Lompat ke isi

Sicherheitsdienst

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
SD
Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers-SS
SD sleeve insignia.
SD adalah sebuah cabang dari SS.

Personel SD di Polandia
Informasi lembaga
Dibentuk1932
Nomenklatur lembaga sebelumnya
  • Ic-Dienst 1931
Dibubarkan8 Mei 1945
JenisPelayanan Intelijensi
Wilayah hukum Jerman Nazi
Wilayah di Eropa yang diduduki
Kantor pusatPrinz-Albrecht-Straße, Berlin
Pegawai6,482 sekitar Februari 1944[1]
Menteri
Pejabat eksekutif
Lembaga induk Allgemeine SS
RSHA

Sicherheitsdienst (bahasa Jerman: Dinas Keamanan), nama lengkap Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers-SS, atau SD, adalah badan intelijen dari SS dan Partai Nazi di Jerman Nazi. Organisasi tersebut adalah organisasi intelijen Partai Nazi pertama yang didirikan dan dijadikan sebagai organisasi bersaudara dari Gestapo. Antara 1933 dan 1939, SD dijadikan sebagai pusat SS independen, setelah organisasi tersebut dipindahkan ke Pusat Keamanan Utama Reich (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, atau RSHA), sebagai salah satu dari tujuh departemen/pusat-nya.[2]

Setelah kekalahan Jerman pada Perang Dunia II, SD dideklarasikan sebagai sebuah organisasi kejahatan di Pengadilan Nuremberg, bersama dengan Reich Security Main Office yang dipimpin oleh Reinhard Heydrich (termasuk Gestapo) baik secara individual dan sebagai cabang dari SS dalam kolektif.[3] Pengganti Heydrich, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, dikenai hukuman mati karena kejahatan perang di Pengadilan Nuremberg dan digantung pada 1946.[4]

SD adalah salah satu organisasi keamanan tertua dari SS dan pertama kali dibentuk pada 1931 dengan nama Ic-Dienst

Paspor Jerman yang dikeluarkan oleh SD di Norwegia, Maret 1945.

Organisasi

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pada 1933, organisasi tersebut dikenal sebagai SS SD-Amt dan pada 1934, menjadi organisasi keamanan resmi di Partai Nazi.

Lihat pula

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ Robert Gellately. The Gestapo and German Society. Diakses tanggal 2009-06-02. 
  2. ^ McNab, Chris. The SS: 1923–1945, p. 41.
  3. ^ Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression (1946), pp. 91-102.
  4. ^ Weale (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS, pp. 410-411.

Referensi

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  • Beller, Steven. A Concise History of Austria. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-52147-886-1
  • Benz, Wolfgang. A Concise History of the Third Reich. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-52025-383-4
  • Blandford, Edmund L. SS Intelligence: The Nazi Secret Service. Edison, NJ: Castle, 2001. ISBN 978-0-78581-3-989
  • Bracher, Karl D. The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970. ISBN 978-1-12563-479-0
  • Browder, George C. Hitler's Enforcers: The Gestapo and the SS Security Service in the Nazi Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-19510-479-0
  • Browder, George C. Foundations of the Nazi Police State: The Formation of Sipo and SD. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8131-1697-X
  • Browning, Christopher R. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution : The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942. Comprehensive History of the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1327-1. 
  • Dams, Carsten, and Michael Stolle. The Gestapo: Power and Terror in the Third Reich. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-19966-921-9
  • Dederichs, Mario R. Heydrich: The Face of Evil. Newbury: Greenhill Books, 2006. ISBN 978-1-85367-803-5
  • Delarue, Jacques. The Gestapo: A History of Horror. New York: Skyhorse, 2008. ISBN 978-1-60239-246-5
  • Distel, Barbara, and Ruth Jakusch. Concentration Camp Dachau, 1933-1945. Munich: Comité International de Dachau, 1978. ISBN 978-3-87490-528-2
  • Doerries, Rienhard R., Hitler's Last Chief of Foreign Intelligence: Allied Interrogations of Walter Schellenberg, Frank Cass, 2007 [2003]. ISBN 978-0415449328
  • Fest, Joachim C. Hitler. Orlando, FL.: Harcourt, 2002. ISBN 978-0-15602-754-0
  • Frei, Norbert. National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Führer State, 1933-1945. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993. ISBN 978-0-63118-507-9
  • Fritz, Stephen G. Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2011. ISBN 978-0-81313-416-1
  • Gellately, Robert. The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy 1933-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-19820-297-4
  • Gerwarth, Robert (2011). Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11575-8. 
  • Höhne, Heinz. The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS. New York: Penguin Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-14139-012-3
  • Judgment of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg - declaring SD and Gestapo to be criminal organizations. See: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/judorg.asp#gestapo
  • Kater, Michael. The Nazi Party: A Social Profile of Members and Leaders, 1919-1945. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1983. ISBN 978-0-67460-655-5
  • Kershaw, Ian. Hitler: 1889-1936, Hubris. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 978-0-39332-035-0
  • Kershaw, Ian. Hitler: 1936-1945, Nemesis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001. ISBN 978-0-39304-994-7
  • Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6. 
  • Klemperer, Victor. Language of the Third Reich: LTI: Lingua Tertii Imperii. New York & London: Continuum, 2000. ISBN 978-0-82649-130-5
  • Koonz, Claudia. The Nazi Conscience. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-067401-842-6
  • Krausnick, Helmut, et al. Anatomy of the SS State. New York; Walker and Company, 1968. ISBN 978-0-00211-026-6
  • Kulva, Otto Dov. "Die Nürnberger Rassengesetze und die deutsche Bevölkerung im Lichte geheimer NS-Lage und Stimmungsberichte." Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 32 (1984): 582-624. Retrieved from: www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1984_4_4_kulka.pdf (accessed September 12, 2014)
  • Longerich, Peter (2011). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6. 
  • Longerich, Peter. Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-19960-073-1
  • Lumsden, Robin, A Collector's Guide To: The Allgemeine - SS, Ian Allan Publishing, Inc. 2002. ISBN 978-0-71102-905-7
  • Mayer, Arno. Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?: The “Final Solution” in History. London & New York: Verso Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84467-777-1
  • McNab, Chris. The SS: 1923–1945, Amber Books Ltd. 2009. ISBN 978-1-906626-49-5.
  • Müller, Rolf-Dieter. Hitlers Wehrmacht, 1935-1945. München: Oldenburg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2012. ISBN 978-3-48671-298-8
  • Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression (1946). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Persico, Joseph E. Piercing the Reich: The Penetration of Nazi Germany by American Secret Agents During World War II. New York: Viking Press, 1979. ISBN 0-670-55490-1.
  • Reitlinger, Gerald. The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922-1945. New York: Da Capo Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-30680-351-2
  • Rhodes, Richard. Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust. New York: Vintage, 2003. ISBN 978-0-37570-822-0
  • Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: MJF Books, 1990 [1959]. ISBN 978-0-83177-404-2
  • Spielvogel, Jackson J. Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History. New York: Prentice Hall, 2004. ISBN 978-0-13189-877-6
  • Weale, Adrian. Army of Evil: A History of the SS. New York: Caliber Printing, 2012. ISBN 978-0-45123-791-0
  • Weinberg, Gerhard L. Hitler’s Foreign Policy 1933-1939: The Road to World War II. New York: Enigma Books, 2005. ISBN 978-1-92963-191-9
  • Wheeler-Bennett, John. The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics, 1918-1945. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1954. ASIN B0007DL1S0
  • Wette, Wolfram. The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-674-02577-6
  • Williams, Max. Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography: Volume 1, Ulric Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-9537577-5-7.
  • Wright, Gordon. The Ordeal of Total War, 1939-1945. New York: Harper & Row, 1968. ISBN 978-0-06131-408-7
  • Ziegler, Herbert F. Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership, 1925-1939. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-69160-636-1

Templat:Organisasi SS Templat:Einsatzgruppen