Smirna: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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|official_name = |
|official_name = Smirna |
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|native_name = Σμύρνη |
|native_name = Σμύρνη |
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| latd =38 |latm =25 |lats =26 |latNS =N |
| latd =38 |latm =25 |lats =26 |latNS =N |
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|image_skyline = Izmir016.jpg |
|image_skyline = Izmir016.jpg |
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|imagesize = 280px |
|imagesize = 280px |
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|image_caption = Agora di |
|image_caption = Agora di Smirna (kolom-kolom di ''stoa'' sebelah barat) |
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|pushpin_map = Turkey |
|pushpin_map = Turkey |
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'''Smirna''' ({{lang-grc|Σμύρνη or Σμύρνα}}, Smyrna) adalah kota kuno yang terletak di bagian tengah dan strategis di pantai [[Laut Aegea]] dari wilayah [[Anatolia]]. Karena kondisi pelabuhan yang menguntungkan, mudahnya dipertahankan dan hubungan darat yang bagus, kota Smirna berkembang menjadi penting. Lokasinya sekarang ini terletak di dalam daerah kota modern [[İzmir]], [[Turki]]. |
'''Smirna''' ({{lang-grc|Σμύρνη or Σμύρνα}}, Smyrna) adalah kota kuno yang terletak di bagian tengah dan strategis di pantai [[Laut Aegea]] dari wilayah [[Anatolia]]. Karena kondisi pelabuhan yang menguntungkan, mudahnya dipertahankan dan hubungan darat yang bagus, kota Smirna berkembang menjadi penting. Lokasinya sekarang ini terletak di dalam daerah kota modern [[İzmir]], [[Turki]]. |
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Ada dua lokasi bekas kota ini. Yang bertama dibangun dan menjadi besar pada masa ''Archaic'' Yunani sebagai pemukiman kuno orang Yunani di bagian Anatolia barat. Yang kedua, landasannya dihubungkan dengan [[Aleksander Agung]], menjadi kota metropolitan pada masa [[Kekaisaran Romawi]]. Kebanyakan reruntuhan yang ditemukan sekarang ini berasal dari zaman Romawi, yaitu setelah gempa bumi |
Ada dua lokasi bekas kota ini. Yang bertama dibangun dan menjadi besar pada masa ''Archaic'' Yunani sebagai pemukiman kuno orang Yunani di bagian [[Anatolia]] barat. Yang kedua, landasannya dihubungkan dengan [[Aleksander Agung]], menjadi kota metropolitan pada masa [[Kekaisaran Romawi]]. Kebanyakan reruntuhan yang ditemukan sekarang ini berasal dari zaman Romawi, yaitu setelah gempa bumi pada [[abad ke-2]] M. |
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In practical terms, a distinction is often made between '''Old Smyrna''', the initial settlement founded around the 11th century BC, first as an [[Aeolians|Aeolian]] settlement, and later taken over and developed during the Archaic Period by the [[Ionians]], and '''Smyrna''' proper, the new city moved into from the older one as of the 4th century BC and whose foundation was inspired, and perhaps also initiated, by Alexander the Great. Old Smyrna was located on a small peninsula connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus at the northeastern corner of the inner [[Gulf of İzmir]], at the edge of a fertile plain and at the foot of [[Mount Yamanlar]] which had seen the earlier Anatolian settlement commanding the gulf. ''New'' Smyrna developed simultaneously on the slopes of the Mount [[Pagos]] ([[Kadifekale]] today) and alongside the coastal strait immediately below where a small bay existed until the 18th century. The core of the late [[Hellenistic]] and early [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Smyrna forms today the large area of '''İzmir Agora Open Air Museum''' at this site. Research is being pursued at the sites of both the old and the new cities in a continuous manner and in a regionalized structure, since 1997 for Old Smyrna and since 2002 for the Classical Period city, in collaboration between [[İzmir Archaeology Museum]] and the Metropolitan Municipality of İzmir.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/papers/antalya/114.pdf |title = The Agora of İzmir and Cultural Tourism|author=Eti Akyüz Levi, [[Dokuz Eylül University]]|publisher= [http://cipa.icomos.org The International Committee for Documentation of Cultural Heritage (CIPA)], 2003 [[Antalya]] Symposium|year=2003}} {{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref> |
In practical terms, a distinction is often made between '''Old Smyrna''', the initial settlement founded around the 11th century BC, first as an [[Aeolians|Aeolian]] settlement, and later taken over and developed during the Archaic Period by the [[Ionians]], and '''Smyrna''' proper, the new city moved into from the older one as of the 4th century BC and whose foundation was inspired, and perhaps also initiated, by Alexander the Great. Old Smyrna was located on a small peninsula connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus at the northeastern corner of the inner [[Gulf of İzmir]], at the edge of a fertile plain and at the foot of [[Mount Yamanlar]] which had seen the earlier Anatolian settlement commanding the gulf. ''New'' Smyrna developed simultaneously on the slopes of the Mount [[Pagos]] ([[Kadifekale]] today) and alongside the coastal strait immediately below where a small bay existed until the 18th century. The core of the late [[Hellenistic]] and early [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Smyrna forms today the large area of '''İzmir Agora Open Air Museum''' at this site. Research is being pursued at the sites of both the old and the new cities in a continuous manner and in a regionalized structure, since 1997 for Old Smyrna and since 2002 for the Classical Period city, in collaboration between [[İzmir Archaeology Museum]] and the Metropolitan Municipality of İzmir.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/papers/antalya/114.pdf |title = The Agora of İzmir and Cultural Tourism|author=Eti Akyüz Levi, [[Dokuz Eylül University]]|publisher= [http://cipa.icomos.org The International Committee for Documentation of Cultural Heritage (CIPA)], 2003 [[Antalya]] Symposium|year=2003}} {{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref> |
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== Etimologi == |
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Sejumlah penjelasan diberikan mengenai asal usul namanya. Salah satunya berhubungan dengan mitologi Yunani mengenai orang Amazon bernama "Σμύρνα" (Smyrna), yang juga merupakan nama satu bagian kota [[Efesus]], dan juga dikenali dalam bentuk "Myrina", kota di [[Aeolis]]. Prasasti dan mata uang yang ditemukan sering bertuliskan "Ζμύρνα" (''Zmurna''), "Ζμυρναῖος" (''Zmurnaios''), "dari Smyrna".<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*smu%2Frna Σμύρνα], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> Smirna juga merupakan kata Yunani kuno untuk [[mur]].<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheke]]'', iii.14.4 (Adonis), as quoted in Geoffrey Miles, ''Classical mythology in English literature: a critical anthology'' 1999:215.</ref><ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsmu%2Frna σμύρνα], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=start&lookup=smurn&lang=greek List of ancient Greek words starting with σμύρν-], on Perseus</ref> |
Sejumlah penjelasan diberikan mengenai asal usul namanya. Salah satunya berhubungan dengan [[mitologi Yunani]] mengenai orang Amazon bernama "Σμύρνα" (Smyrna), yang juga merupakan nama satu bagian kota [[Efesus]], dan juga dikenali dalam bentuk "Myrina", kota di [[Aeolis]]. Prasasti dan mata uang yang ditemukan sering bertuliskan "Ζμύρνα" (''Zmurna''), "Ζμυρναῖος" (''Zmurnaios''), "dari Smyrna".<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*smu%2Frna Σμύρνα], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> Smirna juga merupakan kata Yunani kuno untuk [[mur]].<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheke]]'', iii.14.4 (Adonis), as quoted in Geoffrey Miles, ''Classical mythology in English literature: a critical anthology'' 1999:215.</ref><ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsmu%2Frna σμύρνα], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=start&lookup=smurn&lang=greek List of ancient Greek words starting with σμύρν-], on Perseus</ref> |
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==Sejarah== |
== Sejarah == |
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===Third millennium to 687 BC=== |
===Third millennium to 687 BC=== |
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The region was settled at least as of the beginning of the third millennium [[Before Christ|BC]], or perhaps earlier, as the recent finds in [[Yeşilova Höyük]] suggests. It could have been a city of the autochthonous [[Leleges]] before the [[Greek people|Greek]] colonists started to settle along the coast of [[Asia Minor]] as of the beginning of the first millennium BC. Throughout antiquity Smyrna was a leading city-state of [[Ionia]], with influence over the Aegean shores and islands. Smyrna was also among the cities that claimed [[Homer]] as a resident.<ref>{{cite book|first=Charles |last=Gates|title=Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, and Rome}}</ref> |
The region was settled at least as of the beginning of the third millennium [[Before Christ|BC]], or perhaps earlier, as the recent finds in [[Yeşilova Höyük]] suggests. It could have been a city of the autochthonous [[Leleges]] before the [[Greek people|Greek]] colonists started to settle along the coast of [[Asia Minor]] as of the beginning of the first millennium BC. Throughout antiquity Smyrna was a leading city-state of [[Ionia]], with influence over the Aegean shores and islands. Smyrna was also among the cities that claimed [[Homer]] as a resident.<ref>{{cite book|first=Charles |last=Gates|title=Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, and Rome|year=2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientcitiesarc0000gate }}</ref> |
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The early [[Aeolians|Aeolian]] Greek settlers of [[Lesbos Island|Lesbos]] and [[Cyme (Aeolis)|Cyme]], expanding eastwards, occupied the valley of Smyrna. It was one of the confederacy of Aeolian city-states, marking the Aeolian frontier with the Ionian colonies. |
The early [[Aeolians|Aeolian]] Greek settlers of [[Lesbos Island|Lesbos]] and [[Cyme (Aeolis)|Cyme]], expanding eastwards, occupied the valley of Smyrna. It was one of the confederacy of Aeolian city-states, marking the Aeolian frontier with the Ionian colonies. |
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===Periode Lydia=== |
===Periode Lydia=== |
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[[Berkas:Map of Lydia ancient times.jpg|jmpl|Peta Smirna dan Kota-kota lain dalam [[Lydia|Kerajaan Lydia]].]] |
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When the Mermnad kings raised the Lydian power and aggressiveness, Smyrna was one of the first points of attack. [[Gyges of Lydia|Gyges]] (ca. 687—652 BC) was, however, defeated on the banks of the Hermus, the situation of the battlefield showing that the power of Smyrna extended far to the east. A strong fortress was built probably by the Smyrnaean Ionians to command the valley of Nymphi, the [[ruins]] of which are still imposing, on a hill in the pass between Smyrna and Nymphi. According to [[Theognis]] (c. 500 BC), it was pride that destroyed Smyrna. [[Mimnermus]] laments the degeneracy of the citizens of his day, who could no longer stem the Lydian advance. Finally, [[Alyattes II]] (609—560 BC) conquered the city and sacked it, and though Smyrna did not cease to exist, the Greek life and political unity were destroyed, and the ''[[polis]]'' was reorganized on the village system. Smyrna is mentioned in a fragment of Pindar and in an inscription of 388 BC, but its greatness was past. |
When the Mermnad kings raised the Lydian power and aggressiveness, Smyrna was one of the first points of attack. [[Gyges of Lydia|Gyges]] (ca. 687—652 BC) was, however, defeated on the banks of the Hermus, the situation of the battlefield showing that the power of Smyrna extended far to the east. A strong fortress was built probably by the Smyrnaean Ionians to command the valley of Nymphi, the [[ruins]] of which are still imposing, on a hill in the pass between Smyrna and Nymphi. According to [[Theognis]] (c. 500 BC), it was pride that destroyed Smyrna. [[Mimnermus]] laments the degeneracy of the citizens of his day, who could no longer stem the Lydian advance. Finally, [[Alyattes II]] (609—560 BC) conquered the city and sacked it, and though Smyrna did not cease to exist, the Greek life and political unity were destroyed, and the ''[[polis]]'' was reorganized on the village system. Smyrna is mentioned in a fragment of Pindar and in an inscription of 388 BC, but its greatness was past. |
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===Periode Yunani=== |
=== Periode Yunani === |
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[[Aleksander Agung]] mempunyai ilham untuk membangun kembali kota Yunani berdasarkan tata kota, yang menurut [[Strabo]], sebenarnya dikerjakan di bawah pemerintahan [[Antigonus]] (316—301 SM) dan Lysimachus (301 SM—281 SM), yang memperluas dan memperkuat kota ini. Reruntuhan pusat kota ("acropolis") yang disebut "crown of Smyrna" (mahkota Smirna), ada pada puncak terjal dengan ketinggian sekitar 1250 kaki, yang menjulang di bagian timur laut dari teluk. Kota modern İzmir dibangun di atas kota Yunani yang kemudian, sebagian di lereng bukit bundar yang oleh orang Yunani disebut ''Pagos'' (maknanya "bukit") dekat ujung tenggara dari teluk, sebagian lagi di tanah rendah di antara bukit dan lautan. Keindahan kota Yunani, bergerombol di tanah rendah dan naik lapis demi lapis di bagian bukit, |
[[Aleksander Agung]] mempunyai ilham untuk membangun kembali kota Yunani berdasarkan tata kota, yang menurut [[Strabo]], sebenarnya dikerjakan di bawah pemerintahan [[Antigonos I Monophthalmos|Antigonus]] (316—301 SM) dan Lysimachus (301 SM—281 SM), yang memperluas dan memperkuat kota ini. Reruntuhan pusat kota ("acropolis") yang disebut "crown of Smyrna" (mahkota Smirna), ada pada puncak terjal dengan ketinggian sekitar 1250 kaki, yang menjulang di bagian timur laut dari teluk. Kota modern İzmir dibangun di atas kota Yunani yang kemudian, sebagian di lereng bukit bundar yang oleh orang Yunani disebut ''Pagos'' (maknanya "bukit") dekat ujung tenggara dari teluk, sebagian lagi di tanah rendah di antara bukit dan lautan. Keindahan kota Yunani, bergerombol di tanah rendah dan naik lapis demi lapis di bagian bukit, sering kali dipuji pada zaman kuno dan diperingati dalam mata-mata uang. |
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Smyrna is shut in on the west by a hill now called Deirmen Tepe, with the ruins of a temple on the summit. The walls of Lysimachus crossed the summit of this hill, and the acropolis occupied the top of Pagus. Between the two the road from Ephesus entered the city by the Ephesian gate, near which was a gymnasium. Closer to the acropolis the outline of the stadium is still visible, and the theatre was situated on the north slopes of Pagus. Smyrna possessed two harbours. The outer harbour was simply the open roadstead of the gulf, and the inner was a small basin with a narrow entrance partially filled up by [[Tamerlane]] in 1402 [[AD]]. |
Smyrna is shut in on the west by a hill now called Deirmen Tepe, with the ruins of a temple on the summit. The walls of Lysimachus crossed the summit of this hill, and the acropolis occupied the top of Pagus. Between the two the road from Ephesus entered the city by the Ephesian gate, near which was a gymnasium. Closer to the acropolis the outline of the stadium is still visible, and the theatre was situated on the north slopes of Pagus. Smyrna possessed two harbours. The outer harbour was simply the open roadstead of the gulf, and the inner was a small basin with a narrow entrance partially filled up by [[Tamerlane]] in 1402 [[AD]]. |
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In 133 BC, when the last Attalid king Eumenes III died without an heir, his will conferred his entire kingdom, including Smyrna, to the Romans. They organized it into the Roman [[Asia (Roman province)|province of Asia]], making [[Pergamum]] the capital. Smyrna, however, as a major seaport, became a leading city in the newly constituted province. |
In 133 BC, when the last Attalid king Eumenes III died without an heir, his will conferred his entire kingdom, including Smyrna, to the Romans. They organized it into the Roman [[Asia (Roman province)|province of Asia]], making [[Pergamum]] the capital. Smyrna, however, as a major seaport, became a leading city in the newly constituted province. |
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===Zaman Romawi dan Byzantine=== |
=== Zaman Romawi dan Byzantine === |
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[[Berkas:Seven churches of asia.svg|jmpl|ka|150px|Peta ''[[Anatolia]] Barat'' (dahulu termasuk [[Asia Kecil]]) menunjukkan pulau [[Patmos]] dan tujuh kota yang disebutkan dalam Kitab Wahyu.]] |
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Sebagai salah satu kota Romawi penting di provinsi Asia,<ref name="Oxford:Smyrna">Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article ''Smyrna''</ref> Smirna bersaing dengan kota Efesus dan Pergamum untuk gelar "Kota Paling Utama di Asia." |
Sebagai salah satu kota [[Romawi Kuno|Romawi]] penting di provinsi Asia,<ref name="Oxford:Smyrna">Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article ''Smyrna''</ref> Smirna bersaing dengan kota [[Ephesos|Efesus]] dan Pergamum untuk gelar "Kota Paling Utama di Asia." |
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Sebuah gereja Kristen berdiri di sini sejak awal sekali, mungkin bertumbuh dari koloni orang Yahudi. Merupakan salah satu dari "tujuh jemaat di Asia" yang disebutkan namanya dalam [[Kitab Wahyu]].<ref>Wahyu 1:11 dan 2:8-11</ref> Santo [[Ignatius dari Antiokhia]] mengunjungi Smirna dan kemudian menulis surat-surat kepada uskupnya, [[Polikarpus]]. Gerombolan orang Yahudi dan Yunani menyebabkan Polikarpus mati syahid pada tahun 153 M.<ref name="Oxford:Smyrna"/> [[Ireneus]], yang pernah mendengarkan Polikarpus ketika masih kecil, |
Sebuah gereja Kristen berdiri di sini sejak awal sekali, mungkin bertumbuh dari koloni orang Yahudi. Merupakan salah satu dari "tujuh jemaat di Asia" yang disebutkan namanya dalam [[Kitab Wahyu]].<ref>Wahyu 1:11 dan 2:8-11</ref> Santo [[Ignatius dari Antiokhia]] mengunjungi Smirna dan kemudian menulis surat-surat kepada uskupnya, [[Polikarpus]]. Gerombolan orang Yahudi dan Yunani menyebabkan Polikarpus mati syahid pada tahun 153 M.<ref name="Oxford:Smyrna"/> [[Ireneus]], yang pernah mendengarkan Polikarpus ketika masih kecil, tampaknya berasal dari Smirna.<ref name="Oxford:Smyrna"/> Penduduk kota lain yang terkenal dan dari zaman yang sama adalah Aelius Aristides. |
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Polycrates melaporkan pergantian uskup-uskup termasuk Polikarpus dari Smryna, maupun yang lain di kota-kota terdekat misalnya Melito di Sardis. |
Polycrates melaporkan pergantian uskup-uskup termasuk Polikarpus dari Smryna, maupun yang lain di kota-kota terdekat misalnya Melito di Sardis. |
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Related to that time the German historian W. Bauer wrote: |
Related to that time the German historian W. Bauer wrote: |
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Greek influence was so strong in the area that the Turks called it "Smyrna of the infidels" (Gavur İzmir).<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=9T5HAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=%22smyrna+of+the+infidels%22&source=web&ots=mUB4vj3tAE&sig=FmjUbSEWd-nKmvub9Hky5Adgn2w&hl=en A Modern Crusade in the Turkish Empire]. Retrieved June 10, 2008.</ref> While Turkish sources track the emergence of the term to the 14th century when two separate parts of the city were controlled by two different powers, the upper İzmir being Muslim and the lower part of the city Christian.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}{{Clarify||This needs to be merged with previous paragraph which talks about Tamerlane in the 15th century. So this term is from the Knights of Saint John episode?|date=March 2010}} |
Greek influence was so strong in the area that the Turks called it "Smyrna of the infidels" (Gavur İzmir).<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=9T5HAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=%22smyrna+of+the+infidels%22&source=web&ots=mUB4vj3tAE&sig=FmjUbSEWd-nKmvub9Hky5Adgn2w&hl=en A Modern Crusade in the Turkish Empire]. Retrieved June 10, 2008.</ref> While Turkish sources track the emergence of the term to the 14th century when two separate parts of the city were controlled by two different powers, the upper İzmir being Muslim and the lower part of the city Christian.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}{{Clarify||This needs to be merged with previous paragraph which talks about Tamerlane in the 15th century. So this term is from the Knights of Saint John episode?|date=March 2010}} |
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The Ottomans continued to control the area, with the exception of the [[Greek administration of Smyrna ( |
The Ottomans continued to control the area, with the exception of the [[Greek administration of Smyrna (1919–1922)|1919–1922 period]], when the city was assigned to Greece by the [[Treaty of Sèvres]]. |
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During the late 19th and early 20th century, the city was an important financial and cultural center of the Greek world. Out of the 391 factories 322 belonged to local Greeks, while 3 out of the 9 banks were backed by Greek capital. Education was also dominated by the local Greek communities with 67 male and 4 female schools in total. The most important Greek educational institution of the region was the [[Evangelical School of Smyrna|Evangelical School]] that operated from 1733 to 1922.<ref>{{cite book | last= Geōrgiadou|first=Maria | title= Constantin Carathéodory: mathematics and politics in turbulent times |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=IVIXBOFNty8C&pg=PA145&dq=%22evangelical+school%22%2Bsmyrna&hl=el&ei=DZeUTKS1LciOswafyqVb&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=%22evangelical%20school%22%2Bsmyrna&f=false| publisher=Springer | year=2004 | isbn= 978-3-540-20352-0| page =145}}</ref> The [[Great Fire of Smyrna]] destroyed much of the city just after the conflict. |
During the late 19th and early 20th century, the city was an important financial and cultural center of the Greek world. Out of the 391 factories 322 belonged to local Greeks, while 3 out of the 9 banks were backed by Greek capital. Education was also dominated by the local Greek communities with 67 male and 4 female schools in total. The most important Greek educational institution of the region was the [[Evangelical School of Smyrna|Evangelical School]] that operated from 1733 to 1922.<ref>{{cite book | last= Geōrgiadou|first=Maria | title= Constantin Carathéodory: mathematics and politics in turbulent times |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=IVIXBOFNty8C&pg=PA145&dq=%22evangelical+school%22%2Bsmyrna&hl=el&ei=DZeUTKS1LciOswafyqVb&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=%22evangelical%20school%22%2Bsmyrna&f=false| publisher=Springer | year=2004 | isbn= 978-3-540-20352-0| page =145}}</ref> The [[Great Fire of Smyrna]] destroyed much of the city just after the conflict. |
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==Excavations== |
==Excavations== |
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[[File:1843 Chenavard Agora.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Engraving with a view of the site of Smyrna Agora a few years after the first explorations (1843)]] |
[[File:1843 Chenavard Agora.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Engraving with a view of the site of Smyrna Agora a few years after the first explorations (1843)]] |
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Although Smyrna was explored by [[Charles Texier]] in the 19th century and the German consul in İzmir had purchased the land around the ancient theater in 1917 to start excavations, the first scientific digs can be said to have started in 1927. Most of the discoveries were made by archaeological exploration carried as an extension during the period between |
Although Smyrna was explored by [[Charles Texier]] in the 19th century and the German consul in İzmir had purchased the land around the ancient theater in 1917 to start excavations, the first scientific digs can be said to have started in 1927. Most of the discoveries were made by archaeological exploration carried as an extension during the period between 1931–1942 by the German archaeologist [[Rudolf Naumann]] and [[Selâhattin Kantar]], the director of İzmir and Ephesus museums. They uncovered a three-floor, rectangular compound with stairs in the front, built on columns and arches around a large courtyard in the middle of the building. |
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New excavations in the agora began in 1996 and are being continued regularly since 2002 under the sponsorship of the Metropolitan Municipality of İzmir. A primary school that was adjacent to agora and that fell victim to a fire in 1980 not having been reconstructed, its space could be incorporated into the historical site. This meant that not only could the area of agora be increased to 16,590 square metres but also new digs could be launched in a previously unexplored zone. The archaeologists and the local authorities, means permitting, are also keenly eyeing a neighbouring multi-storey car park, which is known to cover an important part of the ancient settlement. During the present renovations the old restorations in concrete are gradually being replaced by marble. |
New excavations in the agora began in 1996 and are being continued regularly since 2002 under the sponsorship of the Metropolitan Municipality of İzmir. A primary school that was adjacent to agora and that fell victim to a fire in 1980 not having been reconstructed, its space could be incorporated into the historical site. This meant that not only could the area of agora be increased to 16,590 square metres but also new digs could be launched in a previously unexplored zone. The archaeologists and the local authorities, means permitting, are also keenly eyeing a neighbouring multi-storey car park, which is known to cover an important part of the ancient settlement. During the present renovations the old restorations in concrete are gradually being replaced by marble. |
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| Baris 114: | Baris 115: | ||
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==Toponim== |
== Toponim == |
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Sejumlah kota di [[Amerika Serikat]] diberi nama "Smyrna", antara lain [[Smyrna, Georgia]]; [[Smyrna, Tennessee]]; [[Smyrna, Delaware]] dan [[New Smyrna Beach, Florida]]. |
Sejumlah kota di [[Amerika Serikat]] diberi nama "Smyrna", antara lain [[Smyrna, Georgia]]; [[Smyrna, Tennessee]]; [[Smyrna, Delaware]] dan [[New Smyrna Beach, Florida]]. |
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==Lihat pula== |
== Lihat pula == |
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* [[Ionia]] |
* [[Ionia]] |
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*[[Ireneus]] |
* [[Ireneus]] |
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* [[Polikarpus]] |
* [[Polikarpus]] |
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* Bagian [[Alkitab]] yang berkaitan: [[Wahyu 1]], [[Wahyu 2]] |
* Bagian [[Alkitab]] yang berkaitan: [[Wahyu 1]], [[Wahyu 2]] |
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==Referensi== |
== Referensi == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Pustaka tambahan== |
== Pustaka tambahan == |
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<div class="references-small"> |
<div class="references-small"> |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book|title = Ancient Civilisations and Ruins of Turkey|isbn= 978-0-7103-0776-7|author= Ekrem Akurgal|publisher=[[Kegan Paul]]|year= 2002}} |
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* {{cite book|title = Aegean Turkey: An archaeological guide |
* {{cite book|title = Aegean Turkey: An archaeological guide|isbn= 978-0-510-03200-5|author=George E. Bean|publisher=Ernest Benn, London|year=1967}} |
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* Philip Mansel, ''Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean'', London, John Murray, 11 November 2010, hardback, 480 pages, ISBN 978-0-7195-6707-0, New Haven, Yale University Press, 24 May 2011, hardback, 470 pages, ISBN 978-0-300-17264-5 |
* Philip Mansel, ''Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean'', London, John Murray, 11 November 2010, hardback, 480 pages, ISBN 978-0-7195-6707-0, New Haven, Yale University Press, 24 May 2011, hardback, 470 pages, ISBN 978-0-300-17264-5 |
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* [http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.4271.a.php Stillman, ed. ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'', 1976.] |
* [http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.4271.a.php Stillman, ed. ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'', 1976.] |
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| Baris 135: | Baris 136: | ||
</div> |
</div> |
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==Pranala luar== |
== Pranala luar == |
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{{Commons category|Agora of Izmir}} |
{{Commons category|Agora of Izmir}} |
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<div class="references-small"> |
<div class="references-small"> |
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| Baris 141: | Baris 142: | ||
* [http://www.enosismyrneon.gr/ Association of Smyrneans] |
* [http://www.enosismyrneon.gr/ Association of Smyrneans] |
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* [http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313679A66406202CCB08CD14B9624BFAEA2 Izmir Agora Museum.] |
* [http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313679A66406202CCB08CD14B9624BFAEA2 Izmir Agora Museum.] |
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* {{cite web|url= http://cat.une.edu.au/page/smyrna |title |
* {{cite web |url= http://cat.une.edu.au/page/smyrna |title= Smyrna Agora (İzmir) |author= |work= Current Archaeology in Turkey |publisher= University of New England, Armidale, Australia |year= 2008 |access-date= 2012-04-02 |archive-date= 2010-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100310002009/http://cat.une.edu.au/page/smyrna |dead-url= yes }} |
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* [http://translate.google.com.tr/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=tr&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izmirde.biz&sl=tr&tl=en Smyrna City Guide] |
* [http://translate.google.com.tr/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=tr&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izmirde.biz&sl=tr&tl=en Smyrna City Guide] |
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* [http://vimeo.com/10069165 Video footage of Smyrna before and after the Fire] |
* [http://vimeo.com/10069165 Video footage of Smyrna before and after the Fire] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 10 Desember 2023 01.37
Smirna
Σμύρνη | |
|---|---|
 Agora di Smirna (kolom-kolom di stoa sebelah barat) |
Smirna (bahasa Yunani Kuno: Σμύρνη or Σμύρνα, Smyrna) adalah kota kuno yang terletak di bagian tengah dan strategis di pantai Laut Aegea dari wilayah Anatolia. Karena kondisi pelabuhan yang menguntungkan, mudahnya dipertahankan dan hubungan darat yang bagus, kota Smirna berkembang menjadi penting. Lokasinya sekarang ini terletak di dalam daerah kota modern İzmir, Turki.
Ada dua lokasi bekas kota ini. Yang bertama dibangun dan menjadi besar pada masa Archaic Yunani sebagai pemukiman kuno orang Yunani di bagian Anatolia barat. Yang kedua, landasannya dihubungkan dengan Aleksander Agung, menjadi kota metropolitan pada masa Kekaisaran Romawi. Kebanyakan reruntuhan yang ditemukan sekarang ini berasal dari zaman Romawi, yaitu setelah gempa bumi pada abad ke-2 M.
Etimologi[sunting | sunting sumber]
Sejumlah penjelasan diberikan mengenai asal usul namanya. Salah satunya berhubungan dengan mitologi Yunani mengenai orang Amazon bernama "Σμύρνα" (Smyrna), yang juga merupakan nama satu bagian kota Efesus, dan juga dikenali dalam bentuk "Myrina", kota di Aeolis. Prasasti dan mata uang yang ditemukan sering bertuliskan "Ζμύρνα" (Zmurna), "Ζμυρναῖος" (Zmurnaios), "dari Smyrna".[1] Smirna juga merupakan kata Yunani kuno untuk mur.[2][3][4]
Sejarah[sunting | sunting sumber]
Kota kuno ("Old Smyrna") mempunyai kuil dewi Atena dari abad ke-7 SM.
Periode Yunani[sunting | sunting sumber]
Aleksander Agung mempunyai ilham untuk membangun kembali kota Yunani berdasarkan tata kota, yang menurut Strabo, sebenarnya dikerjakan di bawah pemerintahan Antigonus (316—301 SM) dan Lysimachus (301 SM—281 SM), yang memperluas dan memperkuat kota ini. Reruntuhan pusat kota ("acropolis") yang disebut "crown of Smyrna" (mahkota Smirna), ada pada puncak terjal dengan ketinggian sekitar 1250 kaki, yang menjulang di bagian timur laut dari teluk. Kota modern İzmir dibangun di atas kota Yunani yang kemudian, sebagian di lereng bukit bundar yang oleh orang Yunani disebut Pagos (maknanya "bukit") dekat ujung tenggara dari teluk, sebagian lagi di tanah rendah di antara bukit dan lautan. Keindahan kota Yunani, bergerombol di tanah rendah dan naik lapis demi lapis di bagian bukit, sering kali dipuji pada zaman kuno dan diperingati dalam mata-mata uang.
Zaman Romawi dan Byzantine[sunting | sunting sumber]
Sebagai salah satu kota Romawi penting di provinsi Asia,[5] Smirna bersaing dengan kota Efesus dan Pergamum untuk gelar "Kota Paling Utama di Asia."
Sebuah gereja Kristen berdiri di sini sejak awal sekali, mungkin bertumbuh dari koloni orang Yahudi. Merupakan salah satu dari "tujuh jemaat di Asia" yang disebutkan namanya dalam Kitab Wahyu.[6] Santo Ignatius dari Antiokhia mengunjungi Smirna dan kemudian menulis surat-surat kepada uskupnya, Polikarpus. Gerombolan orang Yahudi dan Yunani menyebabkan Polikarpus mati syahid pada tahun 153 M.[5] Ireneus, yang pernah mendengarkan Polikarpus ketika masih kecil, tampaknya berasal dari Smirna.[5] Penduduk kota lain yang terkenal dan dari zaman yang sama adalah Aelius Aristides.
Polycrates melaporkan pergantian uskup-uskup termasuk Polikarpus dari Smryna, maupun yang lain di kota-kota terdekat misalnya Melito di Sardis.
Toponim[sunting | sunting sumber]
Sejumlah kota di Amerika Serikat diberi nama "Smyrna", antara lain Smyrna, Georgia; Smyrna, Tennessee; Smyrna, Delaware dan New Smyrna Beach, Florida.
Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]
Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Σμύρνα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheke, iii.14.4 (Adonis), as quoted in Geoffrey Miles, Classical mythology in English literature: a critical anthology 1999:215.
- ^ σμύρνα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ List of ancient Greek words starting with σμύρν-, on Perseus
- ^ a b c Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article Smyrna
- ^ Wahyu 1:11 dan 2:8-11
Pustaka tambahan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Ekrem Akurgal (2002). Ancient Civilisations and Ruins of Turkey. Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7103-0776-7.
- George E. Bean (1967). Aegean Turkey: An archaeological guide. Ernest Benn, London. ISBN 978-0-510-03200-5.
- Philip Mansel, Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean, London, John Murray, 11 November 2010, hardback, 480 pages, ISBN 978-0-7195-6707-0, New Haven, Yale University Press, 24 May 2011, hardback, 470 pages, ISBN 978-0-300-17264-5
- Stillman, ed. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976.
- Turner, J. Grove Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (January 2, 1996); ISBN 978-0-19-517068-9.
Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Agora of Izmir.
- Foss, C., S. Mitchell, G. Reger, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. "Places: 550893 (Smyrna/Eurydikeia)". Pleiades. Diakses tanggal March 8, 2012 2:48 pm.
- Association of Smyrneans
- Izmir Agora Museum.
- "Smyrna Agora (İzmir)". Current Archaeology in Turkey. University of New England, Armidale, Australia. 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-03-10. Diakses tanggal 2012-04-02.
- Smyrna City Guide
- Video footage of Smyrna before and after the Fire
