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Revisi terkini sejak 27 Juni 2023 11.22

Pesta Olahraga Isthmia (bahasa Yunani Kuno: Ἴσθμια, translit. Ísthmia) merupakan salah satu dari Pesta Olahraga Panhelenik dari Yunani Kuno, dan diberi nama setelah Isthmus dari Korintus, di mana perlombaan ini diadakan. Seperti halnya Pesta Olahraga Nemea, Isthmia diadakan baik tahun sebelum dan tahun setelah Olimpiade (tahun-tahun kedua dan keempat Olimpiade), sedangkan Pertandingan Pithia diadakan pada tahun ketiga dari siklus Olimpiade.

Asal[sunting | sunting sumber]

Perlombaan ini dianggap dari permainan pemakaman untuk Melikertes (juga dikenal sebagai Palaemon), yang didirikan oleh Sisifos, pendiri legendaris dan raja Korintus, yang menemukan mayat itu dan menguburkannya di Isthmus.^[1]^[2] Pada zaman Romawi, Melikertes dipuja di wilayah tersebut.^[3]

Theseus, raja legendaris Athena, memperluas permainan pemakaman Melikertes dari ritus malam tertutup menjadi acara olahraga atletik lengkap yang didedikasikan untuk Poseidon, terbuka untuk semua orang Yunani, dan berada pada tingkat yang cocok untuk kemajuan dan popularitas untuk menyaingi mereka di Olimpia, yang didirikan oleh Herakles.^[4] Theseus diatur dengan Korintus untuk setiap pengunjung Athena ke gim Isthmia untuk diberikan hak istimewa kursi depan (prohedria, Yunani Kuno προεδρία).^[5] Versi lain menyatakan bahwa Kypselos, tiran Korintus pada abad ke-7 SM, kembali ke Olimpiade kemegahan lama mereka.^[6]^[7]

Jika kita menerima tanggal tradisional dari Pertandingan Olimpiade pertama (776 SM), kita dapat mengatakan bahwa Pertandingan Isthmia pertama diadakan pada tahun 582 SM.^[8]

Setidaknya sampai abad ke-5 SM (masa Pindaros) pemenang pertandingan Isthmia menerima karangan bunga seledri;^[9] kemudian, karangan bunga diubah sedemikian rupa sehingga terdiri dari daun pinus.^[10]^[11]^[12] Para pemenang juga bisa dihormati dengan patung^[13] atau ode. Di samping hadiah kehormatan ini, kota Athena memberikan kemenangan kepada orang-orang Athena dengan tambahan 100 Drakhma.^[14]

Sejarah[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dari tahun 228 SM atau 229 SM seterusnya orang-orang Romawi diizinkan untuk mengambil bagian dalam permainan.^[15]

Pertandingan pada tahun 196 SM digunakan oleh Titus Quinctius Flamininus untuk mendeklarasikan kebebasan negara-negara Yunani dari hegemoni Makedonia.^[16] Bandingkan catatan Appianos:

Ketika dia mengatur hal-hal ini dengan mereka, dia pergi ke pertandingan Isthmia, dan, stadion penuh dengan orang-orang, dia memerintahkan diam dengan terompet dan mengarahkan pemberita untuk memproklamasikan ini, "Bangsa Romawi dan Senat, dan Flamininus, jenderal mereka, setelah menaklukkan orang Makedonia dan Filipus, raja mereka, memerintahkan agar Yunani bebas dari garnisun asing, tidak tunduk pada penghormatan, dan akan hidup di bawah adat istiadat dan hukumnya sendiri." Setelah itu ada teriakan dan kegembiraan yang luar biasa dan adegan riuh kegirangan; dan kelompok-kelompok di sana-sini memanggil kembali bentara agar dia bisa mengulangi kata-katanya untuk mereka. Mereka melemparkan mahkota dan fillet ke jendral dan memilih patung-patung untuknya di kota-kota mereka. Mereka mengirim duta besar dengan mahkota emas ke ibukota di Roma untuk mengucapkan terima kasih, dan menyebut diri mereka sebagai sekutu orang-orang Romawi. Begitulah akhir perang kedua antara Romawi dan Filipus.^[17]

Sejak awal permainan, Korintus selalu mengendalikan mereka. Ketika Korintus dihancurkan oleh Romawi pada tahun 146 SM, pertandingan Isthmia berlanjut,^[18] tetapi sekarang dikelola oleh Sikyon. Korintus dibangun kembali oleh Kaisar pada tahun 44 SM.^[19] Korintus memulihkan kepemilikan dari Pertandingan pada suatu saat antara tahun 7 SM dan 3 M. Pertandingan Isthmia kemudian berkembang sampai Theodosius I menekan mereka sebagai ritual pagan.

Kontes[sunting | sunting sumber]

Sebanding dengan Olimpiade. Di antara kompetisi lainnya adalah:^[20]

Balap kereta, hanya untuk pria
Pankration, hanya untuk pria
Gulat, hanya untuk pria
Kontes musik dan puisi, di mana wanita diizinkan untuk berpartisipasi.^[21]
Tinju,^[22] hanya untuk pria

Pemenangan terkenal[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pada tahun 216 SM, Kleitomachos dari Thiva memenangkan gulat, tinju dan pankration pada hari yang sama.^[23]

Gencatan senjata Isthmia[sunting | sunting sumber]

Sebelum Pertandingan dimulai, gencatan senjata dinyatakan oleh Korintus untuk memberi jalan yang aman kepada para atlet melalui Yunani.^[24] Pada tahun 412 SM, meskipun Athena dan Korintus sedang berperang, rakyat Athena diundang ke pertandingan seperti biasa.^[25]

Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]

Kuil Poseidon di Isthmia

Catatan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.4.3; Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.3, 1.44.8. It is likely that Pindar already described this version of the origin of the games (in a fragment of the Isthian odes). For more information, see E.R. Gebhard & M.W. Dickie, Melikertes-Palaimon, Hero of the Isthmian Games Diarsipkan 2007-03-10 di Wayback Machine. Error in webarchive template: Check |url= value. Empty. .
^ “… the Isthmia lament Melicertes …” (… Μελικέρτην ὀδύρεται τὰ Ἴσθμια …: Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospel 2.6 (= Clemens, Protrepticus 2.34.1).
^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.3, 2.2.1.
^ Plutarch, Life of Theseus 25.4–5.
^ Plutarch, Life of Theseus 25.4–5.
^ [1] Diarsipkan 2007-06-01 di Wayback Machine. Error in webarchive template: Check |url= value. Empty.
^ Solinus, Wonders of the World 7.14.
^ According to Solinus, the Isthmian Games were constituted in the 49th Olympiad (Solinus, Wonders of the World 7.14). The 49th Olympiad began in 584 BC. The Olympic Games took place in July/August; the Isthmian Games in April/May of the second year of the Olympiad. The second year of the 49th Olympiad was from July/August 583 to July/August 582 BC. The date 582 BC is accepted by historically-derived documents, for instance, Der neue Pauly (under Isthmia).
^ Ancient Greek σέλινον: Pindar, Isthmian Odes 2.16, 8.64.
^ “At the Isthmus the pine, and at Nemea celery became the prize to commemorate the sufferings of Palaemon and Archemorus.” (Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.48.2).
^ “As he was marching up an ascent, from the top of which they expected to have a view of the army and of the strength of the enemy, there met him by chance a train of mules loaded with parsley; which his soldiers conceived to be an ominous occurrence or ill-boding token, because this is the herb with which we not infrequently adorn the sepulchres of the dead; and there is a proverb derived from the custom, used of one who is dangerously sick, that he has need of nothing but parsley. So to ease their minds, and free them from any superstitious thoughts or forebodings of evil, Timoleon halted, and concluded an address suitable to the occasion, by saying, that a garland of triumph was here luckily brought them, and had fallen into their hands of its own accord, as an anticipation of victory: the same with which the Corinthians crown the victors in the Isthmian games, accounting chaplets of parsley the sacred wreath proper to their country; parsley being at that time still the emblem of victory at the Isthmian, as it is now at the Nemean sports; and it is not so very long ago that the pine first began to be used in its place.” “26. (1.) Ἀναβαίνοντι δ’ αὐτῷ πρὸς λόφον, ὃν ὑπερβαλόντες ἔμελλον κατ‑ όψεσθαι τὸ στράτευμα καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῶν πολεμίων, ἐμβάλλουσιν ἡμίονοι (2.) σέλινα κομίζοντες, καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις εἰσῆλθε πονηρὸν εἶναι τὸ ση‑ μεῖον, ὅτι τὰ μνήματα τῶν νεκρῶν εἰώθαμεν ἐπιεικῶς στεφανοῦν σελί‑ νοις· καὶ παροιμία τις ἐκ τούτου γέγονε, τὸν ἐπισφαλῶς νοσοῦντα δεῖσθαι (3.) [τοῦτον] τοῦ σελίνου. βουλόμενος οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀπαλλάξαι τῆς δεισιδαιμο‑ νίας καὶ τὴν δυσελπιστίαν ἀφελεῖν, ὁ Τιμολέων ἐπιστήσας τὴν πορείαν ἄλλα τε <πολλὰ> πρέποντα τῷ καιρῷ διελέχθη, καὶ τὸν στέφανον αὐτοῖς ἔφη πρὸ τῆς νίκης κομιζόμενον αὐτομάτως εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἥκειν, ᾧπερ Κορίνθιοι στεφανοῦσι τοὺς Ἴσθμια νικῶντας, ἱερὸν καὶ πάτριον στέμμα (5) (4.) <τὸ> τοῦ σελίνου νομίζοντες. ἔτι γὰρ τότε τῶν Ἰσθμίων, ὥσπερ νῦν τῶν (5.) Νεμείων, τὸ σέλινον ἦν στέφανος, οὐ πάλαι δ’ ἡ πίτυς γέγονεν.26. (1.) Ἀναβαίνοντι δ’ αὐτῷ πρὸς λόφον, ὃν ὑπερβαλόντες ἔμελλον κατ‑ όψεσθαι τὸ στράτευμα καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῶν πολεμίων, ἐμβάλλουσιν ἡμίονοι (2.) σέλινα κομίζοντες, καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις εἰσῆλθε πονηρὸν εἶναι τὸ ση‑ μεῖον, ὅτι τὰ μνήματα τῶν νεκρῶν εἰώθαμεν ἐπιεικῶς στεφανοῦν σελί‑ νοις· καὶ παροιμία τις ἐκ τούτου γέγονε, τὸν ἐπισφαλῶς νοσοῦντα δεῖσθαι (3.) [τοῦτον] τοῦ σελίνου. βουλόμενος οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀπαλλάξαι τῆς δεισιδαιμο‑ νίας καὶ τὴν δυσελπιστίαν ἀφελεῖν, ὁ Τιμολέων ἐπιστήσας τὴν πορείαν ἄλλα τε <πολλὰ> πρέποντα τῷ καιρῷ διελέχθη, καὶ τὸν στέφανον αὐτοῖς ἔφη πρὸ τῆς νίκης κομιζόμενον αὐτομάτως εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἥκειν, ᾧπερ Κορίνθιοι στεφανοῦσι τοὺς Ἴσθμια νικῶντας, ἱερὸν καὶ πάτριον στέμμα (5) (4.) <τὸ> τοῦ σελίνου νομίζοντες. ἔτι γὰρ τότε τῶν Ἰσθμίων, ὥσπερ νῦν τῶν (5.) Νεμείων, τὸ σέλινον ἦν στέφανος, οὐ πάλαι δ’ ἡ πίτυς γέγονεν.” (Plutarch, Life of Timoleon).
^ Todo: Oscar Broneer, ‘The Isthmian victory crown’, American Journal of Archaeology 66 (1962), pp.259–263.
^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.7. None of the statues have survived.
^ From Solon (638–558 BC) onwards, for he laid it down that “the victor in the Isthmian games was to be paid a hundred drachmas, and the Olympic victor five hundred” (Plutarch, Live of Solon 23.3). According to Diogenes Laertius, Solon “diminished the honours paid to Athletes who were victorious in the games, fixing the prize for a victor at Olympia at five hundred drachmae, and for one who conquered at the Isthmian games at one hundred” (Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Philosophers 1.55: Solon Diarsipkan 2010-09-02 di Wayback Machine.; Greek). For comparison: the daily wage for a skilled worked was approximately 1 drachma. Victors in the Isthmian games were not included in those athletes that were entitled to free meals in the [Prytaneion] (IG I³ 131).
^ Polybius, Histories 2.12.8.
^ Polybius, Histories 18.46.
^ "Appian, Roman History". livius.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-10-26. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-18.
^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.2.1.
^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.2.
^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.2.4.
^ Aristomache, a poetess from Erythraea, had won the prize at the Isthmian Games: … ὡς ἐν τῷ Σικυωνίων θησαυρῷ χρυσοῦν ἀνέκειτο βιβλίον Ἀριστομάχης ἀνάθημα τῆς Ἐρυθραίας ἐπικῷ … ποιήματι δὶς Ἴσθμια νενικηκυίας (Plutarch, Symposiacs/Quaestiones convivales 675b7–10 5.2 Diarsipkan 2016-01-05 di Wayback Machine.).
^ 1 Corinthians 9:26
^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 6.15.3.
^ ”ἐς ὃ Ἰσθμικὰς σπονδὰς Κορινθίων ἐπαγγειλάντων” (Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.2.1).
^ Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.10.

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

The Sanctuary of Poseidon at the Hellenic Ministry of Culture.
Archaeological Museum of Isthmia.
University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia.
Perseus Site Catalog: Isthmia.
Storr, Francis (1911). "Games, Classical". Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (edisi ke-11). hlm. 443–446.

[1] Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.4.3; Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.3, 1.44.8. It is likely that Pindar already described this version of the origin of the games (in a fragment of the Isthian odes). For more information, see E.R. Gebhard & M.W. Dickie, Melikertes-Palaimon, Hero of the Isthmian Games Diarsipkan 2007-03-10 di Wayback Machine. Error in webarchive template: Check |url= value. Empty. .

[2] “… the Isthmia lament Melicertes …” (… Μελικέρτην ὀδύρεται τὰ Ἴσθμια …: Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospel 2.6 (= Clemens, Protrepticus 2.34.1).

[3] Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.3, 2.2.1.

[4] Plutarch, Life of Theseus 25.4–5.

[5] Plutarch, Life of Theseus 25.4–5.

[6] [1] Diarsipkan 2007-06-01 di Wayback Machine. Error in webarchive template: Check |url= value. Empty.

[7] Solinus, Wonders of the World 7.14.

[8] According to Solinus, the Isthmian Games were constituted in the 49th Olympiad (Solinus, Wonders of the World 7.14). The 49th Olympiad began in 584 BC. The Olympic Games took place in July/August; the Isthmian Games in April/May of the second year of the Olympiad. The second year of the 49th Olympiad was from July/August 583 to July/August 582 BC. The date 582 BC is accepted by historically-derived documents, for instance, Der neue Pauly (under Isthmia).

[9] Ancient Greek σέλινον: Pindar, Isthmian Odes 2.16, 8.64.

[10] “At the Isthmus the pine, and at Nemea celery became the prize to commemorate the sufferings of Palaemon and Archemorus.” (Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.48.2).

[11] “As he was marching up an ascent, from the top of which they expected to have a view of the army and of the strength of the enemy, there met him by chance a train of mules loaded with parsley; which his soldiers conceived to be an ominous occurrence or ill-boding token, because this is the herb with which we not infrequently adorn the sepulchres of the dead; and there is a proverb derived from the custom, used of one who is dangerously sick, that he has need of nothing but parsley. So to ease their minds, and free them from any superstitious thoughts or forebodings of evil, Timoleon halted, and concluded an address suitable to the occasion, by saying, that a garland of triumph was here luckily brought them, and had fallen into their hands of its own accord, as an anticipation of victory: the same with which the Corinthians crown the victors in the Isthmian games, accounting chaplets of parsley the sacred wreath proper to their country; parsley being at that time still the emblem of victory at the Isthmian, as it is now at the Nemean sports; and it is not so very long ago that the pine first began to be used in its place.” “26. (1.) Ἀναβαίνοντι δ’ αὐτῷ πρὸς λόφον, ὃν ὑπερβαλόντες ἔμελλον κατ‑ όψεσθαι τὸ στράτευμα καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῶν πολεμίων, ἐμβάλλουσιν ἡμίονοι (2.) σέλινα κομίζοντες, καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις εἰσῆλθε πονηρὸν εἶναι τὸ ση‑ μεῖον, ὅτι τὰ μνήματα τῶν νεκρῶν εἰώθαμεν ἐπιεικῶς στεφανοῦν σελί‑ νοις· καὶ παροιμία τις ἐκ τούτου γέγονε, τὸν ἐπισφαλῶς νοσοῦντα δεῖσθαι (3.) [τοῦτον] τοῦ σελίνου. βουλόμενος οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀπαλλάξαι τῆς δεισιδαιμο‑ νίας καὶ τὴν δυσελπιστίαν ἀφελεῖν, ὁ Τιμολέων ἐπιστήσας τὴν πορείαν ἄλλα τε <πολλὰ> πρέποντα τῷ καιρῷ διελέχθη, καὶ τὸν στέφανον αὐτοῖς ἔφη πρὸ τῆς νίκης κομιζόμενον αὐτομάτως εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἥκειν, ᾧπερ Κορίνθιοι στεφανοῦσι τοὺς Ἴσθμια νικῶντας, ἱερὸν καὶ πάτριον στέμμα (5) (4.) <τὸ> τοῦ σελίνου νομίζοντες. ἔτι γὰρ τότε τῶν Ἰσθμίων, ὥσπερ νῦν τῶν (5.) Νεμείων, τὸ σέλινον ἦν στέφανος, οὐ πάλαι δ’ ἡ πίτυς γέγονεν.26. (1.) Ἀναβαίνοντι δ’ αὐτῷ πρὸς λόφον, ὃν ὑπερβαλόντες ἔμελλον κατ‑ όψεσθαι τὸ στράτευμα καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῶν πολεμίων, ἐμβάλλουσιν ἡμίονοι (2.) σέλινα κομίζοντες, καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις εἰσῆλθε πονηρὸν εἶναι τὸ ση‑ μεῖον, ὅτι τὰ μνήματα τῶν νεκρῶν εἰώθαμεν ἐπιεικῶς στεφανοῦν σελί‑ νοις· καὶ παροιμία τις ἐκ τούτου γέγονε, τὸν ἐπισφαλῶς νοσοῦντα δεῖσθαι (3.) [τοῦτον] τοῦ σελίνου. βουλόμενος οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀπαλλάξαι τῆς δεισιδαιμο‑ νίας καὶ τὴν δυσελπιστίαν ἀφελεῖν, ὁ Τιμολέων ἐπιστήσας τὴν πορείαν ἄλλα τε <πολλὰ> πρέποντα τῷ καιρῷ διελέχθη, καὶ τὸν στέφανον αὐτοῖς ἔφη πρὸ τῆς νίκης κομιζόμενον αὐτομάτως εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἥκειν, ᾧπερ Κορίνθιοι στεφανοῦσι τοὺς Ἴσθμια νικῶντας, ἱερὸν καὶ πάτριον στέμμα (5) (4.) <τὸ> τοῦ σελίνου νομίζοντες. ἔτι γὰρ τότε τῶν Ἰσθμίων, ὥσπερ νῦν τῶν (5.) Νεμείων, τὸ σέλινον ἦν στέφανος, οὐ πάλαι δ’ ἡ πίτυς γέγονεν.” (Plutarch, Life of Timoleon).

[12] Todo: Oscar Broneer, ‘The Isthmian victory crown’, American Journal of Archaeology 66 (1962), pp.259–263.

[13] Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.7. None of the statues have survived.

[14] From Solon (638–558 BC) onwards, for he laid it down that “the victor in the Isthmian games was to be paid a hundred drachmas, and the Olympic victor five hundred” (Plutarch, Live of Solon 23.3). According to Diogenes Laertius, Solon “diminished the honours paid to Athletes who were victorious in the games, fixing the prize for a victor at Olympia at five hundred drachmae, and for one who conquered at the Isthmian games at one hundred” (Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Philosophers 1.55: Solon Diarsipkan 2010-09-02 di Wayback Machine.; Greek). For comparison: the daily wage for a skilled worked was approximately 1 drachma. Victors in the Isthmian games were not included in those athletes that were entitled to free meals in the [Prytaneion] (IG I³ 131).

[15] Polybius, Histories 2.12.8.

[16] Polybius, Histories 18.46.

[17] "Appian, Roman History". livius.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-10-26. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-18.

[18] Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.2.1.

[19] Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.2.

[20] Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.2.4.

[21] Aristomache, a poetess from Erythraea, had won the prize at the Isthmian Games: … ὡς ἐν τῷ Σικυωνίων θησαυρῷ χρυσοῦν ἀνέκειτο βιβλίον Ἀριστομάχης ἀνάθημα τῆς Ἐρυθραίας ἐπικῷ … ποιήματι δὶς Ἴσθμια νενικηκυίας (Plutarch, Symposiacs/Quaestiones convivales 675b7–10 5.2 Diarsipkan 2016-01-05 di Wayback Machine.).

[22] 1 Corinthians 9:26

[23] Pausanias, Description of Greece 6.15.3.

[24] ”ἐς ὃ Ἰσθμικὰς σπονδὰς Κορινθίων ἐπαγγειλάντων” (Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.2.1).

[25] Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.10.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
-'''Pertandingan Isthmia '''([[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|yunani Kuno]]: Ἴσθμια) merupakan salah satu dari Pertandingan Panhellenik dari [[Yunani Kuno]], dan diberi nama setelah [[Tanah Genting Korintus|Isthmus dari Korintus]], di mana mereka diadakan. Seperti halnya [[Pesta Olahraga Nemea|Pertandingan Nemea]], Pertandingan Isthmia diadakan baik tahun sebelum dan tahun setelah Olimpiade (tahun-tahun kedua dan keempat [[Olimpiade (satuan waktu)|Olimpiade]]), sedangkan Pertandingan Pithia diadakan pada tahun ketiga dari siklus Olimpiade.
+'''Pesta Olahraga Isthmia '''({{lang-grc|Ἴσθμια|Ísthmia}}) merupakan salah satu dari Pesta Olahraga Panhelenik dari [[Yunani Kuno]], dan diberi nama setelah [[Tanah Genting Korintus|Isthmus dari Korintus]], di mana perlombaan ini diadakan. Seperti halnya [[Pesta Olahraga Nemea]], Isthmia diadakan baik tahun sebelum dan tahun setelah Olimpiade (tahun-tahun kedua dan keempat [[Olimpiade (satuan waktu)|Olimpiade]]), sedangkan Pertandingan Pithia diadakan pada tahun ketiga dari siklus Olimpiade.
 == Asal ==
-Pertandingan itu dianggap dari permainan pemakaman untuk [[Melikertes]] (juga dikenal sebagai Palaemon), yang didirikan oleh [[Sisifos]], pendiri legendaris dan raja [[Korintus]], yang menemukan mayat itu dan menguburkannya di [[Tanah Genting Korintus|Isthmus]].<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus) Bibliotheca]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Apollod%2e+3%2e4%2e3 3.4.3]; Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus%2e+2%2e1%2e3 2.1.3], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%201.44.8 1.44.8]. It is likely that Pindar already described this version of the origin of the games (in a fragment of the Isthian odes). For more information, see  E.R. Gebhard & M.W. Dickie, ''[http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/isthmia/publications/hero/hero.html Melikertes-Palaimon, Hero of the Isthmian Games] Error in webarchive template: Check <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;url=</code> value. Empty.
+Perlombaan ini dianggap dari permainan pemakaman untuk [[Melikertes]] (juga dikenal sebagai Palaemon), yang didirikan oleh [[Sisifos]], pendiri legendaris dan raja [[Korintus]], yang menemukan mayat itu dan menguburkannya di [[Tanah Genting Korintus|Isthmus]].<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus) Bibliotheca]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Apollod%2e+3%2e4%2e3 3.4.3]; Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus%2e+2%2e1%2e3 2.1.3], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%201.44.8 1.44.8]. It is likely that Pindar already described this version of the origin of the games (in a fragment of the Isthian odes). For more information, see E.R. Gebhard & M.W. Dickie, ''[http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/isthmia/publications/hero/hero.html Melikertes-Palaimon, Hero of the Isthmian Games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310005240/http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/isthmia/publications/hero/hero.html |date=2007-03-10 }} Error in webarchive template: Check <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;url=</code> value. Empty.
-[[Kategori:Galat templat Webarchive]]''.</ref><ref>“… the Isthmia lament Melicertes …” (… Μελικέρτην ὀδύρεται τὰ Ἴσθμια …: [//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Eusebius Eusebius], ''[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Preparation_for_the_Gospel Preparation for the Gospel]'' [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_02_book2.htm 2.6] (= Clemens, ''Protrepticus'' 2.34.1).</ref> Pada zaman Romawi, Melikertes dipuja di wilayah tersebut.<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus%2e+2%2e1%2e3 2.1.3], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.2.1 2.2.1].</ref>
+''.</ref><ref>“… the Isthmia lament Melicertes …” (… Μελικέρτην ὀδύρεται τὰ Ἴσθμια …: [//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Eusebius Eusebius], ''[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Preparation_for_the_Gospel Preparation for the Gospel]'' [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_02_book2.htm 2.6] (= Clemens, ''Protrepticus'' 2.34.1).</ref> Pada zaman Romawi, Melikertes dipuja di wilayah tersebut.<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus%2e+2%2e1%2e3 2.1.3], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.2.1 2.2.1].</ref>
-[[Theseus]], raja legendaris [[Sejarah Athena|Athena]], memperluas permainan pemakaman Melikertes dari ritus malam  tertutup menjadi acara olah raga atletik lengkap yang didedikasikan untuk [[Poseidon]], terbuka untuk semua orang Yunani, dan berada pada tingkat yang cocok untuk kemajuan dan popularitas untuk menyaingi mereka di  [[Olimpiade|Olimpia]], yang didirikan oleh [[Herakles]].<ref>[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Plutarch Plutarch], ''Life of Theseus'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plut.%20thes.%2025 25.4–5].</ref> Theseus diatur dengan Korintus untuk setiap pengunjung Athena ke gim Isthmia untuk diberikan hak istimewa kursi depan (''prohedria'', [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] προεδρία).<ref>Plutarch, ''Life of Theseus'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plut.%20thes.%2025 25.4–5].</ref> Versi lain menyatakan bahwa Kypselos, tiran Korintus pada abad ke-7 SM, kembali ke Olimpiade kemegahan lama mereka.<ref>[http://www.cubicao.tk/theory/cuberepresentation.html] Error in webarchive template: Check <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;url=</code> value. Empty.
+[[Theseus]], raja legendaris [[Sejarah Athena|Athena]], memperluas permainan pemakaman Melikertes dari ritus malam tertutup menjadi acara olahraga atletik lengkap yang didedikasikan untuk [[Poseidon]], terbuka untuk semua orang Yunani, dan berada pada tingkat yang cocok untuk kemajuan dan popularitas untuk menyaingi mereka di [[Olimpiade|Olimpia]], yang didirikan oleh [[Herakles]].<ref>[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Plutarch Plutarch], ''Life of Theseus'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plut.%20thes.%2025 25.4–5].</ref> Theseus diatur dengan Korintus untuk setiap pengunjung Athena ke gim Isthmia untuk diberikan hak istimewa kursi depan (''prohedria'', [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] προεδρία).<ref>Plutarch, ''Life of Theseus'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plut.%20thes.%2025 25.4–5].</ref> Versi lain menyatakan bahwa Kypselos, tiran Korintus pada abad ke-7 SM, kembali ke Olimpiade kemegahan lama mereka.<ref>[http://www.cubicao.tk/theory/cuberepresentation.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601214258/http://www.cubicao.tk/theory/cuberepresentation.html |date=2007-06-01 }} Error in webarchive template: Check <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;url=</code> value. Empty.</ref><ref>[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Solinus Solinus], ''Wonders of the World'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/solinus5.html 7.14].</ref>
-[[Kategori:Galat templat Webarchive]]</ref><ref>[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Solinus Solinus], ''Wonders of the World'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/solinus5.html 7.14].</ref>
 Jika kita menerima tanggal tradisional dari Pertandingan Olimpiade pertama (776 SM), kita dapat mengatakan bahwa Pertandingan Isthmia pertama diadakan pada tahun 582 SM.<ref>According to Solinus, the Isthmian Games were constituted in the 49th [//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Olympiad Olympiad] ([//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Solinus Solinus], ''Wonders of the World'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/solinus5.html 7.14]). The 49th Olympiad began in 584 BC. The Olympic Games took place in [http://www.friesian.com/apology.htm#note-1 July/August]; the Isthmian Games in April/May of the second year of the Olympiad. The second year of the 49th Olympiad was from July/August 583 to July/August 582 BC. The date 582 BC is accepted by historically-derived documents, for instance, ''[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Der_neue_Pauly Der neue Pauly]'' (under ''Isthmia'').</ref>
 Setidaknya sampai abad ke-5 SM (masa [[Pindaros]]) pemenang pertandingan Isthmia menerima karangan bunga seledri;<ref>[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Ancient_Greek Ancient Greek] σέλινον: [//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Pindar Pindar], Isthmian Odes [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Pind.+I.+2 2.16], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Pind.+I.+8 8.64].</ref> kemudian, karangan bunga diubah sedemikian rupa sehingga terdiri dari daun [[Tusam|pinus]].<ref>“At the Isthmus the pine, and at Nemea celery became the prize to commemorate the sufferings of Palaemon and Archemorus.” ([//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer) Pausanias], ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%208.48 8.48.2]).</ref><ref>“As he was marching up an ascent, from the top of which they expected to have a view of the army and of the strength of the enemy, there met him by chance a train of mules loaded with parsley; which his soldiers conceived to be an ominous occurrence or ill-boding token, because this is the herb with which we not infrequently adorn the sepulchres of the dead; and there is a proverb derived from the custom, used of one who is dangerously sick, that he has need of nothing but parsley. So to ease their minds, and free them from any superstitious thoughts or forebodings of evil, Timoleon halted, and concluded an address suitable to the occasion, by saying, that a garland of triumph was here luckily brought them, and had fallen into their hands of its own accord, as an anticipation of victory: the same with which the Corinthians crown the victors in the Isthmian games, accounting chaplets of parsley the sacred wreath proper to their country; parsley being at that time still the emblem of victory at the Isthmian, as it is now at the Nemean sports; and it is not so very long ago that the pine first began to be used in its place.” “26.
-(1.)   Ἀναβαίνοντι δ’ αὐτῷ πρὸς λόφον, ὃν ὑπερβαλόντες ἔμελλον κατ‑
+(1.) Ἀναβαίνοντι δ’ αὐτῷ πρὸς λόφον, ὃν ὑπερβαλόντες ἔμελλον κατ‑
 όψεσθαι τὸ στράτευμα καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῶν πολεμίων, ἐμβάλλουσιν ἡμίονοι
 (2.) σέλινα κομίζοντες, καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις εἰσῆλθε πονηρὸν εἶναι τὸ ση‑
@@ Baris 34: / Baris 33: @@
 Κορίνθιοι στεφανοῦσι τοὺς Ἴσθμια νικῶντας, ἱερὸν καὶ πάτριον στέμμα (5)
 (4.) <τὸ> τοῦ σελίνου νομίζοντες. ἔτι γὰρ τότε τῶν Ἰσθμίων, ὥσπερ νῦν τῶν
-(5.) Νεμείων, τὸ σέλινον ἦν στέφανος, οὐ πάλαι δ’ ἡ πίτυς γέγονεν.}}” (Plutarch, ''[http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/timoleon.html Life of Timoleon]'').</ref><ref>'''Todo:''' Oscar Broneer, ‘The Isthmian victory crown’, ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 66 (1962), pp.259–263.</ref> Para pemenang juga bisa dihormati dengan patung<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.1.7 2.1.7]. None of the statues have survived.</ref> atau [[Pindaros|ode]]. Di samping hadiah kehormatan ini, kota Athena memberikan kemenangan kepada orang-orang Athena dengan tambahan 100 [[Drakhma]].<ref>From [//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Solon Solon] (638–558 BC) onwards, for he laid it down that “the victor in the Isthmian games was to be paid a hundred drachmas, and the Olympic victor five hundred” (Plutarch, ''Live of Solon'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plut.%20sol.%2023.3 23.3]). According to [//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius Diogenes Laertius], Solon “''diminished'' the honours paid to Athletes who were victorious in the games, fixing the prize for a victor at Olympia at five hundred drachmae, and for one who conquered at the Isthmian games at one hundred” (Diogenes Laertius, ''Lives of Philosophers'' 1.55: ''[http://www.classicpersuasion.org/pw/diogenes/dlsolon.htm Solon]''; [http://www.mikrosapoplous.gr/dl/dl01.html#solon Greek]). For comparison: the daily wage for a skilled worked was approximately 1 drachma. Victors in the Isthmian games were not included in those athletes that were entitled to free meals in the [Prytaneion] ([http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=134 IG I<sup>3</sup> 131]).</ref>
+(5.) Νεμείων, τὸ σέλινον ἦν στέφανος, οὐ πάλαι δ’ ἡ πίτυς γέγονεν.}}” (Plutarch, ''[http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/timoleon.html Life of Timoleon]'').</ref><ref>'''Todo:''' Oscar Broneer, ‘The Isthmian victory crown’, ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 66 (1962), pp.259–263.</ref> Para pemenang juga bisa dihormati dengan patung<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.1.7 2.1.7]. None of the statues have survived.</ref> atau [[Pindaros|ode]]. Di samping hadiah kehormatan ini, kota Athena memberikan kemenangan kepada orang-orang Athena dengan tambahan 100 [[Drakhma]].<ref>From [//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Solon Solon] (638–558 BC) onwards, for he laid it down that “the victor in the Isthmian games was to be paid a hundred drachmas, and the Olympic victor five hundred” (Plutarch, ''Live of Solon'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plut.%20sol.%2023.3 23.3]). According to [//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius Diogenes Laertius], Solon “''diminished'' the honours paid to Athletes who were victorious in the games, fixing the prize for a victor at Olympia at five hundred drachmae, and for one who conquered at the Isthmian games at one hundred” (Diogenes Laertius, ''Lives of Philosophers'' 1.55: ''[http://www.classicpersuasion.org/pw/diogenes/dlsolon.htm Solon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902180509/http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/diogenes/dlsolon.htm |date=2010-09-02 }}''; [http://www.mikrosapoplous.gr/dl/dl01.html#solon Greek]). For comparison: the daily wage for a skilled worked was approximately 1 drachma. Victors in the Isthmian games were not included in those athletes that were entitled to free meals in the [Prytaneion] ([http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=134 IG I<sup>3</sup> 131]).</ref>
 == Sejarah ==
@@ Baris 40: / Baris 39: @@
 Dari tahun 228 SM atau 229 SM seterusnya orang-orang Romawi diizinkan untuk mengambil bagian dalam permainan.<ref>Polybius, ''Histories'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plb.%202.12 2.12.8].</ref>
-Pertandingan pada tahun 196 SM digunakan oleh [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus]] untuk mendeklarasikan kebebasan negara-negara Yunani dari hegemoni [[Makedonia (kerajaan kuno)|Makedonia]].<ref>[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Polybius Polybius], ''Histories'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Aid%3Db18c46 18.46].</ref> Bandingkan catatan [[Appianos]] :
+Pertandingan pada tahun 196 SM digunakan oleh [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus]] untuk mendeklarasikan kebebasan negara-negara Yunani dari hegemoni [[Makedonia (kerajaan kuno)|Makedonia]].<ref>[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Polybius Polybius], ''Histories'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Aid%3Db18c46 18.46].</ref> Bandingkan catatan [[Appianos]]: {{quote|Ketika dia mengatur hal-hal ini dengan mereka, dia pergi ke pertandingan Isthmia, dan, stadion penuh dengan orang-orang, dia memerintahkan diam dengan terompet dan mengarahkan pemberita untuk memproklamasikan ini, "Bangsa Romawi dan Senat, dan Flamininus, jenderal mereka, setelah menaklukkan orang Makedonia dan Filipus, raja mereka, memerintahkan agar Yunani bebas dari garnisun asing, tidak tunduk pada penghormatan, dan akan hidup di bawah adat istiadat dan hukumnya sendiri."
+Setelah itu ada teriakan dan kegembiraan yang luar biasa dan adegan riuh kegirangan; dan kelompok-kelompok di sana-sini memanggil kembali bentara agar dia bisa mengulangi kata-katanya untuk mereka. Mereka melemparkan mahkota dan fillet ke jendral dan memilih patung-patung untuknya di kota-kota mereka. Mereka mengirim duta besar dengan mahkota emas ke ibukota di Roma untuk mengucapkan terima kasih, dan menyebut diri mereka sebagai sekutu orang-orang Romawi. Begitulah akhir perang kedua antara Romawi dan Filipus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Appian, Roman History|url=http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_macedonia2.html|publisher=livius.org|access-date=2018-12-18|archive-date=2008-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026082543/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_macedonia2.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}}
-Sejak awal permainan, Korintus selalu mengendalikan mereka. Ketika [[Korintus|Korintus dihancurkan]] oleh [[Republik Romawi|Romawi]] pada tahun 146 SM, pertandingan Isthmia berlanjut,<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.2.2 2.2.1].</ref> tetapi sekarang dikelola oleh [[Sikyon]]. Korintus dibangun kembali oleh Kaisar pada tahun 44 SM.<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 2.1.2.</ref> Korintus memulihkan kepemilikan dari Pertandingan pada suatu saat antara tahun 7 SM dan 3 M.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Pertandingan Isthmia kemudian berkembang sampai Theodosius I menekan mereka sebagai ritual [[Paganisme|pagan]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
+Sejak awal permainan, Korintus selalu mengendalikan mereka. Ketika [[Korintus|Korintus dihancurkan]] oleh [[Republik Romawi|Romawi]] pada tahun 146 SM, pertandingan Isthmia berlanjut,<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.2.2 2.2.1].</ref> tetapi sekarang dikelola oleh [[Sikyon]]. Korintus dibangun kembali oleh Kaisar pada tahun 44 SM.<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 2.1.2.</ref> Korintus memulihkan kepemilikan dari Pertandingan pada suatu saat antara tahun 7 SM dan 3 M. Pertandingan Isthmia kemudian berkembang sampai [[Theodosius I]] menekan mereka sebagai ritual [[Paganisme|pagan]].
 == Kontes ==
 Sebanding dengan Olimpiade. Di antara kompetisi lainnya adalah:<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%205.2 5.2.4].</ref>
-* [[Balap kereta perang|Balap kereta]], hanya untuk pria<br />
+* [[Balap kereta perang|Balap kereta]], hanya untuk pria
-* Pankration, hanya untuk pria
+* [[Pankration]], hanya untuk pria
 * [[Gulat]], hanya untuk pria
-* [[Acara bakat|Kontes musik dan puisi]], di mana wanita diizinkan untuk berpartisipasi.<ref>Aristomache, a poetess from Erythraea, had won the prize at the Isthmian Games: … ὡς ἐν τῷ Σικυωνίων θησαυρῷ χρυσοῦν ἀνέκειτο βιβλίον Ἀριστομάχης ἀνάθημα τῆς Ἐρυθραίας ἐπικῷ … ποιήματι δὶς Ἴσθμια νενικηκυίας (Plutarch, ''Symposiacs/Quaestiones convivales'' 675b7–10 [http://www.litfix.co.uk/plutarch/symposiacs/chapter5.html#section50 5.2] Error in webarchive template: Check <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;url=</code> value. Empty.
+* [[Acara bakat|Kontes musik dan puisi]], di mana wanita diizinkan untuk berpartisipasi.<ref>Aristomache, a poetess from Erythraea, had won the prize at the Isthmian Games: … ὡς ἐν τῷ Σικυωνίων θησαυρῷ χρυσοῦν ἀνέκειτο βιβλίον Ἀριστομάχης ἀνάθημα τῆς Ἐρυθραίας ἐπικῷ … ποιήματι δὶς Ἴσθμια νενικηκυίας (Plutarch, ''Symposiacs/Quaestiones convivales'' 675b7–10 [http://www.litfix.co.uk/plutarch/symposiacs/chapter5.html#section50 5.2] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105131139/http://www.litfix.co.uk/plutarch/symposiacs/chapter5.html |date=2016-01-05 }}).</ref>
-[[Kategori:Galat templat Webarchive]]
-).</ref>
 * [[Tinju]],<ref>1 Corinthians 9:26</ref> hanya untuk pria
 == Pemenangan terkenal ==
-Pada tahun 216 SM, Kleitomachos dari Thiva memenangkan gulat, tinju dan pankration pada hari yang sama.<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Paus.+6.15.3 6.15.3].</ref>
+Pada tahun 216 SM, [[Kleitomachos|Kleitomachos dari Thiva]] memenangkan gulat, tinju dan pankration pada hari yang sama.<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Paus.+6.15.3 6.15.3].</ref>
 == Gencatan senjata Isthmia ==
-Sebelum Pertandingan dimulai, gencatan senjata dinyatakan oleh Korintus untuk memberi jalan yang aman kepada para atlet melalui Yunani.<ref>”ἐς ὃ Ἰσθμικὰς σπονδὰς Κορινθίων ἐπαγγειλάντων” (Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%205.2 5.2.1]).</ref> Pada tahun 412 SM, meskipun Athena dan Korintus sedang berperang, rakyat Athena diundang ke pertandingan seperti biasa.<ref>[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Thucydides Thucydides], ''[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War History of the Peloponnesian War]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=thuc.%208.10 8.10].</ref>
+Sebelum Pertandingan dimulai, gencatan senjata dinyatakan oleh Korintus untuk memberi jalan yang aman kepada para atlet melalui Yunani.<ref>”ἐς ὃ Ἰσθμικὰς σπονδὰς Κορινθίων ἐπαγγειλάντων” (Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%205.2 5.2.1]).</ref> Pada tahun 412 SM, meskipun Athena dan Korintus sedang berperang, rakyat Athena diundang ke pertandingan seperti biasa.<ref>[[Thucydides]], ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=thuc.%208.10 8.10].</ref>
 == Lihat pula ==
+* [[Kuil Isthmia|Kuil Poseidon di Isthmia]]
-* The Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia
-* Category:Ancient Isthmian athletes
 == Catatan ==
@@ Baris 70: / Baris 67: @@
 == Pranala luar ==
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070203212145/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104a/e211da07.html The '''Sanctuary''' of Poseidon] at the [http://www.culture.gr Hellenic Ministry of Culture].
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070203212238/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104m/e211dm06.html Archaeological '''Museum''' of Isthmia].
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070204112158/http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/isthmia/isthmia.html University of Chicago '''Excavations''' at Isthmia].
 * Perseus Site Catalog: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0042&query=Isthmia Isthmia].
-* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Games, Classical|volume=11|pages=443–446|first=Francis|last=Storr|short=1}}
+* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Games, Classical |volume=11 |pages=443–446 |first=Francis |last=Storr |short=1}}
+{{Authority control}}
+[[Kategori:Galat templat Webarchive]]
+[[Kategori:Pertandingan Panhellenik]]
+[[Kategori:Festival di Yunani kuno]]
+[[Kategori:Korinthia kuno]]