2004). "The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II". University of Kansas. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2006-03-15.

[Sanford-8] (Sanford 2005, pp. 20–24)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

@@ Baris 3: / Baris 3: @@
 |image=[[Berkas:Schleswig Holstein firing Gdynia 13.09.1939.jpg|300px]]
 |caption=Kapal Jerman [[Kapal perang Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig-Holstein]], menembak [[Westerplatte]], [[1 September]] [[1939]].
-|date=[[1 September]] – [[6 Oktober]] [[1939]]
+|date=1 September – 6 Oktober 1939{{br}}(1 bulan, 5 hari)
-|place=[[Polandia]]
+|place=[[Republik Polandia Kedua|Polandia]] dan [[Kota Merdeka Danzig]]
-|result=Kemenangan Blok Poros dan Soviet; Teritori Polandia terbagi antara Jerman dan Uni Soviet
+|result=Kemenangan [[Blok Poros]] dan [[Soviet]]; Teritori Polandia terbagi antara Jerman dan Uni Soviet
-|combatant1={{negara|Polandia}} [[Republik Polandia Kedua|Polandia]]
+|combatant1={{Flag|Polandia|1939}}
-|combatant2=[[Berkas:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]] [[Jerman Nazi]]{{br}}[[Berkas:Flag of the_Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px]] [[Uni Soviet]]{{br}}[[Berkas:1stslovakia_flag_large.svg|22px]] [[Republik Slowakia (1939–1945)|Slowakia]]
+|combatant2={{Flagdeco|Jerman Nazi}} [[Jerman Nazi]]{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Uni Soviet}} [[Uni Soviet]]{{br}}{{flagdeco|Rusia}} [[Republik Slowakia (1939–1945)|Slowakia]]
-|commander1={{negara|Polandia}} [[Edward Rydz-Śmigły]]
+|commander1={{negara|Polandia}} [[Edward Rydz-Śmigły]]{{br}}{{negara|Polandia}} [[Wacław Stachiewicz]]{{br}}{{negara|Polandia}} [[Tadeusz Kutrzeba]]{{br}}{{negara|Polandia}} [[Juliusz Rómmel]]
-|commander2=[[Berkas:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]] [[Fedor von Bock]]{{br}}[[Berkas:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]] [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]{{br}}[[Berkas:Flag of the_Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px]] [[Mikhail Kovalev]] <small>(Front Belorusia),</small>{{br}}[[Berkas:Flag of the_Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px]] [[Semyon Timoshenko]] <small>(Front Ukraina),</small>{{br}}[[Berkas:1stslovakia_flag_large.svg|22px]] [[Ferdinand Čatloš]]
+|commander2={{Flagdeco|Jerman Nazi}} [[Fedor von Bock]]{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Jerman Nazi}} [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Jerman Nazi}} [[Walter von Reichenau]]{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Uni Soviet}} [[Mikhail Kovalev]]{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Uni Soviet}} [[Semyon Timoshenko]]{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Uni Soviet}} [[Vasily Chuikov]]{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Rusia}} [[Ferdinand Čatloš]]
-|strength1='''Polandia''':{{br}}39 divisi,<ref name=pereslegin>Переслегин. Вторая мировая: война между реальностями.- М.:Яуза, Эксмо, 2006, с.22; Р. Э. Дюпюи, Т. Н. Дюпюи. Всемирная история войн. — С-П,М: АСТ, кн.4, с.93</ref>{{br}} 16 brigadir,<ref name=pereslegin/>{{br}}4.300 senapan,<ref name=pereslegin/>{{br}}880 tank,{{br}}400 pesawat tempur<ref name=polishgovernment>Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [http://www.ww2.pl/The,1939,Campaign,22.html The 1939 Campaign] [[Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], 2005</ref>{{br}} '''Jumlah: 950.000'''
+|strength1='''Polandia''':{{br}}39 divisi,<ref name=pereslegin>Переслегин. Вторая мировая: война между реальностями.- М.:Яуза, Эксмо, 2006, с.22; Р. Э. Дюпюи, Т. Н. Дюпюи. Всемирная история войн. — С-П,М: АСТ, кн.4, с.93</ref>{{br}} 16 brigadir,<ref name=pereslegin/>{{br}}4.300 senapan,<ref name=pereslegin/>{{br}}880 tank,{{br}}800 pesawat<ref name=polishgovernment>Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [http://www.ww2.pl/The,1939,Campaign,22.html The 1939 Campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211211729/http://www.ww2.pl/The%2C1939%2CCampaign%2C22.html |date=2013-12-11 }} [[Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], 2005</ref>{{br}} '''Jumlah: 950.000'''
-|strength2='''Jerman''':{{br}}56 divisi,{{br}}4 brigadir,{{br}}9.000 senapan,<ref name=polishgovernment/>{{br}}2.500 tank,<ref name=polishgovernment/>{{br}}2.315 pesawat tempur<ref>E.R Hooton, p85</ref> {{br}}'''Uni Soviet''':{{br}}33+ divisi,{{br}}11+ brigadir,{{br}}4.959 senapan,{{br}}4.736 tank,{{br}}3.300 pesawat tempur{{br}}'''Slowakia''':{{br}}3 divisi{{br}}'''Jumlah''':{{br}}1.500.000 orang Jerman,<ref name=polishgovernment/>{{br}} 800.000+ orang Soviet,{{br}} 50.000 orang Slowakia{{br}}'''Seluruhnya: 2.350.000+'''
+|strength2='''Jerman''':{{br}}56 divisi,{{br}}4 brigadir,{{br}}9.000 senapan,<ref name=polishgovernment/>{{br}}2.500 tank,<ref name=polishgovernment/>{{br}}2.315 pesawat tempur<ref>E.R Hooton, p85</ref> {{br}}'''Uni Soviet''':{{br}}33+ divisi,{{br}}11+ brigadir,{{br}}4.959 senapan,{{br}}4.736 tank,{{br}}3.300 pesawat tempur{{br}}'''Slowakia''':{{br}}3 divisi{{br}}'''Jumlah''':{{br}}1.500.000 pasukan Jerman,<ref name=polishgovernment/>{{br}} 800.000+ pasukan Soviet,{{br}} 50.000 pasukan Slowakia{{br}}'''Seluruhnya: 2.350.000+'''
 |casualties1='''Polandia''':{{br}}66.000 tewas,{{br}}133.700 terluka,{{br}}694.000 ditangkap
-|casualties2='''Jerman''':{{br}}16.343 tewas,{{br}}27.280 terluka,{{br}}320 hilang{{br}}'''Uni Soviet''':{{br}}737 tewas atau hilang,{{br}}1.125 terluka{{br}}'''Slowakia''':{{br}}18 tewas,{{br}}46 terluka,{{br}}11 hilang
+|casualties2='''Jerman''':{{br}}16.343 tewas,{{br}}27.280 terluka,{{br}}320 hilang{{br}}'''Uni Soviet''':{{br}}1.475 tewas atau hilang,{{br}}2.383 terluka{{br}}'''Slowakia''':{{br}}37 tewas,{{br}}114 terluka,{{br}}11 hilang
 }}
-'''Invasi Polandia tahun 1939''' (di [[Polandia]] juga disebut "'''Kampanye September'''", "''Kampania wrześniowa''," dan "'''Perang Defensif 1939'''," "''Wojna obronna 1939 roku''"; di [[Jerman]], "'''Kampanye Polandia'''," "''Polenfeldzug''," dinamai "[[Fall Weiss (1939)|''Fall Weiss'']]," "Case White," oleh Jerman, dan kadang-kadang disebut "'''Perang Polandia-Jerman 1939'''"), adalah invasi yang dilancarkan oleh [[Jerman Nazi]], [[Uni Soviet]], dan kontingen [[Invasi Slowakia ke Polandia|Slowakia]] yang merupakan sebab khusus [[Perang Dunia II]].
+'''Penyerbuan Polandia 1939''' (di [[Polandia]] juga disebut "'''Kampanye September'''", "''Kampania wrześniowa''," dan "'''Perang Defensif 1939'''," "''Wojna obronna 1939 roku''"; di [[Jerman]], "'''Kampanye Polandia'''," "''Polenfeldzug''," , dan kadang-kadang disebut "'''Perang Polandia-Jerman 1939'''"), adalah invasi yang dilancarkan oleh [[Jerman Nazi]], [[Uni Soviet]], dan kontingen [[Invasi Slowakia ke Polandia|Slowakia]] yang merupakan sebab khusus [[Perang Dunia II]].
-Invasi [[Polandia]] menandai dimulainya Perang Dunia II di Eropa. Sekutu Polandia, [[Britania Raya]], [[Australia]], dan [[Selandia Baru]],<ref name="NZHistory">{{cite web |author=History Group of the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand  |title=Overview - New Zealand and the Second World War |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand |year=2005 |work=New Zealand's History online |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/node/2334 |accessdate=2007-01-15 |language=English}}</ref> menyatakan perang kepada [[Jerman]] pada tanggal [[3 September]], yang segera diikuti oleh [[Perancis]], [[Afrika Selatan]], dan [[Kanada]]. Invasi Polandia dimulai pada tanggal [[1 September]] [[1939]], satu minggu setelah penandatanganan [[Pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop]], dan invasi ini berakhir pada tanggal [[6 Oktober]] [[1939]], setelah Jerman dan Uni Soviet menduduki seluruh Polandia. Walaupun Britania Raya dan Perancis menyatakan perang setelah Jerman menyerang Polandia, sangat sedikit aksi militer langsung yang dilakukan (lihat [[Perang Phoney]]).
+Penyerbuan [[Polandia]] menandai dimulainya [[Palagan Eropa dalam Perang Dunia II|Perang Dunia II di Eropa]]. [[Blok Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II|Sekutu]] Polandia: [[Britania Raya]], [[Australia]], dan [[Selandia Baru]],<ref name="NZHistory">{{cite web |author=History Group of the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand  |title=Overview - New Zealand and the Second World War |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand |year=2005 |work=New Zealand's History online |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/node/2334 |accessdate=2007-01-15 |language=English}}</ref> menyatakan perang kepada [[Jerman Nazi|Jerman]] pada tanggal [[3 September]], yang segera diikuti oleh [[Prancis]], [[Afrika Selatan]], dan [[Kanada]]. Penyerbuan Polandia dimulai pada tanggal [[1 September]] [[1939]], satu minggu setelah penandatanganan [[Pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop]], dan penyerbuan ini berakhir pada tanggal [[6 Oktober]] [[1939]], setelah Jerman dan Uni Soviet menduduki seluruh Polandia. Walaupun Britania Raya dan Prancis menyatakan perang setelah Jerman menyerang Polandia, sangat sedikit aksi militer langsung yang dilakukan (lihat [[Perang Phoney]]).
-Dengan terjadinya [[Insiden Gleiwitz]] pada tanggal [[31 Agustus]] [[1939]], pada [[1 September]], pasukan Jerman menyerang Polandia dari utara, selatan, dan barat. Pasukan Polandia terpencar untuk melindungi perbatasan panjang mereka, dan segera mundur ke timur. Setelah kekalahan Polandia pada pertengahan September dalam [[Pertempuran Bzura]], tentara Polandia mulai mundur ke tenggara untuk melindungi ''[[przedmoście rumuńskie]]'', tempat pasukan Polandia menunggu bantuan Sekutu.<ref name="Baliszewski-MH>Baliszewski, ''Most honoru''</ref>
+Dengan terjadinya [[Insiden Gleiwitz]] pada tanggal [[31 Agustus]] [[1939]], pada [[1 September]], pasukan Jerman menyerang Polandia dari arah utara, selatan, dan barat. Pasukan Polandia terpencar untuk melindungi perbatasan panjang mereka, dan segera mundur ke timur. Setelah kekalahan Polandia pada pertengahan September dalam [[Pertempuran Bzura]], tentara Polandia mulai mundur ke tenggara untuk melindungi ''[[przedmoście rumuńskie]]'', tempat pasukan Polandia menunggu bantuan Sekutu.<ref name="Baliszewski-MH">Baliszewski, ''Most honoru''</ref>
-Pada tanggal [[17 September]] [[1939]], [[tentara Merah]] Soviet menyerang [[Kresy|daerah timur Polandia]].<ref name="Fischer">Fischer 1999–2000</ref> Soviet mengambil daerah mereka sesuai dengan pembagian pada pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop.<ref name="Cienciala">{{cite web |authorlink=Anna M. Cienciala |first=Anna M. |last=Cienciala  |year=2004 |url=http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm |title=The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II |publisher=[[University of Kansas]] |accessdate=2006-03-15}}</ref> Pemerintah Polandia menyadari bahwa mempertahakan ''Przedmoście rumuńskie'' sudah tidak berguna dan memerintahkan evakuasi ke [[Rumania]].<ref name="Sanford">{{wikiref |id=Sanford-2005 |text=Sanford 2005, pp. 20–24}}</ref> Pada [[1 Oktober]], Jerman dan Uni Soviet berhasil menguasai seluruh Polandia, walaupun pemerintah Polandia tidak pernah menyerah.
+Pada tanggal [[17 September]] [[1939]], [[tentara Merah]] Soviet menyerang [[Kresy|daerah timur Polandia]].<ref name="Fischer">Fischer 1999–2000</ref> Soviet mengambil daerah mereka sesuai dengan pembagian pada pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop.<ref name="Cienciala">{{cite web |authorlink=Anna M. Cienciala |first=Anna M. |last=Cienciala |year=2004 |url=http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm |title=The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II |publisher=[[University of Kansas]] |accessdate=2006-03-15 |archive-date=2012-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801010755/http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pemerintah Polandia menyadari bahwa mempertahakan ''Przedmoście rumuńskie'' sudah tidak berguna dan memerintahkan evakuasi ke [[Rumania]].<ref name="Sanford">{{wikiref |id=Sanford-2005 |text=Sanford 2005, pp. 20–24}}</ref> Pada [[1 Oktober]], Jerman dan Uni Soviet berhasil menguasai seluruh Polandia, walaupun pemerintah Polandia tidak pernah menyerah.
 Setelah kampanye militer September, [[Negara Rahasia Polandia|gerakan perlawanan]] dibentuk. Pasukan Polandia terus terlibat dalam operasi militer Sekutu.
@@ Baris 29: / Baris 29: @@
 == Referensi ==
-* {{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Matthew |title=The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure |publisher=Stein and Day |location=New York |year=1978 |isbn=0-8128-2468-7}}
+* {{cite book|last=Cooper|first=Matthew|title=The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure|url=https://archive.org/details/germanarmy1933190000coop_r0w6|publisher=Stein and Day|location=New York|year=1978|isbn=0-8128-2468-7}}
 * {{cite journal |authorlink=Dariusz Baliszewski |last=Baliszewski |first=Dariusz |url=http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=68347 |title=Wojna sukcesów |journal=[[Wprost]] |issue=1141 |date=[[2004-10-10]] |language=Polish |accessdate=2005-03-24}}
 * {{cite journal |authorlink=Dariusz Baliszewski |last=Baliszewski |first=Dariusz |url=http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=66711 |title=Most honoru  |journal=[[Wprost]] |issue=1138 |date=[[2004-09-19]] |language=Polish |accessdate=2005-03-24}}
-* {{cite book |authorlink=Marek Jan Chodakiewicz |last=Chodakiewicz |first=Marek Jan |title=Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947 |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2004 |isbn=0-7391-0484-5}}
+* {{cite book|authorlink=Marek Jan Chodakiewicz|last=Chodakiewicz|first=Marek Jan|title=Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2004|isbn=0-7391-0484-5}}
-* {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=John |title=[[Brute Force (book)|Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War]] |publisher=Viking Adult |edition=1st American ed. |year=1999 |isbn=0-670-80773-7}}
+* {{cite book|last=Ellis|first=John|title=[[Brute Force (book)|Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War]]|publisher=Viking Adult|edition=1st American ed.|year=1999|isbn=0-670-80773-7}}
-* {{cite journal |authorlink=Benjamin B. Fischer |last=Fischer |first=Benjamin B. |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html |title=The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field |journal=[[Studies in Intelligence]] |date=Winter 1999–2000 |accessdate=2005-12-10}}
+* {{cite journal |authorlink=Benjamin B. Fischer |last=Fischer |first=Benjamin B. |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html |title=The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field |journal=[[Studies in Intelligence]] |date=Winter 1999–2000 |accessdate=2005-12-10 |archive-date=2010-01-17 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq16st2z?url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html |dead-url=yes }}
-* {{cite book |authorlink=Jan T. Gross |last=Gross |first=Jan T. |title=Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-691-09603-1}}
+* {{cite book|authorlink=Jan T. Gross|last=Gross|first=Jan T.|title=Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-09603-1}}
-* {{cite book |last=Hooton |first=E. R. |year=2007 |title=Luftwaffe at War: Gathering Storm 1933–1939 Volume 1 |location=London |publisher=Chervron/Ian Allen |isbn=978-1-903223-71-7}}
+* {{cite book|last=Hooton|first=E. R.|year=2007|title=Luftwaffe at War: Gathering Storm 1933–1939 Volume 1|location=London|publisher=Chervron/Ian Allen|isbn=978-1-903223-71-7}}
-* {{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Robert M. |title=The German Campaign in Poland (1939) |publisher=Zenger |year=1980 |isbn=0-89201-064-9}}
+* {{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Robert M.|title=The German Campaign in Poland (1939)|publisher=Zenger|year=1980|isbn=0-89201-064-9}}
-* {{cite book |authorlink=Richard C. Lukas |last=Lukas |first=Richard C. |title=Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944 |publisher=Hippocrene Books |year=2001 |isbn=0-7818-0901-0}}
+* {{cite book|authorlink=Richard C. Lukas|last=Lukas|first=Richard C.|title=Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944|publisher=Hippocrene Books|year=2001|isbn=0-7818-0901-0}}
-* {{cite book |last=Majer  |first=Diemut |coauthors=et al. |title=Non-Germans under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-8018-6493-3}}
+* {{cite book|last=Majer|first=Diemut|coauthors=et al.|title=Non-Germans under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-8018-6493-3}}
-* {{cite book |authorlink=Anita J. Prazmowska |last=Prazmowska |first=Anita J. |title=Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-521-48385-9}}
+* {{cite book|authorlink=Anita J. Prazmowska|last=Prazmowska|first=Anita J.|title=Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally|url=https://archive.org/details/britainpoland1930000praz|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-521-48385-9}}
-* {{cite book |last=Rossino |first=Alexander B. |title=Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology and Atrocity |location=Lawrence |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=2003 |isbn=0-7006-1234-3}}
+* {{cite book|last=Rossino|first=Alexander B.|title=Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology and Atrocity|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlerstrikespol0000ross|location=Lawrence|publisher=University Press of Kansas|year=2003|isbn=0-7006-1234-3}}
-* {{cite book |authorlink=George Sanford (scholar) |last=Sanford |first=George |year=2005 |title=Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory |location=London, New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415338735}}
+* {{cite book|authorlink=George Sanford (scholar)|last=Sanford|first=George|year=2005|title=Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory|location=London, New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415338735}}
-* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter Charles |title=Stuka Spearhead: The Lightning War from Poland to Dunkirk 1939–1940 |publisher=Greenhill Books |year=1998 |isbn=1-85367-329-3}}
+* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Peter Charles|title=Stuka Spearhead: The Lightning War from Poland to Dunkirk 1939–1940|url=https://archive.org/details/stukaspearheadli0000smit|publisher=Greenhill Books|year=1998|isbn=1-85367-329-3}}
-* {{cite book |last=Sword |first=Keith |title=The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–41 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1991 |isbn=0-312-05570-6}}
+* {{cite book|last=Sword|first=Keith|title=The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–41|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1991|isbn=0-312-05570-6}}
-* {{cite book |authorlink=Wacław Stachiewicz |first=Wacław |last=Stachiewicz |title=Wierności dochować żołnierskiej |publisher=OW RYTM |year=1998 |isbn=83-86678-71-2 |language=Polish}}
+* {{cite book|authorlink=Wacław Stachiewicz|first=Wacław|last=Stachiewicz|title=Wierności dochować żołnierskiej|publisher=OW RYTM|year=1998|isbn=83-86678-71-2|language=Polish}}
-* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=A. J. P. |coauthors=Mayer, S. L. (eds.) |title=A History Of World War Two |location=London |publisher=Octopus Books |year=1974 |isbn=0-70640-399-1}}
+* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=A. J. P.|coauthors=Mayer, S. L. (eds.)|title=A History Of World War Two|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofworldwa00tayl|location=London|publisher=Octopus Books|year=1974|isbn=0-70640-399-1}}
-* {{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steve |coauthors=Gerrard, Howard |title=Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=1-84176-408-6}}
+* {{cite book|last=Zaloga|first=Steve|coauthors=Gerrard, Howard|title=Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg|url=https://archive.org/details/poland1939birtho0000zalo|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2002|isbn=1-84176-408-6}}
-* {{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steve |title=The Polish Army 1939–1945 |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=1982 |isbn=0-85045-417-4}}
+* {{cite book|last=Zaloga|first=Steve|title=The Polish Army 1939–1945|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1982|isbn=0-85045-417-4}}
 * {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Internetowa encyklopedia PWN]] |url=http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/33490_1.html |title=KAMPANIA WRZEŚNIOWA 1939 |accessdate=2005-12-10 |language=Polish}}
-* {{cite book |first=Jochen |last=Böhler |title=Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg; Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939 (Preface to the War of Annihilation: Wehrmacht in Poland) |year=2006 |publisher=Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag |location=Frankfurt |isbn=3-596-16307-2 |language=German}}
+* {{cite book|first=Jochen|last=Böhler|title=Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg; Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939 (Preface to the War of Annihilation: Wehrmacht in Poland)|year=2006|publisher=Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag|location=Frankfurt|isbn=3-596-16307-2|language=German}}
 == Pranala luar ==
 * [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-III.html detailed outline of campaign, mainly from German documents]
-* [http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/newspapers/operations/poland_e.html World War 2 Online Newspaper Archives - The Invasion of Poland, 1939]
+* [http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/newspapers/operations/poland_e.html World War 2 Online Newspaper Archives - The Invasion of Poland, 1939] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215210220/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/newspapers/operations/poland_e.html |date=2007-12-15 }}
-* [http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/poland.htm The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database]
+* [http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/poland.htm The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311033339/http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/poland.htm |date=2007-03-11 }}
 * [http://www.achtungpanzer.com/polcamp.htm The Campaign in Poland at Achtung! Panzer]
 * [http://www.feldgrau.com/stats.html German Statistics including September Campaign losses]
 * [http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/EuropeatWar/blitzkrieg_poland.htm Brief Campaign losses and more statistics]
-* [http://worldatwar.net/wars/ww2/poland39/ Fall Weiß - The Fall of Poland]
+* [http://worldatwar.net/wars/ww2/poland39/ Fall Weiß - The Fall of Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829215526/http://worldatwar.net/wars/ww2/poland39/ |date=2005-08-29 }}
-* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/bluebook/blbk19.htm Agreement of Mutual Assistance Between the United Kingdom and Poland.-London, 25&nbsp;August 1939.]
+* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/bluebook/blbk19.htm Agreement of Mutual Assistance Between the United Kingdom and Poland.-London, 25&nbsp;August 1939.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126160834/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/bluebook/blbk19.htm |date=2005-11-26 }}
-* [http://ww2.boom.ru/Poland/defence.html Poland's Defence War], a fairly detailed but possibly one sided account of the Polish defense in 1939
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040817080534/http://ww2.boom.ru/Poland/defence.html Poland's Defence War], a fairly detailed but possibly one sided account of the Polish defense in 1939
-* [http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_225.html Radio reports on the German invasion of Poland] and [http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_199.html Nazi broadcast claiming that Germany's action is an act of defense]
+* [http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_225.html Radio reports on the German invasion of Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507162338/http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_225.html |date=2005-05-07 }} and [http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_199.html Nazi broadcast claiming that Germany's action is an act of defense] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404033022/http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_199.html |date=2005-04-04 }}
-* [http://adolfhitler.ws/lib/proc/reply.html German reply] to British Government's ultimatum of [[3 September]] [[1939]]
+* [http://adolfhitler.ws/lib/proc/reply.html German reply] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007164624/http://adolfhitler.ws/lib/proc/reply.html |date=2006-10-07 }} to British Government's ultimatum of [[3 September]] [[1939]]
 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3506000/3506335.stm Headline story on BBC: Germany invades Poland] [[1 September]] [[1939]].
 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/08/99/world_war_11/default.stm BBC portal dedicated to the start of WW II in Europe]
-* [http://www.ipn.gov.pl/eng/eng_vt_soviet17.html September 17, 1939 - Soviet aggression on Poland]
+* [http://www.ipn.gov.pl/eng/eng_vt_soviet17.html September 17, 1939 - Soviet aggression on Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125141611/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/eng/eng_vt_soviet17.html |date=2005-11-25 }}
 * [http://www.engdahl.oilgeopolitics.net/History/MacKinder/mackinder.html Halford Mackinder's Necessary War] An essay describing the Polish Campaign in a larger strategic context of the war
-* [http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/poljska.htm Invasion of Poland]
+* [http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/poljska.htm Invasion of Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229230401/http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/poljska.htm |date=2007-12-29 }}
 [[Kategori:Invasi]]
-[[Kategori:Konflik tahun 1939]]
+[[Kategori:Konflik dalam tahun 1939]]
 [[Kategori:Pertempuran Perang Dunia II melibatkan Polandia]]
 [[Kategori:Pertempuran Perang Dunia II melibatkan Rusia]]
 [[Kategori:Pertempuran Perang Dunia II melibatkan Jerman]]
-[[Kategori:Pertempuran Perang Dunia II melibatkan Slovakia]]
+[[Kategori:Pertempuran Perang Dunia II melibatkan Slowakia]]
 [[Kategori:Polandia dalam tahun 1939]]
 [[Kategori:Rusia dalam tahun 1939]]
 [[Kategori:Jerman dalam tahun 1939]]
-[[Kategori:Slovakia dalam tahun 1939]]
+[[Kategori:Slowakia dalam tahun 1939]]
-{{Link FA|en}}
-{{Link FA|no}}
-{{Link FA|th}}
-{{Link GA|no}}
-{{Link GA|ru}}
-{{Link GA|uk}}
-{{Link GA|zh}}
-[[af:Inval van Pole]]
-[[ar:غزو بولندا (1939)]]
-[[be:Польская абарончая вайна 1939]]
-[[be-x-old:Польская кампанія 1939 году]]
-[[bg:Полска кампания (1939)]]
-[[bn:নাৎসি বাহিনীর পোল্যান্ড আক্রমণ]]
-[[ca:Campanya de Polònia]]
-[[cs:Invaze do Polska]]
-[[da:Felttoget i Polen i 1939]]
-[[de:Polenfeldzug]]
-[[el:Εισβολή της Γερμανίας στην Πολωνία - 1939]]
-[[en:Invasion of Poland]]
-[[eo:Invado en Pollando]]
-[[es:Invasión de Polonia de 1939]]
-[[fi:Puolan offensiivi]]
-[[fr:Campagne de Pologne (1939)]]
-[[he:המערכה בפולין]]
-[[hr:Invazija na Poljsku]]
-[[hu:Lengyelországi hadjárat (1939)]]
-[[is:Innrásin í Pólland]]
-[[it:Campagna di Polonia]]
-[[ja:ポーランド侵攻]]
-[[ko:폴란드 침공]]
-[[lt:Įsiveržimas į Lenkiją]]
-[[lv:Polijas kampaņa]]
-[[mr:पोलंडवरील आक्रमण (इ.स. १९३९)]]
-[[nl:Poolse veldtocht]]
-[[no:Felttoget i Polen i 1939]]
-[[oc:Campanha de Polonha (1939)]]
-[[pl:Kampania wrześniowa]]
-[[pnb:پولینڈ دی لڑائی]]
-[[pt:Invasão da Polônia]]
-[[ro:Invadarea Poloniei (1939)]]
-[[ru:Польская кампания вермахта (1939)]]
-[[sk:Poľská obranná vojna (1939)]]
-[[sl:Poljska kampanja (1939)]]
-[[sr:Инвазија на Пољску 1939.]]
-[[sv:Invasionen av Polen 1939]]
-[[ta:போலந்து படையெடுப்பு]]
-[[th:การรุกรานโปแลนด์ (1939)]]
-[[tr:Polonya Seferi]]
-[[uk:Польська кампанія (1939)]]
-[[vi:Cuộc tấn công Ba Lan (1939)]]
-[[zh:波蘭戰役]]