Publikasi ilmiah: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Publikasi ilmiah''' adalah sistem [[publikasi]] yang dilakukan berdasarkan [[peer review]] dalam rangka untuk mencapai tingkat [[obyektivitas]] setinggi mungkin. "Sistem" ini, bervariasi tergantung bidang masing-masing, dan selalu berubah, meskipun |
'''Publikasi ilmiah''' adalah sistem [[publikasi]] yang dilakukan berdasarkan [[peer review]] dalam rangka untuk mencapai tingkat [[obyektivitas]] setinggi mungkin. "Sistem" ini, bervariasi tergantung bidang masing-masing, dan selalu berubah, meskipun sering kali secara perlahan. Sebagian besar karya akademis diterbitkan dalam [[jurnal ilmiah]] atau dalam bentuk [[buku]]. |
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Sebagian besar bidang akademik yang telah mapan memiliki jurnal dan bentuk publikasi tersendiri, meskipun banyak pula terdapat jurnal akademik yang bersifat interdisipliner (antar cabang) dan mempublikasikan karya dari beberapa bidang yang berbeda. Jenis-jenis publikasi yang dapat diterima sebagai kontribusi terhadap bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan penelitian sangat bervariasi di antara berbagai bidang. |
Sebagian besar bidang akademik yang telah mapan memiliki jurnal dan bentuk publikasi tersendiri, meskipun banyak pula terdapat jurnal akademik yang bersifat interdisipliner (antar cabang) dan mempublikasikan karya dari beberapa bidang yang berbeda. Jenis-jenis publikasi yang dapat diterima sebagai kontribusi terhadap bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan penelitian sangat bervariasi di antara berbagai bidang. |
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== Artikel akademis == |
== Artikel akademis == |
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Dalam |
Dalam publikasi ilmiah, sebuah artikel (karangan) adalah sebuah karya akademis yang umumnya diterbitkan dalam suatu [[jurnal ilmiah]]. Artikel ini dapat berisi hasil penelitian orisinil atau berupa telaah dari hasil-hasil yang telah ada sebelumnya. Artikel seperti ini baru dapat dianggap valid setelah melalui proses [[peer review]] oleh satu atau beberapa pemeriksa (yang juga merupakan akademisi di bidang yang sama) dalam rangka untuk memeriksa isi artikel apakah telah sesuai untuk dipublikasikan di jurnal. Sebuah artikel dapat mengalami beberapa kali pemeriksaan dan revisi, sebelum akhirnya dapat diterima untuk publikasi. Hal ini dapat berlangsung hingga beberapa tahun, khususnya untuk jurnal penerbitan yang sangat populer. |
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===Humanities=== |
===Humanities=== |
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Publishing in the [[humanities]] is in principle similar to publishing elsewhere in the academy; a range of journals, from general to extremely specialized, are available, and [[university press]]es print many new humanities books every year. |
Publishing in the [[humanities]] is in principle similar to publishing elsewhere in the academy; a range of journals, from general to extremely specialized, are available, and [[university press]]es print many new humanities books every year. |
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However, scholarly publishing requirements in the [[humanities]] (as well as some [[social sciences]]) are currently a subject of significant controversy within the [[academy]]. In many fields, such as [[literature]] and [[history]], several published articles are typically required for a first [[tenure-track]] job, and a published or forthcoming ''book'' is now often required before [[tenure]]. Some critics complain that this ''de facto'' system has emerged without thought to its consequences; they claim that the predictable result is the publication of much shoddy work, as well as unreasonable demands on the already limited research time of young scholars. To make matters worse, the circulation of many humanities journals in the [[1990s]] declined to almost untenable levels, as many libraries cancelled subscriptions, leaving fewer and fewer peer-reviewed outlets for publication; and many humanities professors' first books sell only a few hundred copies, which often does not pay for the cost of their printing. Some scholars have called for a [[publication subvention]] of a few thousand dollars to be associated with each [[graduate student]] [[fellowship]] or new [[tenure-track]] hire, in order to alleviate the financial pressure on journals. |
However, scholarly publishing requirements in the [[humanities]] (as well as some [[social sciences]]) are currently a subject of significant controversy within the [[academy]]. In many fields, such as [[literature]] and [[history]], several published articles are typically required for a first [[tenure-track]] job, and a published or forthcoming ''book'' is now often required before [[tenure]]. Some critics complain that this ''de facto'' system has emerged without thought to its consequences; they claim that the predictable result is the publication of much shoddy work, as well as unreasonable demands on the already limited research time of young scholars. To make matters worse, the circulation of many humanities journals in the [[1990s]] declined to almost untenable levels, as many libraries cancelled subscriptions, leaving fewer and fewer peer-reviewed outlets for publication; and many humanities professors' first books sell only a few hundred copies, which often does not pay for the cost of their printing. Some scholars have called for a [[publication subvention]] of a few thousand dollars to be associated with each [[graduate student]] [[fellowship]] or new [[tenure-track]] hire, in order to alleviate the financial pressure on journals. |
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==Current status and development== |
==Current status and development== |
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Research journals have been so successful that the number of journals and of papers has proliferated over the past few decades, and the credo of the modern academic has become "publish or perish". Except for generalist journals like ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' or ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', the topics covered in any single journal have tended to narrow, and readership and citation have declined. A variety of methods reviewing submissions exist. The most common involves initial approval by the journal, [[peer review]] by two or three researchers working in similar or closely related subjects who recommend approval or rejection as well as request error correction, clarification or additions before publishing. Controversial topics may receive additional levels of review. Journals have developed a hierarchy, partly based on reputation but also on the strictness of the review policy. More prestigious journals are more likely to receive and publish more important work. Submitters try to submit their work to the most prestigious journal likely to publish it to bolster their reputation and [[curriculum vitae]]. A quantitative (and not uncontroversial) measure of the prestige or importance of a journal is its [[Impact Factor|impact factor]], which is increasingly used as a criterion for promotion and in the awarding of tenure. |
Research journals have been so successful that the number of journals and of papers has proliferated over the past few decades, and the credo of the modern academic has become "publish or perish". Except for generalist journals like ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' or ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', the topics covered in any single journal have tended to narrow, and readership and citation have declined. A variety of methods reviewing submissions exist. The most common involves initial approval by the journal, [[peer review]] by two or three researchers working in similar or closely related subjects who recommend approval or rejection as well as request error correction, clarification or additions before publishing. Controversial topics may receive additional levels of review. Journals have developed a hierarchy, partly based on reputation but also on the strictness of the review policy. More prestigious journals are more likely to receive and publish more important work. Submitters try to submit their work to the most prestigious journal likely to publish it to bolster their reputation and [[curriculum vitae]]. A quantitative (and not uncontroversial) measure of the prestige or importance of a journal is its [[Impact Factor|impact factor]], which is increasingly used as a criterion for promotion and in the awarding of tenure. |
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[[Andrew Odlyzko]], an academician with a large number of published research papers, has argued that research journals will evolve into something akin to [[Internet]] forums over the coming decade, by extending the interactivity of current Internet [[preprint]]s. This change may open them up to a wider range of ideas, some more developed than others. Whether this will be a positive evolution remains to be seen. Some claim that forums, like markets, tend to thrive or fail based on their ability to attract talent. Some believe that highly restrictive and tightly monitored forums may be the least likely to thrive. |
[[Andrew Odlyzko]], an academician with a large number of published research papers, has argued that research journals will evolve into something akin to [[Internet]] forums over the coming decade, by extending the interactivity of current Internet [[preprint]]s. This change may open them up to a wider range of ideas, some more developed than others. Whether this will be a positive evolution remains to be seen. Some claim that forums, like markets, tend to thrive or fail based on their ability to attract talent. Some believe that highly restrictive and tightly monitored forums may be the least likely to thrive. |
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== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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* ''[[New Scientist]]'', [[30 August]] 2005, [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7915 "Most scientific papers are probably wrong"] |
* ''[[New Scientist]]'', [[30 August]] 2005, [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7915 "Most scientific papers are probably wrong"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919062923/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7915 |date=2008-09-19 }} |
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* [https://www.forumpenaguru.com/p/publikasi-ilmiah.html Publikasi Ilmiah] |
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* [http://www.plos.org/ Public Library of Science] |
* [http://www.plos.org/ Public Library of Science] |
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[[Kategori:Pendidikan]] |
[[Kategori:Pendidikan]] |
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[[Kategori:Ilmu]] |
[[Kategori:Ilmu]] |
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[[en:Academic publishing]] |
[[en:Academic publishing]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 30 Desember 2021 23.09
Publikasi ilmiah adalah sistem publikasi yang dilakukan berdasarkan peer review dalam rangka untuk mencapai tingkat obyektivitas setinggi mungkin. "Sistem" ini, bervariasi tergantung bidang masing-masing, dan selalu berubah, meskipun sering kali secara perlahan. Sebagian besar karya akademis diterbitkan dalam jurnal ilmiah atau dalam bentuk buku.
Sebagian besar bidang akademik yang telah mapan memiliki jurnal dan bentuk publikasi tersendiri, meskipun banyak pula terdapat jurnal akademik yang bersifat interdisipliner (antar cabang) dan mempublikasikan karya dari beberapa bidang yang berbeda. Jenis-jenis publikasi yang dapat diterima sebagai kontribusi terhadap bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan penelitian sangat bervariasi di antara berbagai bidang.
Publikasi ilmiah saat ini sedang mengalami perubahan yang besar, yang muncul akibat transisi dari format penerbitan cetak ke arah format elektronik, yang memiliki model bisnis berbeda dengan pola sebelumnya. Tren umum yang berjalan sekarang, akses terhadap jurnal ilmiah secara elektronik disediakan secara terbuka. Hal ini berarti semakin banyak publikasi ilmiah yang dapat diakses secara gratis melalui internet, baik yang disediakan oleh pihak penerbit jurnal, maupun yang disediakan oleh para penulis artikel jurnal itu sendiri.
Sejarah[sunting | sunting sumber]
Salah satu jurnal ilmiah yang dianggap paling awal antara lain adalah Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society pada abad ke-17. Pada masa itu, menerbitkan hasil penelitian dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang kontroversial. Seringkali penemuan baru diumumkan dengan menggunakan bentuk anagram, yang membuat orang lain tidak mengerti apa yang diumumkan, namun sebenarnya anagram tersebut mengandung arti yang menjelaskan penemuan baru tersebut, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai klaim bahwa si pengumumlah yang pertama kali menemukan hasil tersebut.
Artikel akademis[sunting | sunting sumber]
Dalam publikasi ilmiah, sebuah artikel (karangan) adalah sebuah karya akademis yang umumnya diterbitkan dalam suatu jurnal ilmiah. Artikel ini dapat berisi hasil penelitian orisinil atau berupa telaah dari hasil-hasil yang telah ada sebelumnya. Artikel seperti ini baru dapat dianggap valid setelah melalui proses peer review oleh satu atau beberapa pemeriksa (yang juga merupakan akademisi di bidang yang sama) dalam rangka untuk memeriksa isi artikel apakah telah sesuai untuk dipublikasikan di jurnal. Sebuah artikel dapat mengalami beberapa kali pemeriksaan dan revisi, sebelum akhirnya dapat diterima untuk publikasi. Hal ini dapat berlangsung hingga beberapa tahun, khususnya untuk jurnal penerbitan yang sangat populer.
Sumber[sunting | sunting sumber]
- William Germano. Getting It Published: A Guide for Scholars and Anyone Else Serious About Serious Books. ISBN 0-226-28844-7.
- John A. Goldsmith et al. "Teaching and Research" in The Chicago Guide to Your Academic Career. ISBN 0-226-30151-6.
- Cary Nelson and Stephen Watt. "Scholarly Books" and "Peer Review" in Academic Keywords: A Devil's Dictionary for Higher Education. ISBN 0-415-92203-8.
Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]
Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]
- New Scientist, 30 August 2005, "Most scientific papers are probably wrong" Diarsipkan 2008-09-19 di Wayback Machine.
- "Tips for writing a scientific paper" Diarsipkan 2006-05-14 di Wayback Machine.
- Public Library of Science
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